The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 avril 1933, samedi 1 avril 1933

[" reg mort, ~~ A \\ LN ES rv Volume 306 wd Set » % vs a * 4 ar a - A \u201c% - « # oA a NN Ki A s a EX Ÿ > EF 53 # \u201ce 5 os ki RU, \u201c4x eu ) § A Yo Apri A Er Se en AS od J 0s THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.5, or æe pt A = Soe ES muet EL 3 etsy, 4 ne ai Pei EN a.ar SS gc.a SEE rt À a en .Les re \u2014 fr A 2k 0 res 9e æ.5 Pat at na LE rs Yb = xo ra AND HORTICULTURE à LE x en Se 2 =, \u201cran, ra x À xx ei LE a a TN f se Nu Za ams Sv.ee A oh ë tang Zo tact AGRICULTURE mber 10 @e JOURNAL PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF D Il The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture FOR ECONOMICAL TRANSPORTATION LEADS IN SALE AND VALUE Chevrolet General Utility-and Grain Body \u2014 on Maple Leaf 2-ton 131-inch Chassis.® A new line adaptable to the Farmer's every need ® Chevrolet-built bodies © Bodies and Chassis Made-in-Canada HEN a truck proves its ability to save owners money \u2014 then rural Canada is going to demand it, in a big way! And Canadian farmers have proved that Chevrolet six-cylinder trucks are so efficient and dependable\u2014so economical to buy and operate \u2014 that they are investing in more Chevrolets than any other make.; Là SET : Chevrolet 1/-ton and 11-ton Trucks have long been 2-ton Chevrolet Pick-Up with Enclosed Cab famous.The Maple Leaf Heavy Duty 2-ton models have chalked up amazing records of stamina, power and savings.And this year, Chevrolet matches these great chassis with a wide range of new Chevrolet-built bodies.Get the full details at your Chevrolet dealer\u2019s.: Learn why Chevrolet is winning first choice everywhere (&) 2) for lowest transportation costs! > | \\&Y ; Chevrolet Stake Body\u201436\u201d Racks on \u201d sis CHEVROLET LEADERSHIP take Body 86\" Racks 157\u201d Chas Charted from official registration figures as at December 31, 1932 1 CHEVROLET : me ns 34.61% i TRUCK \u201cA\u201d 29.337; TRUCK \u2018'B\u201d 9.33%, TRUCK \u2018\u20ac \u2018\u2019*_ \u2014\u2014 6.537, .In a year when VALUES were paramount CHEVROLET assumed OUTSTANDING LEADERSHIP in the ENTIRE TRUCK INDUSTRY ©.Chevrolet Stake Body\u201450\u201d Racks on 157\u201d Chassis CF-4T Milk \u201cMakes\u201d the Headlines Dairying Difficulties Aired at Probe into City Milk Prices by Ottawa House Committee on Agriculture and Colonization.ILK and its prices, more particularly in so far as the city milk trade is concerned, have achieved front- page prominence in our newspapers during the past few weeks.This has resulted from an investigation into the \u201cspread\u201d between prices paid to farmers delivering milk to Montreal and that paid by consumers in the city\u2014an investigation demanded by members of parliament following charges made by Dr.F.H.Pickel, M-P., for Brome-Missis- quoi, that the distributors are taking too large a share of the consumer\u2019s mi'k dollar.The investigation has been carried out by the House Committee on Agriculture and Colonization, and before this body have been summoned officials of the Montreal Milk Producers\u2019 Association.and a number of the better known milk distributors of Montreal.Contending that city dairy businesses were carried on in the most extravagant manner with no effort at economy, and that the farmer had to pay for it all, Dr.Pickel pointed out that the farmer deserved at least a 50-50 division of the consumer\u2019s dollar, especially since he has to bear the cost of transporting the milk to the city\u2014yet at present he gets far from that.\u201cThe distributor of milk receives $4 per hundred in quarts and two cents a quart extra if he distributes by the pint,\u201d protested Mr.Pickel.\u201cIf you consider the spread he gets out of the ice cream which costs him 3714 cents a gallon and which he sells at $1.20 and consider the buttermilk which he steals entirelv from the farmer, and sells for nearly as much as he does the whole milk, and if you consider further the separated milk which he uses to reduce super-standard milk which he also steals from the farmer, you will readily see he is getting more than $5 per hundred.How in the world such an unjust condition of affairs can be permitted to exist in this supposedly civilized country is more than I can imagine.\u201d Producers\u2019 Side Heard Appearing first before the Committee were two officials of the Montreal Milk Producers\u2019 Association, P.D.McArthur, Ho- wick, president, and W.W.Moore, Montreal, secretary.Mr.Moore in his evidence before the committee stressed the need of some utilities commission to operate in the Montreal district during the present emergency and on lines similar to (Continued on page 175) nen.er TT ee res \u2014 r\u2014\u2014 \u2014r\u2014\u2014 wh EET ET A ee es ra te AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Volume 36 EDITORIAL SIZE OF FACTORY AND QUALITY OF PRODUCT N the Report of the Provincial Dairy Commission, which we published last month, the recommendation is made that small butter and cheese factories be amalgamated, where possible, into larger productive units\u2014to effect economies of various kinds, and to ensure products of a higher and more uniform quality.Evidence of the possibility of achieving the latter aim iis offered in a note in the current News Letter from the Dairy Branch, Ottawa.In this, the following table is presented, based on data obtained in \u2018the enquiry made into cheese making in Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island in 1932, by federal workers, co-operating with the officials of the provinces concerned.CHEESE, 1932\u2014QUEBEC, ONTARIO 'AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Factories No.of Total Avg.No.Percent Making Factories Cheese Boxes per First Average Score No.Boxes Boxes Factory Below 750 700 304,792 435 87.8 91,850 751 to 1000 238 212,156 891 93.3 92,186 1001 to 2000 328 435,111 1,327 95,4 92,356 2001 to 3000 69 164,317 2,381 96.7 92,466 3001 to 4000 17 61,966 3,645 98.0 92,495 4001 and up 18 85,268 4,737 97.9 92,513 Total.1,370 1,263,410 - 922 93.7 92,237 The News Letter makes the following comment on the data: \u201cAn analysis of the foregoing table reveals some very enlightening information.It is interesting to note the definite correlation between the average production output of factories and the percentage of first grade cheese and their average scores.While some cf the small cheese factories are manufacturing a high percentage of first grade cheese, these data would indicate that increased volume of production tends to further the quality production which, no doubt.is the result of more \u2018efficient control methods in plant operation.: This higher quality in turn reflects back to the producer in dollars and cents and is a stimulus to better quality raw materials from the farm.\u201d SHARING THE MILK DOLLAR Since the publication in The Journal last month of the Report of the Provincial Dairy Commission, milk has leaped into the limelight through the investigation into city milk prices by the Committee of Agriculture and Colonization of the Ottawa House of Commons.The chief interest of the sponsors of this investigation has ap- \u201cspread\u201d between the price of milk .parently been to establish the paid by the consumer and that received by the producer, for it is felt that the farmers producing the milk have not been getting their share, and more particularly in these recent years of falling prices.While the evidence adduced at this enquiry has been somewhat contradictory, the general contention of Montreal milk distributors seems to be that even today the farmer gets about fifty per cent of .the consumer's dollar.This is not borne out by the findings of Dr.M.C.Bond, of Cornell University, who carried on an investigation last summer for the Quebec Provincial Dairy Commission.His figures for Montreal show that, while the producer received fifty per cent or more of the retail price of milk up to 1930, his share since then has been considerably less than this\u2014though he bears the cost of - transporting.the milk to the city, in addition to the many costs incurred in its production.These figures follow: (APRIL 1st 1933 Number 10 COMMENT [MILK PRICES MARGINS\u2014MONTREAL\u20141910.1932 Retail price Reported price to Distribution Per cent the farm producers margin price was of retail price Price par quart Avg.1910-14 $0.083 $0.048 $0.035 57.8 1915 0.092 0.052 0.040 56.5 1916 0.097 0.053 0.044 54.6 1917 0.114 0.067 0.047 58.8 1918 0.128 0.079 0.049 61.7 1919 0.139 0.085 0.054 61.2 1920 0.156 0.089 0.067 57.1 1921 0.140 0.072 0.068 51.4 1922 0.121 0.060 0.061 49.6 1923 0.117 0.061 0.056 52.1 1924 0.121 0.062 0.059 51.2 1925 0.119 0.060 0.059 50.4 1926 0.120 © 0.063 0.057 52.6 1927 0.119 - 0.066 0.053 55.5 1928 0.124 0.064 0.060 51.6 1929 0.128 0.070 0.058 54.7 1930 -0.128 0.064- - 0.064 50.0 1931 0.114 0.049 0.065 43.0 June 1932 0.098 0.035 0.063 35.5 This table shows a rather steady increase in the margin taken per quart of milk for distribution services in Montreal, from 3.5 cents in the pre-war years to 6.3 cents in June of last year\u2014the last month included in Dr.Bond's study.While milk prices were going \u201cup during war years the distributor's margin advanced, without bear ing too hard on the producer; but now that prices have fallen to extremely low levels, it is disappointing \u2018to note that the margin remains at approximately top figures.Mr.George Hogg, president of the Guaranteed Pure Milk Com- \u201cpany, in giving evidence before the Ottawa committee, stated that, even if-the farmers supplied milk free, it would be necessary for his company to charge at least six cents a quart in order to continue in \u2018business.In other words, with distributing costs as they are at present, it requires that margin to care for processing, delivery, and the other costs of handling, \u2018and to look after depreciation and profits.But what of the farmer?Who is to establish the margin that he must have if he is to keep in business\u2014even without laying anything aside for depreciation, interest on his investment, or profits?Now that the retail price of milk has been cut from ten cents a quart to eight, is the farmer's share to be two cents?And should the price fall t¢ seven cents, is the distributor's margin still to remain at six\u2019 cents, leaving the farmer one cent a quart, four cents a gallon.forty cents a hundred?Surely there is something wrong when so large a share of the consumer\u2019s\u2019 dollar goes to the distributor, and so small a portion to the man who produces the milk, and who pays the cost of transporting it to \u2018the city.Whether it be that our distributing services are over- \u2018Capitalizéd, that they have too much of an overhead in plant, or that they are offering the consumers services for which the latter are not paying at present prices, it is clear that the producer is bearing most, if not all, of the burden of falling retail prices.To quote from Dr.Bond's report: \u201c\u2018If Montreal distributors had to bear a portion of each decline in the retail price, it is doubtful if retail prices would decline \u201cas rapidly or drop as far as they have done and are likely to do under present conditions.Changes in the retail price of milk, either up or down, have been reflected almost entirely to producers, though the increase to producer has been slower than the decrease of pay to the same.\u201d 158 De JOURNAL AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Issued Monthly By THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC For advertising rates, address THE CANADA PUBLISHING CO, 33, St.James St., West Limited.Montreal All matters relating to the reading columns should be addressed to S.R.N.Hodgins, Editor, Macdonald College, P.O., P.Q.NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscribers and members of agricultural societies, of farmers\u2019 clubs and of the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association, who do not regularly receive either the English or the French Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture are requested to address their complaints to the Secretaries of their respective Societies, who will transmit them to the Secretary of the Council of Agriculture at Quebec.+ + + \u20ac + + + + 6 ++ + à 4-0 6 + \u20ac 44 4-4-4-4-44 44400 6406 If, for various reasons retail prices for city milk must be low, then it wou'd look as if some attempt should be made to cut distribution costs in proportion\u2014perhaps by reducing some of the more or less expensive services for which consumers at today\u2019s prices are not paying.In any case, it is manifestly unfair to except the producer to bear all the burden of falling prices.MORE MAPLE PRODUCTS SHOULD BE USED Hon.Adelard Godbout, in a Newspaper Interview, Tells Consumers of the Quality of Quebec Sugar and Syrup With the production of maple sugar and syrup under way for the 1933 season, special interest attaches to an interview given to newspapermen at Quebec a few days ago by the Honourable Adélard Godbout, Minister of Agriculture, on the importance to the farmers of this province of the maple industry\u2014and on the part that shoud be taken by the delicious products of the maple tree in the menus of the people of our towns and cities.\u2018The position of this province in the matter of maple sugar and syrup is so important, and so outstanding in Canada, that too much stress cannot be laid on the subject, and especially so at this time,\u201d declared the minister.\u201cJust a few figures by way of illustration.During the year 1932 this province produced 6,681,000 pounds of maple sugar, and 1,142,000 gallons of maple syrup, or, translating the gal'onage into pounds of sugar, a total of 18,101,000 pounds of sugar.In all of Canada, this province in- elnded, the sugar production was 7,217,000 pounds and 1,740,479 gallons of syrup, which converted into sugar would have meant a total production for all of Canada The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture of 24,662,090 pounds, so it will be seen that Quebec stands at the top of the tree, to use an appropriate simile, with three-quarters of the total production to her credit.\u201d \u201cAnd the prospects for this year?\u201d \u201cExcellent as regards quality, at least as high in standard as last year, and that was.a year of which we are proud; dubious as to quantity, but as to results, it is entirely a matter of the people favoring the finest of all products rather than molasses, manufactured sugars, and other sugars and syrups which reach us from far south,\u201d replied the minister.\u201cThere is one factor I would like to insist upon, and it is that today there can no longer be given in excuse for not buying our maple products that there is danger as to quality.\u201cI do not wish to obtain any credit for my department in this matter, not even for Cyrille Vaillancourt, head of the maple sugar industry service, who has done so well, but may I be permitted to say that such steps have been taken of late years as\u2019 to guarantee to each consumer choice quality.We are not worrying as to production, but -as to consumption.\u201d | Hon.Mr.Godbout said that it was rather strange that people should snend money on imported products far inferior to the quality of maple syrup and sugar, when by buying Quebec products they would get the best in quality and keeo the money circulating at home, and drifting back to themselves.\u201cOur people should get the habit of using these products 12 months a year, and not Tooking upon the consumption of maple svrup or sugar as something of a spring delicacy,\u201d said the minister.He went on to noint out that so many ways have been devised of using manle products that the housewife has a fine choice, and incidentally referred to the culinary recipes in a book\u2019et issued bv the denartment entitled: \u201cThe Maple, Pride of Quebec.\u201d There is a considerable number of such recipes running all the way from doughnuts to use in hot wine.ON MY WAY MPEDING winter beeing these days at my very door and stretches far with billow- ine depth, over the curving world around me.It matters not that March is here, nor that a returning sun, with warming face, has kindly shone, or even that I have hoped, perhaps to-morrow, to walk the waning edge of winter where it meets the melting breath of spring; there comes day after day, only the snow-filled wind to hinder, with its piling up, my every effort and buffet my spirit as it tries to wait in patience.In words to suit my need I would sing in the strain of a Southern song and plead \u201cOld Man Winter stay \u2019way from my door,\u201d and, further on, likewise acknowledge how vain is all my entreating as Od Man Winter \u201cdon\u2019t say nothin\u2019 but just keeps drifting along.\u201d Passers-by are few; the hard sole of the highway safely rests from the wear of whirring wheels; the activities of a busy world cast scarce a ripple on the surface of the still life that cloaks field and hill, dusky wood and latent lake.A great quiet here prevails; a muffled stopping of sounds, such as one hears when one wanders upon the buried brook babbling and tinkling beneath its blanket.There is a solitude so wide that every man may feel it is his own, space and to snare, where to soothe men\u2019s nerves a war against noise, such as is spoken of in the city, would be a humorous thing.Nature was moulded in a fashion far and free, safe from change, perhaps for no greater purpose than that inventive and ingenious man might be saved from himself.Just now, in the living present, there are hundreds of po i humans who, through a disruption of the plan on which their lives were built, have gone back benumbed in spirit to find that the life made simple because of many lacks could still be satisfying and good.On days of besieging storm, any traveller on the trackless country road becomes at once a person of interest and curiosity; for a trip through blinding blizzard does not seem justified unless it be a matter of illness or injury.Of course, the mail route is a common feature of rural life now and the postman is the one man who is expected to be out when everyone else stays comfortably at home.But there are times when even His Majesty's Mail must stand still and await the abating of storm and wind; and on that day farm folk go back to the country post office days where mail, instead \u2018of being delivered, remained until called for.About the same time as mail ceases to get through, the voice on the wire fails, receivers become silent and empty, and another source of news is cut off.Hydro power likewise becomes affected, lights falter and flicker, then plunge into darkness, taking with them the one wide connection that links remote places to many centres, the radio.Then for a brief spe'l the gen- .eration of today abide in their humble homes, in the aloofness and seclusion that marked the life of pioneers as they pushed out farther and farther to make new frontiers in a vast virgin land.On these rare occasions, when the comfort and convenience of ready communication has ceased, when the shadow of sudden illness or other calamity occurs with a new degree of anxiety, the faith and trust that sustained the lives that had never known such things finds a responsive admiration through sympathy and understanding.But keeping in touch with the town and the city is not such a simple matter for the country dweller when it comes actually to coming and going, for progressive travel has done little to overcome the lack of winter roads.The convenient car must be put away just at the time when it would be the greatest boon; all the money is spent on insuring that its day of travel will be certain and swift, and nothing is done to make the way of the horse even passable.Besides, people that travel by car usually do not go far, or often, by sleigh in cold weather, and in severe storms of wind and snow, roads disappear entirely.This is especially true in these years of little lumbering when almost no hauling is being done.There is a milkman who passes our way.His record is worthy of praise; for with nine miles of road to travel\u2014the greater part of which is trackless on a stormbound morning\u2014he has never yet missed a day; and as his caravan moves slowly along the uncertain road, which is only a one-horse track, there is about him a strong reminder of Old Country ways, for his team is tandem hitched so that both horses may wa'k in the same ° track.As I watch him it occurs to me that pzople who find milk at their doors every day of the year should remember with appreciation the unfailing service of the milkman, H.H.ve | | * Ÿ The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture 159 By L.C.RAYMOND Corn Varietal Hybrids \u2018pr, oran ° INTRODUCTION: LTHOUGH belonging to the same family as the small grains crops such as wheat, barley, and oats, the corn plant differs greatly in a number of respects, and particularly in its mode of reproduction.The former are what are generally referred to as close or self-pollinat- ed.This simply means that they produce entire or complete flowers, and that the pollen produced by any one flower fertilizes the embryo seed therein contained.This process of reproduction assures the maximum degree of uniformity.Given a pure variety of any of these crops, any variation found in their habits may be ascribed to differences in the environment or conditions under which the crop is produced.On the other hand, corn is what is known as an open or wind pollinated plant.Nature has so designed it that self-pollination is a rare occurrence.It has, in fact, been determined that not over five per cent of the seed on an ear of corn results from fertilization by pollen of that same plant.Nature's provision against such self-fertilization is found in the arrangement of the floral parts.The tassel, which is borne at the upnermost end of the main stalk, bears only the male element of a complete flower, viz.the pollen, while the female part is borne on the ear which is situated on a side branch usually about halfway down the stalk.To effect fertilization, pollen must reach each individual silk, whereupon it develops a pollen tube which pushes down the whole length of the silk and unites with the embryo seed at the base.The position of the floral parts definitely precludes any high degree of self- fertilization.In contrast with the situation in small grains, the characteristic o p e n-fertiliza- it sprung.This characteristic of exceedingly vigorous growth in hybrids is very generally observed in both plants and animals, the phenomenon being known as \u201chybrid vigor.\u201d It is a common custom in British agriculture to cross two of the so-called pure breeds of livestock in order to reap the benefit of the increased growth due to hybrid vigor in the offspring.This practice is in use, particularly, where meat production is the objective.In plants, no extensive use has yet been made of first generation crosses in a way comparable with that in livestock.Two systems of increasing the yield in corn have been rather extensively employed, each of which depends for its success on the hybrid vigor resulting from crossing two unlike sorts.The first of these involves a previous period of purification and will not be discussed at this time.The second, viz.varietal hybrids, is concerned solely with crossing two already existing and highly variable strains, with the obiect of stimulating further hybrid vigor in the offspring.It is with the latter of these that we wish to deal at some length.It should be recognized at the outset that, due to cross-pollination between all the varying types that make up a variety, the vigor displayed is in large measure due to hy- bridity.Consciously or unconsciously the tendency is always to select towards greater uniformity in any variety.There is a distinct relation between the amount of uniformity a variety possesses and the vigor displayed.The result is that most commercial sorts are not as vigorous as they would be if they were more mixed.It may also be stated as a general truth that the greater the difference there is be- that differ distinctly in a number of different characteristics.For example, a number of varieties of each of the three important corn types, viz.dent, flint, and sweet, have been employed.The differences in these types are, of course, very much more than are to be found in the ear alone.They involve as well the structure and composition of the plant.Among a number of other contrasting types used, we have also had late and early maturity.In this connection it has been necessary to restrict the varieties used as the female or seed producing parent to those that were early.This practice had to be followed since the earlier parent of such a cross had, in some instances, to be planted several weeks later in order to hold back the flowering of that sort until pollen was mature on the later parent.For the great majority of the hybrids made and tested we have used either Quebec No.28 (a small early maturing, twelve-rowed variety of flint), or North Western Dent (a re'atively early maturing red dent) as the female parent.Late dents and sweets have been crossed on the flint, and flint and sweet on the dent parent.Some of these crosses have been as extreme as the length of our season would allow.For example, a cross has been made using Quebec No.28 as the female and Red Cob as the male parent.The latter is a very late and large ensilage variety which in an ordinary season, in this vicinity, rarely develops any grain on the cob.This cross has been very successful.Ears develop we'l on the hvhrid\u2014the maturity being much closer to the earlier parent.RESULTS OBTAINED : In the table herewith will be found data showing the results obtained with four varietal hybrids, to- tion of corn promotes a lack of uniformity, which is very evident in any field of commercial corn.Variation is extreme in each individual plant character, whether it be a matter of colour of plant or ear, size, time of maturity, or any of the many other characters that go to make up the plant.This variation is not only an integral part of any commercial corn variety, but at least a reasonable gether with the parent sorts.These are all that have had a full five years test.The figures given are relative yields.North Western Dent (M.C.) has been used as a standard check, and the yields of all other sorts under test are expressed in relation to it.In other words the yield of the check, whether for ears or fodder, is placed at 100.If another variety yielded one half as much more it would be given 150, and so on.amount of it seems necessary if the plant is to remain vigorous and continue to produce well.Plant breed- ers- have found that if artificial self- fertilization is practised with corn, the vigor is so far reduced that after two or three generations the stature is reduced on the average at least one half.The process is, \u201c nevertheless, productive of great uniformity, but the \u201cpure-line\u201d is worthless as a commercial entity.It is found, however, that by crossing two of these pure lines, the vigor is at once restored, the resulting hybrid being in many cases better than the original and vastly superior to the two pure lines from which .The above photograph illustrates the planting plan followed in the production of varietal hybrid seed corn.The two larger rows at the right are on the west side and are Stowell\u2019s Evergreen.The next three are Quebec No.28, followed by one row of the former and so on across the block.tween two varieties, of the same or closely related species, the greater will be the amount of hybrid vigor shown in the offspring.Here, then, we have a basis for instilling greater productivity in the corn field by simply making appropriate crosses and utilizing the resulting seed for commercial planting.Experiments to discover the best combinations of commercial sorts have now been under way for several years in the agronomy department at Macdonald College.It has been possible to use pairs of varieties The varieties involved may be briefly described.White Cay Yellow Dent is a medium-maturing dent corn, bearing yellow kernels with a white cap.Stowell\u2019s Evergreen is a late, leafy variety of sweet corn.In this latitude it is difficult to mature.Wisconsin No.7 is a large, late ensilage variety producing.pure white ears.It seldom matures, in this locality.Quebec No.28 and North Western Dent have already been mentioned as an early maturing flint and dent respectively.The table lists the yield of both ears and fodder.By fodder is meant the whole plant, including ears, just as it is cut and put into -160 The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Relative Yield of Varietal Hybrids and Their Parents, 1927-1932 RELATIVE YIELD OF EARS RELATIVE YIELD OF FODDER KIND.1927 1928 1929 1931 1932 |AVER.|| 1927 1928 1929 1931 1932 AVER.White Cap Yellow Dent .98.1 95.0 82.3 102.5 81.2 91.8 114.2 118.0 108.8 121.1 106.1 113.6 Quebec No.28xWhite Cap Yel'ow Dent| 141.6 113.0 114.5 127.8 117.9 123.0 140.9 133.0 126.3 136.4 134.8 134.3 North Western Dent x Stowell\u2019s Evergreen .124.2 108.5 139.2 125.7 125.6 124.6 164.7 119.2 134.5 132.5 138.7 137.9 Stowell\u2019s Evergreen .62.5 83.5 69.0 67.4 81.6 72.8 88.3 85.0 86.8 81.3 99.8 83.2 Quebec No.28 x Stowell\u2019s Evergreen| 138.0 121.0 146.8 109.9 116.2 126.4 152.1 120.8 146.6 110.4 114.5 128.9 Quebec No.28 x Wisconsin No.7 .| 146.7 133.7 108.2 121.1 129.6 127.8 156.5 113.4 124.7 125.5 144.6 132.9 Wisconsin No.7.| 77.0 95.0 59.5 95.8 67.4 78.9 129.2 120.2 101.8 131.2 105.8 117.6 Quebec No.28 .138.0 91.5 108.9 86.7 \u2014 106.3 116.7 84.9 97.6 77.5 \u2014 94.2 North Western Dent .100.0 100.0 160.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 the silo.A portion of the fodder is then examined for ear yield, with the result as shown.It will be noted that the hybrids far outyield the earlier parent in fodder yield, and also that on the average they are also well above the later parent.This is the effect of hybrid vigor spoken of earlier.If this impetus were not found in the hybrid, one might expect the cross to fall just intermediate between the two parents.Special attention should be called to ear yields.In this respect the hybrids are much superior to the later parent and well above the earlier ones.We are thus able to conclude that not only is the fodder yield higher, but the quality of that fodder is also much better in the hybrids, since the feeding value of ears is very much greater that of stalk and leaf.The results given do not in any sense cover all of those obtained.Many other combinations have been tested for one or two years.Some of these look very promising and, if they continue as they have begun, will be heard from in a few years time.SEED PRODUCTION : The arrangement of the floral parts in the corn plant allows for hybrid seed production with comparatively little extra expense.Pollen is produced only by the tassel which, as has been mentioned previously, is a separate structure on the end of the stalk, and this can readily be removed before any pollen has shed.Obviously, then, if suitable planting methods are followed, it is an easy matter to so arrange things that the two varieties to be crossed can be planted in the one field and, if the tassels are removed from one of these, any seed borne on the detasselled parent must, of necessity, be hybrid.Nature's lavish production of pollen further facilitates this practice.It is estimated that for every seed formed in a corn field there are produced between five and ten thousand pollen grains.Taking these factors into consideration, the planting arrangement for seed production can be quite simple.The usual plan is to plant one row of the pol'en parent to three of the hybrid seed producing one.It is a good measure usually to plant the rows of the pollen parent on the west side, since west winds are more prevalent when pollination is actively proceeding.Thereafter they would alternate throughout the field in a ratio of one to three.If, as is usually the case, two varieties are to be crossed that differ widely in date of maturity, some compensation has to be made for this at time of planting.The later parent is generally used as the male or pollen producer, and it must therefore be planted first and the planting of the other sort delayed until sufficient start has been made by the former.A definite knowledge of the relative maturity dates allows this to be accomplished without any difficulty.The accompanying illustration shows the plan.The taller plants are those of the male parent.They were planted approximately two weeks earlier.Just as soon as tassels begin to appear, all of those on the seed-producing rows are removed.Thus all pollen that sheds is derived from the late male parent.Three factors are involved to increase the cost of seed production.Seed has to be planted at two different dates, which makes it difficult to utilize machinery for that operation.Detasselling, whi'e not a heavy expense, must be done at exactly the right time.Lastly, the area producing hybrid seed is reduced of necessity by the space occupied by the pollen parent.This latter need not necessarily represent a loss, as the plants can readily be used for fodder.DISCUSSION : Attention has been called to the increased yields obtainable through the use of varietal hybrids as fodder producers instead of the so-called pure varieties.The results indicate an increased production of from 15-20% over that obtained by those varieties commonly employed for ensilage production.Tt was also pointed out that this yield was one of higher quality due to the larger ear content of the fodder.One drawback to the use of seed of varietal hybrids was mentioned, viz.the higher price of seed made necessary by the increased cost of seed production, the reasons being given.These two factors should be considered in relation to one another.The cost of seed corn per acre is after all commaratively small.The usual recommendation is to provide one bushel of seed for three acres.Actually the quantity varies with the germination and size of seed.With small seed one has many more potential plants per bushel than are found in the large seeded varieties.In all of these hybrids where Quebec No.28 is the female parent, the seed is very small and one bushel will readily plant four acres.The small supply of this seed that is available is selling at four dol- Jars per bushel.In view of the greatly enhanced vield.the extra cost of seed seems entirely justified.One of the hybrids referred to in the table, viz.Quebec No.28 x Stewell\u2019s Evergreen, has now been given a name and is known as Iroquois.It has been grown for several years in the central part of Quebec and has given a very good account of itself.Only one other has been distributed to any extent, viz.Quebec No.28 x Wisconsin No.7.It is of much the same value but a better appearing crop, since it grows taller and is somewhat more free of sucker growth at the base.In these days when returns count for so much, the use of varietal hvbrid seed should be given consideration.The agronomy department does not run a seed business, but is, nevertheless, interested in thoroughly testing the possibilities of the different kinds of crops and seeds.In this connection there is available every vear a small sunply of seed of some of these hybrid corns.This year, even at this early date, our supply is already exhausted.In the normal course of events it is expected that, once the best sorts for this Province have been determined, provision will be made to supply seed in accordance with the demand.Good seed of the best proven sorts one of the surest means of increasing the productivity of the farm.High yields are important, but high yields of quality crops are still better.This should be our objective.NEW CATTLE REGULATIONS By Order in Council an important alteration has been made in the quarantine regulations governing the importation of cattle into Canada.It has now been decreed that cattle reacting to the tuberculin test or showing clinical symptoms of tuberculosis shall be permanently marked in the right ear with the letter \u201cTIT\u201d and shall be slaughtered forthwith, without compensation, or returned to the country of origin.The above order is contained in the new Section 57 of the Quarantine Regulations under the Animal Contagious Diseases Act, and is substituted for the deleted Sections 57 and 58 of the Act as amended in 1927.Under the deleted Section 57 an officer making the test could release the animal at the expiry of the prescribed period of quarantine if found free from all other infectious or contagious diseases, while by Section 58 cattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis could be destroyed or otherwise disposed of as the Minister of Agriculture might direct.Now diseased animals must be slaughtered forthwith or returned to the country of origin.== | The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Seed Treatment T this time of year it is well to consider the advisability of treatments to control those diseases of various crops that are carried on the seed.Such treatments will reduce the loss from these diseases and result in increased yields.On the other hand, it is generally considered that over production is the cause of low prices; so why increase the yield ?The cost of producing an acre of a given crop is the same regardless of yield.Therefore, if the yield be increased, the cost of producing a bushel of such crop is reduced, and consequently more profit can be obtained even with lower prices.A second point, aside from that of monetary return, is the result of growing diseased crops.A few years of diseased crops is likely to establish the disease in that field, or the seed may become so highly infected that the crop cannot be grown.Furthermore, severe control measures would then need to be practised to bring about control of the disease and profitable growing of the same crop.In general, seed treatment may be regarded as insurance.A small sum is expended to obtain control of the seed-borne diseases.It must be remembered, however, that many of our diseases are not seed borne and so could not be controlled by seed treat- + ment.Some of these diseases are leaf and stem rust of cereals, mildew of many kinds of plants, club root of cabbage, late blight of potato and others.Those diseases of plants that are seed borne may be divided into two groups.In the first group are the diseases that are carried by means of the disease organisms within the seed.In this case, as the seed starts to grow, the disease organisms grow within the plant tissue, and when the plant has reached a certain stage of development, the disease appears.Loose smut of wheat is a good example of a disease of this nature.The second group of seed-borne diseases carry the disease organisms as spores, on the surface of the seed.In this case, the spores start to grow and infect the plant during the period between the germination of the seed and when the seedling reaches the surface of the soil.The disease then appears on the plant at the stage of development characteristic for that disease.Seedling blight and oat smut are two examples.For effective seed treatment, the manner in which the disease is carried on the seed determines the method of treatment.In the case of the first group, those in which the disease organisms are within the seed, \u2018164 By R.F.SUIT Asst.Prof.of Plant Pathology, Macdonald College.-uccessful treatment is accomplished by Isubjecting the seed to conditions that will \u2018kill the organisms but not the seed.The second group, in which the disease is carried as spores on the surface of \u2018the seed, are more effectively treated by putting the seed in poisons that will kill the spores.Most farmers are well acquainted with seed treatment methods, but the correct compounds and amounts to use for each specific disease are easily forgetten.A summary of the methods of seed treatment for the more important diseases is given in tabular form for your reference.It is genera'ly understood, however, that disease free seed is to be desired, and if such can be obtained, seed treatment is not necessary.General Considerations While the most important features of the various methods for seed treatment are given in the chart, there are several facts with reference to seed treatment that should be expressed.With respect to the common scab of potato, there is some doubt as to the efficiency of tuber treatment.Recent experimental results have indicated that treatment does not control the disease if the soil A SUMMARY OF METHODS FOR SEED TREATMENT Vegetable Seeds CROP DISEASE COMPOUND STRENGTH METHOD Barley Covered Smut Formalin 1 pt.to 32 gals.of water.Soak 30 minutes, drain well, cover for 1 hour.Loose smut Hot Water 124°-128° F.Soak 4 hrs.in cold water, 3 min.at 120° F.10 min.at 124°-128° F.Stripe Ceresan 3 oz.per bu.Mix in container for 3-5 minutes.Garden and General Diseases Mer:uric chloride 1 part to 1000 parts water.Soak 10-15 minutes and rinse (corrosive sublimate) thoroughly.D-mp'ng-off Semesan 1 teaspoonful to 1 lb.Mix in container for 3-5 minutes.of seed.Formalin 6% dust (Commercial 114 ozs.per sq.ft.Mix in upper product) 2.3 inches soil.Plant seed and water well.Oats Loose and covered smut Formalin 1 pt.to 40 gals.water.Use about 1 gal sol\u2019n for each bushel.Sprinkle and shovel grain.Then cover for 4 hours.1 pt.to 1 pt.water.Spraying grain as shovelled.Cover for 5 hours, sufficient for 50 bus.Onion Smut Formalin 1 pt.to 50 gals.water Apply with dripping attachment on for 4000 ft.of row.seeder.Potato Common Scab Powdery Mercuric chloride 4 ozs to 30 gals.of water.Soak 115 hrs.add 13 oz for each (Better results are obta\u2019ned by the hot treatments, but the others are effective) Powdery Scab Rhizoctonia Hot mercuric chloride 4 ozs.to 15 gals.of water new batch of 4 bus.Soak at 110°-113° F.for 5 minutes.Formalin 1 pt.to 30 gals.of water.Soak 114 hours.Hot formalin 1 pt.to 15 gals.of water.Soak at 124°-126° F.for 5 minutes.Rye Ergot Salt solution 234 lbs.per gallon of Put in solution, stir well and skim water.off ergots.Rinse grain thoroughly and dry.\u2018 Wheat Stinking smut Copper carbonate 3 ozs.per bu.Mix in container for 3-5 minutes.Loose smut Hot water 125°.129° F.Soak 4 hours cold water, 3 mins.at 120 F.Then 10 mins.at 125°-129°F. 162 The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture By Prof.T.G.BUNTING, Royal Lily, Lilium regale 21221558 ONE Sato The Royal Lily LILIUM REGALE.About 75,000 8eeds were saved in 1932 from these plants growing on the Campus at Macdonald College._ HE lily has become one of the most T popular and generally-grown flowers in America during recent years.The reason for this popularity has been the in- PERENNIAL SEED DISTRIBUTION 1933 The Department of Horticulture, Macdonald College, offers a liberal sized packet of seed (over 125) of the Royal Lily, LILIUM REGALE, shown in the illustration, for 35¢, together with six other packets of perennial seeds to be selected from the following varieties of perennials: Aquilegia, Anthemis (Golden Marguerite), Delphinium (mixed hybrids), Echinops (Globethistle), Eremurus robustus, Gail- lardia, Hollyhocks, Lupines, Lychnis (cam- pion), Polemonium (Jacob\u2019s Ladder), Pyrethrum, Shasta Daisy, Veronica.TERMS: 1 pkt.Lilium regale + 6 pkts.other perennial seeds, with directions for planting and care, for 35¢ in silver or postal money order.Postage stamps will not be accepted.Three lots will be sent to one address for $1.00.Horticultural Department, Macdonald College, Quebec.is contaminated.On the other hand, it is advisable to treat diseased tubers used for seed if they are to be planted on new soil.In this way contamination of the new soil is prevented.Treatment of tubers for Rhizoctonia and black leg is effective.In the case of powdery scab it is also questionable if treatment gives any results when the tubers are planted in contaminated soil.However, treatment is essential if diseased tubers are being used for seed on new soil.Treatments using heat\u2014 Strict adherence to the temperatures given is important.If the temperatures are allowed to rise higher, injury to the seed will result; while if allowed to fall below the given temperature, the treatment will not effectively kill the disease organism.The length of treatment is also essential for the same reasons.With respect to the treatment of grain with hot water, it is essential that the grain should be dried as rapidly as possible after treatment.The grain may be seeded as soon as it is dry enough to be troduction of the Royal Lily, Lilium regale, introduced at first into England in 1903 by \u201cChinese\u201d Wilson, the late Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass.Since that time it has spread far and proved itself adaptable to a wide range of conditions; it is hardy in Canada.It has few faults, if any, and has done much to dispel the funeral idea connected with the thought of lilies.It is as easily grown as almost any perennial flower from seed, and may be further propagated by bulblets and division of the bulbs.Not long ago the seeds were priced at $1.00 per packet, and the bulbs from 25¢ \u201cto $1.00 apiece; but as it produces seed freely, this is the easiest method of handling; it is only a matter of two to three years from seed to bloom, and reaches full growth, as indicated in the pictures, in four to five years.The Royal Lily will thrive on almost any good garden soil, preferring the lighter and gravelly soils.It is best not to use manure with the seeds or the bulbs, but the plants while young should be kept free from weeds.handled satisfactorily, or may be stored for a time after it has completely dried.Hot water treatment of grain usually reduces the germination five to ten per cent.Treatments using formalin\u2014 The fumes of formalin are irritating to the eyes and nose and should not be inhaled to any great extent, although these fumes are not fatal.With reference to treatment of potatoes by the formalin method, it is well to make the treatment about a month before planting.Grain treated by any of the formalin methods should be sown the day after treatment, while the amount of water used should be kept at a minimum.If the grain is stored for more than three days at the most, severe injury to the germination is apt to result.Treatments using \u2018mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) \u2014 Mercuric chloride is deadly poison and should not be left where children or farm Later even hoeing is not necessary, but the plants will respond to good conditions and in time clumps will become over-grown and should be divided.The bulbs should be planted about 8 inches in depth on the heavier types of soils, and increased to 12 inches in the lighter types of sand and gravelly soils.The Department of Horticulture, Macdonald College, has saved a quantity of seed, estimated at over 75,000 seeds, from the plants shown in the illustration, and is offering liberal-sized packets of this lily with a number of other perennial flower seeds as per the adjoining statement.With these seeds, complete directions for their care and planting and the management of the growing plants is given.FARM PRODUCTION CONTROL IS URGED IN U.S.A.Washington, March 12.\u2014Farm organization leaders of the United States yesterday agreed to ask Congress to confer sweeping powers on Secretary Wallace of the Department of Agriculture to control farm production and increase prices.The plan, announced after the visit to the White House, proposed that Congress confer these emergency powers upon the President and the Secretary of Agriculture: \u201cAuthority to lease agricultural land and to enter into contractual agreements for the control of agricultural production.\u201cTo regulate and supervise the marketing and processing of agricultural and competing products in domestic and foreign commerce.\u201cTo take such action and to make such settlements as are necessary in order to acquire full legal title to all cotton or other farm commodities on which the Government has made loans or advances, upon such terms as may seem fair and just, and to exchange such cotton or other products with growers for acreage production.\u201cTo levy such charges on agricultural products or products manufactured from them as seems necessary to accomplish the purpose of the act.\u201cIn the drafting of a bill to carry out these recommendations, all powers necessary to the successful carrying out of the purpose to be achieved shall be included.\u201d Commodities for which the group suggested application of the programme were wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, cattle, sheep, rice, tobacco, milk and its products.animals can get it.Treatments involving the use of mercuric chloride should be made in wooden, crock or cement containers, but never in metal containers as the mercuric chloride corrodes metal.Treatments using organic mercury dusts\u2014 In making treatments with such compounds as semesan, ceresan, and others, the dust is poisonous and should not be inhaled.These compounds contain an organic mercury compound as the toxic principle, and a thorough coating of each seed is essential for successful treatment.The action of these disinfectants usually does not take place until the seed has been planted.There is usually no reduction in stand from these treatments, although occasionally under unusual conditions some injury may result.The Plant Pathology Department will be glad to answer questions, in so far as possible, concerning plant diseases.Address: Plant Pathology Department, Macdonald College, Que. The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture For the Control of Orchard Ills General 1.Uses and Limitations of the Spray Calendar.The Spray Calendar herein presented is intended as a general guide to the treatment of orchard pests.In utilizing it, however, it is essential that the grower understand its limitations as well as its uses.Weather conditions may so favour the.development of apple scab, for example, that supplementary sprayings, in addition to those called for by the calendar, may be required.In the case of certain insects, also, a treatment that may be satisfactory for ordinary outbreaks is inadequate when dealing with epidemics.The grower, therefore, should carefully study his own conditiens and be prepared to modify his schedule to meet such emergencies.Furthermore, he should keep in close touch with the \u201cSpray Service\u201d to assist him in meeting unknown pests or unfamiliar situations.Still further, it may be pointed out that the particular Spray Calendar presented is not the only one that may be used, since various alternative calendars may give equally good results.Some growers prefer to use a dust calendar, and still others a combined spray and dust calendar.Orchard Sanitation For Curculios, Aphids, etc.While prominence is rightfully given to spraying in the campaign against insect pests, it should By W.H.BRITTAIN, Professor of Entomology, and J.G.COULSON, Professor of Plant Pathology, Macdonald College.be understood that there are pests that cannot be controlled by spraying, and that, in other cases, it is necessary to resort to supplementary measures to insure satisfactory control.An example of the latter category are our two curculios, viz., (1) the apple and (2) the plum curculio, which appear to hold the centre of the stage as orchard pests in this region.The reduction of the- natural breeding places of these insects, viz, thickets of hawthorn and crab, the destruction of insects in their winter quarters by burning over stone fences and fence rows during April and May, and the raking of the small drops into the light are among the measures recommended.oo During primary operations, water-sprouts and suckers bearing eggs of the green apple aphis may be cut out and egg-masses of tent caterpillars similarly destroyed.- Orchard sanitation is also essential in the control of diseases of the apple such as fire blight, black rot cankers, and apple scab.This involves such measures as the destruction of wild apple trees along the fence rows, and the cutting out of trees.such as Alexanders which are very susceptible to AN APPLE SPRAY CALENDAR 163 fire blight and have not high commercial value.Other plants such as the hawthorn and mountain ash are often diseased with fire blight.Similarly other pests are harboured by wild trees, and so these trees should not be allowed to grow near the orchard.The orchard trees should be pruned each year to remove all diseased twigs and branches, and cankers should be cut out and treated.All diseased parts removed from the trees should be immediately destroyed by burning.All of these precautions are beneficial, since they remove the places where the parasites causing the diseases live over the winter and multiply abundantly during the growing season.Notes on Specific Pests Apple Scab.The scab spots on fruit and leaves typical of apple scab are so well known to the apple grower of Quebec that no description of the appearance of this disease on these parts is required in this article.However, it is worth while drawing attention to the fact that apple scab may involve the blossoms and young fruit stems.Blossom and fruit stalk infections cause destruction of the flowers and dropping of fruit.This may be a serious type of loss in certain years, and hence the need for the early sprays.The fungus or mold causing this disease lives through the winter on the old dead aormarn/ ray | Calyx spray Oral! anole spray When How What For Remarks \u201cDelayed Dormant\u201d When tips of more advanced buds have opened.214 gals.of lime sulphur and 214 lbs.arsenate of lime to 100 gals.of water; or sul- phur-lead arsenate dust (90- 10) Apple Scab, bud moth, tent caterpillars, etc.If bud moth is not being controlled by regular sprays add nicotine | sulphate 1%-2 pints to 100 gals.or one half this amount for rosy 1 aphis.For outbreaks of red mite an oil spray would be required.\u201cPink Spray\u201d Just before blossoms open.Same materials as former spray.Same pests as foregoing and also fruit worms, canker worms, curculios, etc.(A spray of identical composition between this and the former, called the \u201cpre-pink spray,\u201d may be given when required to control apple scab; supplementary sprayings for certain leaf-eating caterpillars may also be needed.) An important spray for curculios applied as late as possible before blossoms open.\u201cCalyx Spray\u201d Immediately after blossom petals fall.Same materials as former spray.Mainly for codling moth and curculios.\u2018For curculios this should be applied when about two thirds of the petals have fallen.\u201cSmall Apple Spray\u201d Ten days to two weeks after the past spray.Same materials as former spray.Same pests as preceding and leaf-eating caterpillars.various For \u2018bad outbreaks of curculios apply a spray four to seven days earlier than indicated; especially if temperature reaches 75° on two consecutive days.\u201cSpecial Maggot Spray\u201d About July 12th and again July 28th if required.Same materials as former spray.Apple maggot.One or more applications necessary for maggot between the middle and.the end of July depending on weather and severity of outbreak.If lime.sulphur is not considered necessary to control scab it may be omitted and arsenate of lead used alone, 214 lbs.to 100 gals.of water. 164 leaves, lying on the ground, which were infected with scab the previous years.In these leaves, early in the spring, arise spores or germs which are carried up into the trees by air currents and which cause the first infections, which may occur on leaves, blossoms, and young fruits.These early established scab spots soon form other spores which serve to spread the infections.Thus these infections increase throughout the season so long as the weather is wet, due to the spores produced on scab spots, and late infections may arise even up to the time of picking.These facts draw attention to the great importance of the early sprays in the spring, for it is then that the first infections occur.The need for thorough spraying throughout the season is also indicated.It is evident that if the old diseased leaves could be destroyed in the orchard there would be no spores to initiate infections in the spring.No economically satisfactory method of doing this is known.Cultivation of the orchard in the spring is very helpful as this tends to destroy many old leaves, but few growers use this practice for various reasons under Quebec conditions.Fire Blight.The appearance of this disease has become well known to the Quebec orchardist within the last few years.It, therefore, needs no description here.This blight is favoured by environmental conditions that produce a sappy and rapid growth of the trees.Heavy rainfall, warm and cloudy weather are favourable to its development.These conditions prevail in the spring, so it is then that the disease does most damage.The warm dry weather of the summer retards it, but it may become somewhat active again in wet falls.It has been asserted by many investigators that the application of large amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers increase fire blight and so care is required in this respect.Avoid heavy pruning which might force the tree into too rapid growth.Similarly late cultivation of the orchard is to be avoided, and the use of cover crops to utilize any excessive moisture in the fall is also useful.The value of spraying has not been proven as yet for fire blight.The only effective weapon that can be used against it at the present time is the pruning out of diseased twigs and branches and cutting out of cankers from the diseased limbs and trunks of the trees.Sometimes large branches may be so severely involved that they have to be cut away, and even a tree may have to be destroyed if the trunk is badly infected.The disease organism, which is a bacterium, lives through the winter in the old cankers of the previous year and to a less extent in the diseased twigs.Since diseased areas are the sources of infection for the new growth in the spring, the trees should be very carefully inspected in the fall and again in the late winter or early spring, and all diseased parts should be removed.The twigs and any branches which may have to be cut away should be cut off several inches (6-8 at least) below the visible signs of the infected areas.All new growth in the spring showing infections should be removed at once.All cankers on large branches and trunk should be cleaned out during the fall and winter, removing the tissues well beyond the visible diseased area.In the treatment of cankers the cut should have an edge at right angles to the wood.This is to aid in the healing of the wound.It should be so shaped as to come to a drainage point at the bottom edge of the cut.After all diseased tissue has been cut out, the exposed surfaces should be sterilized with a solution made up as follows: Mercuric chloride.1 oz.Mercuric cyanide.1 oz.Glycerine 3 parts] Water 1 part .81 to 4 gals.\u2018winter and become .spores develop in them, and each spore is The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Furthermore, after each operation and before the pruning tools are used again to cut into healthy tissues, the pruning implements should be sterilized by dipping them into this solution.It is to be remembered that this solution is extremely poisonous and so must be used with great care.All diseased parts should be burned at once after they have been removed from the tree.Suckers should never be allowed to grow from the trunk or large limbs as they are very subject to infections, and these are very apt to spread quickly into the branch \u201cor trunk and so often give rise to a serious type of canker.Insects such as aphids i increase fire blight, so these insects should be controlled by proper spraying at all times.Black Rot Canker.This disease occurs to \u201c some extent as a leaf spot and fruit rot, but it is most important as a canker.The cankers occur most frequently on the upper surfaces of the limbs but will develop anywhere following a wound.They are sunken, dark areas of the bark bordered by cracks.They may increase in size for several years so they become very long or may completely girdle the branch, or they may die out in the inactive.Numerous capable of causing a new infection.The careful cutting out of cankers is the effective treatment for this trouble.The \u201cexposed surfaces should be sterilized with à solution of bichloride of mercury made up Lo ounce of the bichloride to 4 gallons of water, or with the solution mentioned above for fire- blight canker treatment.After the wound has dried, coat it with coal tar, asphaltum paint, or lead paint.The usual spraying for apple scab is also helpful against this disease.Frost Injuries.This type of injury may occur particularly in the less hardy trees or parts of trees when long continued or sudden severe cold is encountered.Frequent freez- ings and thawings also may lead to severe injury.When blossoms and leaves are frozen and killed in the spring the loss is evident and appreciated.Killing of twigs and parts of branches, even trunk and roots, frequently occurs, and it is not always so evident at the time.A certain amount of twig injury occurs almost every winter; the tree is particularly susceptible to this type of killing if the trees grew late into the fall and so were not properly hardened off.Kiiling of the bark of the collar of the tree at the ground line is a troublesome type of winter injury.In this case the bark becomes loosen- \u201ced, or splits and exposes the wood.This is then likely to be followed by decay.Root injury is apt to happen in poorly drained soils, or when .the ground is bare under the trees, in severe cold spells.Crotch injury and sunscald are evident in the late spring as dead bark.Both these troubles occur most frequently in trees not well matured in the fall.Often the inner parts of the wood of branches or trunks are killed while the living layer on the outside is left unharmed to form new wood.The killed wood usually stains black, and its condition is referred to as black- heart.The outstanding remedial measures for winter killing may be briefly listed as follows: (1) Plant hardy.varieties; .(2) Plant on well drained land; (3) Apply nitrogenous fertilizers in the spring; - (4) Avoid late cultivation and all practices which might prevent the trees from thoroughly hardening in the .fall; (5) Trees with bad collar trouble may be saved by bridge grafting; (6) All killed areas of bark should be cut away and treated.Curculios.Special efforts should be made to apply the spray for these pests at the period indicated by the calendar, and with the greatest possible thoroughness.Owing to the small amount of surface eaten by the adults, the need for stronger and more adhesive poisons is indicated.For this purpose the use of the lime-sulphur-calcium arsenate-iron sulphate mixture may be suggested.This has been developed and used on a large scale in orchards in Nova Scotia.The writer has employed this on a commercial scale for the past three years with good effect against various pests and without damage to the trees.Used at the time indicated, it would appear to have some promise of improving present results.The mixture is prepared as follows: 1.On commencing to fill tank, sift in the iron sulphate (chrystal powder) wusing 4 Ibs.for each gallon of lime sulphur concentrate.2.When tank is nearly full add lime sulphur.3.Add calcium arsenate at rate of 5 lbs.per 100 gals.of spray.This strength is for the curculio sprays.For later applications reduce strength of the calcium arsenate to 3 lbs., but do not use this mixture after the fruit has become well formed, as it is likely to adhere to the fruit, interfering with colouring and creating a residue problem.Aphids.These insects deserve a special article, as they cannot be dealt with adequately in a brief outline such as this.There are a number of species found attacking the apple, but the only one that we will mention at this point is the green aphis.Like all aphids, this insect is chiefly notable for its great powers of reproduction, successive generations occurring all of which are females that give birth to living young, so that a small initial spring infestation may result in a very heavy midsummer infestation.Sometimes extremely serious outbreaks occur even though few first generation individuals were present.Furthermore, it may happen that the source of the midsummer outbreak is wild trees such as hawthorn, which often harbour this species.Breeding in enormous numbers on such wild food plants, large numbers of winged aphids sometimes invade the orchards and, if conditions are favourable, set up a destructive outbreak.Normally, the green aphis is a feeder mainly on juicy shoots and leaves, but in severe cases they may \u2018overflow\u2019 onto the fruit, ruining it for commercial purposes.Protected inside the curled leaves, adult females continue to produce young at a rapid rate, so that even though all the individuals outside the curled leaves are destroyed a new crop is quickly produced.Nevertheless, should the aphids begin to attack the fruit in midsummer, the only thing to do is to spray at once, using as high a pressure as can be obtained combined with unusual carefulness, since even a few aphids attacking the apples are ruinous.It is only an unusual combination of circumstances that permits of such infestations, and often before the aphids are able to breed again and seriously attack the fruit, natural enemies, or unfavourable weather may intervene and check further increase, in which case the growers\u2019 work will not be in vain.Sometimes another spray may be needed, but, unfortunately, in other cases, the attacks are very persistent and all spraying methods may prove inadequate.Luckily, however, such occasion are rare.They are often associated with conditions that favour excessive vegetative growth in the form of terminals, water sprouts and suckers.Other Insects.Certain other pests which sometimes become unusually abundant and troublesome will be discussed in later articles.(Continued on page 174) as att The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture + + Top-Grafting Apple Trees & @ T is our observation that most orchards | contain varieties of trees which are unprofitable to the owner.Census figures show us that there are thousands of undesirable varieties in bearing in Canada, and nursery sales statistics indicate that large numbers of these are still being planted each year.Many growers, perhaps, have been wrongly advised in the selection of varieties and are now endeavouring to show a profit on those for which there is little market demand.The consumer is becoming more des- criminating as to quality, and some varieties which were popular some years ago are no longer desired.There are many cases known where nurserymen have delivered trees not true to name due either to mistake or to an attempt to get rid of surplus stock of an undesirable variety.On the other hand there may be cases of pollination difficulties in some orchards due to trees being planted in solid blocks.This is one of many instances where top-grafting of apple trees would be distinctly advantageous to the fruit grower.Trees in every fifth row may be top-grafted to a variety suitable for pollenization.Or it may be that many good varieties of apples are not fully hardy in a given locality.It is possible to eliminate some forms of winter injury which might occur, such as sun scald, bark splitting and crotch damage by top working such varieties on to a hardy tree.An example of this might be Red Delicious, Golden Delicious or Northern Spy top-worked on to a framework of Hibernal, Tolman Sweet, McIntosh, etc.This is becoming a common practice in some Western districts.It may lengthen the life By J.L.WEBSTER Lecturer in Pomology, Macdonald College, Que.of such varieties considerably in the Province of Quebec, but of course cannot be depended on to prevent top injury or winter killage of the young wood.Important Considerations All those attempting grafting should be familiar with the following terms: cion, op : > Fig.1.Grafting pot, with door omen to show lamp.Lard pail is used as container for wax.Note cion wood and knife in foreground.(photo by Prof.J.G.Coulson.) stock, cambium layer.The cion is wood of the past season\u2019s growth which produces on grafting the same variety as the tree from 165 which it is taken.The stock is that part of the tree upon which the cion is set.The cambium layer refers to the actively growing layer between the bark and the wood.Cions should be taken in the dormant season and stored in a cool place in moist sand or earth until ready for use.Grafting is done in the spring immediately after the sap starts to run, at which time the bark slips easily.From about the end of April up until the middle of May is considered a good time.One may graft later providing the cions are dormant, but should not expect optimum growth that season.Do not attempt to graft onto trees which are unsound at the crotch, which show signs of decay, or onto varieties which are known to be tender.Such trees will be short lived at best.Grafting on large trees should be done gradually and not completed in less than 3 or 4 years.Small trees, however, may be safely grafted or budded over in one year.Materials: A good pruning or hand saw to cut limbs and a sharp knife to cut and prepare cions are required.Hand pruning shears are convenient and usually necessary to cut off interfering growth.When cleft grafting is practised, a grafting tool or grafting wedge and hammer to drive the wedge in splitting the stub or stock to be grafted will be required.A convenient grafting wax pot may be easily made as shown in Fig.1, either from an inverted pail or from galvanized tin.A lard pail is a suitable article in which to melt the wax.Any low kerosene lamp may be used as a burner.A tin or mica chimney is of advantage to steady the flame on windy Cion Two types of bark graft.@) Stock ready (b) Cions Inserted Fig.2 Cleft graft.T eut made In place Fig 5.Budding.Fig.4.Whip & Tongue Graft.My, Cut al cleanly (&) {b) ond year Fig.\u20ac.Showing die-back of stock when cion has failed & method ol F lrealinen! jo facililale healing .ig.7, 4 _- Cut bere following Spring.Bud in place.Bud Stn year 3d year Pruning of graft up to 5th year . 166 Tree ir coring of third year after grafting.On a tree of this size it is safe to complete grafting and remove balumre of linbs in the third year.Pruning of grafts, however, has been rather severe.davs.For applying the melted wax an old paint brush from 114\u201d to 215\u201d in diameter is suitable.There are many waxes of varying form- tlac used and there are many made up waxes for sale.The following home made hard wax is to be recommended : Resin 6 pounds Beeswax 1 pound Raw linseed oil 1 pint To prepare: melt resin and beeswax together, then add the linseed oil and mix thoroughly.The wax on cooling will be in a hard block.Pieces may be broken off and melted in grafting pot as required.Selection of Limks and Where to Cut.This is all important.The ideal framework should he borne in mind when deciding what limbs to graft and at what point to ent.Poorly formed and unnecessary limbs should not be grafted but left as \u201cfeeders\u201d to take care of excess sap for two or three vears and then removed.On large trees there is considerable controversy as to the height of grafting.It is unwise to graft on limbs over 4\u201d in diameter, such as the large main scaffolds.The healing of these large wounds is slow and uncertain, It is better to graft smaller laterals farther out and leave the large framework intact.Utilize this large framework that has taken years to grow.The trend in grafting to-day is to replace the bearing wood on the tree by a larger number of small limbs.This results in early bearing and insures well healed wounds and a final healthy tree.It is surprising that the large tree grafted in this manner will not be too high; often it is lower than before.Moreover most of the grafting can be done the first year and the tree will be back to normal in a shorter time.Cleft Grafting.This is the most common method used in top-working trees in Eastern Canada.The stoek is split with a large knife or cleft araltine tool as shown in Fig.2 (a).Cions propared frem last scason\u2019s gro vth should he about the thickness of a lead pencil and contain about 3 buds.Use a sharp knife and make clean long, sloping cuts on either side as shown, One side is cut slightly thicker The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture than the other which is placed outward in the stock.Care should be taken to obtain contact of cambium layers of stock and cion.The latter should be set in slightly tilted to insure crossing of the cambium.Stocks 1\u201d to 3\u201d in diameter require two cions\u2014one on either side.Stocks larger than 3\u201d should have 4 or more.Immediately after insertion of cions the stock should be carefully waxed, care being taken to exclude all air.It is also important to wax the tip of the cions to prevent drying out.Bark Grafting.This method is commonly used in Western fruit destricts on account of the speed with which it may be done in large scale operations and the high percentage of \u201ctake\u201d claimed for it.Of the two main types the \u201cslip-in\u201d\u2019 type Fig.3 (a) is in most common use and gives a satisfactory take.A long sloping cut is made only on one side of the cion.It is \u2018then pushed down firmly between the bark and wood of the stock after the bark has been slightly loosened on either side of cut as shown.The cion is then either tied tightly in place with raffia or tacked with fine finishing nails.For the inlay type Fig.3 (b) prepare the cion similarly but remove a strip of bark from the stock about two inches in length and of the exact width of the cion.All grafts should be carefully waxed immediately to exclude air.BARTER Life has loveliness to sell: All beautiful and splendid things, Blue waves whitened on a cliff, Soaring fire that sways and sings, And children\u2019s faces looking up Holding wonder in a cup.Life has loveliness to sell: Music like a curve of gold, Scent of pine trees in the rain, Eyes that love you, arms that hold, \u2018And for your spirit\u2019s still delight, Holy thoughts that star the night.Spend all you have for loveliness, Buy it and never count the cost; For one white singing hour of peace Count many a year of strife well lost, And for a breath of ecstasy Give all you have been, or could be.\u2014Sara TEASDALE Whip Grafting.This has a place in the top working of young trees or small stock.Although there are many modifications of this graft, the \u201cwhip and tongue\u201d method (Fig.4) seems to be the most satisfactory.After making the graft the union is bound tightly with raffia and then waxed.Budding.On young trees 1 to 5 years of age budding is usually considered the easiest method.As mentioned previously, for overcoming sun scald and other forms of trunk injury, hardy trees may be grown to 5 years of age and the scaffold limbs then budded to the variety desired.Budding is done in July or August.Bud sticks or growths of the current year are taken from the desired variety at this time and buds transferred to the stock as shown in (Fig.5).Buds, .when in place, are tied with raffia but are not waxed.The following spring the stoek is cut off immediately above the bud.After Care of Top-Worked Trees.In the years following actual grafting many large trees may die from neglect or as a result of malpractices.Rot, imperfect healing, sour sap and sun scald take a heavy toll of trees at this time.However, with an understanding of several important fundamental causes and by close observation and careful handling, the grower should not lose a tree.One common mistake is the removal of all suckers from the stock in an effort to obtain more growth on the cions.When we take off large limbs, as in grafting, the excess sap coming up from the large roots must go somewhere, and heavy sucker growth in the tree is Nature\u2019s way of removing it by transpiration from this growth.If the tree is pruned too heavily, the excess sap accumulates at various points and may sour.This condition or disease is known as sour sap and closely resembles sun scald.Following a sour sap condition rot will immediately become established and the tree will finally die.Suckers, however, may be kept in bounds somewhat, and those interfering and directly shading or competing with growth of the cion may be cut back or removed.Prune sparingly for at least three years after grafting.It is advisable to allow only one cion to develop and form a limb.The remaining cions should be used for healing and transpiring off excess sap coming up the stock.If a cion does not take, there will be no healing and there is always the danger of die-back or sour sap at this point, see Fig.6 (a).A sloping cut away from the living cion removing one side of the stub will do much to induce healing of the wound.Fig.6 (b).Where two or more cions have \u201ctaken\u201d the method of pruning as shown in Fig.7 will be found satisfactory.The upper cion should be preserved if possible and the lower one dwarfed by cutting back each year up until the healing of the stub is nearly completed.It may then be removed entirely.When the old wax on the stub cracks off it is advisable to apply a thick coat of paint containing a small amount of wood preservative.This is better than re-waxing as moisture often collects under the wax to start rot.We would conclude by reminding the orchardist to watch the grafted tree as carefully as one would a patient recovering from an operation.Give your grafted trees individual care for at least five years and your resulting trees will be as sound, and as heavy producers, as the originals.Large tree in spring of second year of grafting.Framework of tree has been utilized, but selection of limbs could have been better.4 RE RE à NNT > a The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Selected Varieties of Vegetables ANY varieties and strains of vegetables are listed each year in the catalogues of seedsmen.Some are much better than others, and quite often there is almost as great a difference in some strains as you would expect to find in varieties.Novelties and new originations are often extensively advertised and are usually worthy of trial on a small scale, but few of these are any better than, if as good as, the older or standard varieties and never become of commercial importance.The following list of vegetable varieties have been selected as some of the best, and if the seed purchased i is of good quality, and the garden receives reasonable care, then favourable results may be expected.The varieties are arranged in order of earliness, and the first choice is in italics.ASPARAGUS:\u2014Mary Washington.BEANS:\u2014(Yellow) Round Pod Kidney Wa, Pencil Pod Waw.(Green) pountiful, Stringless Green od.(Pole) Kentucky Wonder (both yellow and green strains available) BEET :\u2014Crosby Egyptian, Detroit Dark Red, Long Smooth Blood.BRUSSELS SPROUTS: \u2014Improved Half Dwarf.CABBAGE :\u2014Golden Acre, Glory of Enkhuizen, Danish Ballhead (Short stem strain) \"CARROT :\u2014Chantenay, Danvers Half Long, Nantes.CAULIFLOWER: \u2014Early Snowball.Early Erfurt.CELERY :\u2014Golden Plume, Golden Self-Blanchirgy, Giant Pascal.CORN :\u2014Banting, Sunshine, Golden Bantam.CUCUMBER :\u2014Early White Spine, Davis Perfect, Improved Long Green.CITRON :\u2014Colorado Preserving (Green seeded) EGGPLANT :\u2014Early Dwarf, Black Beauty.\"HERBS :\u2014Dill, Fennel Mint, Sweet Marjoram, Sage, Savory, Thyme.LETTUCE :\u2014 (Leaf) Grand Rapids, Black Seeded Simpson.(Head) May King, Big Boston, New York .(Cos) Paris White.MUSKMELON:\u2014 (\u2018Green Fleshed) Rocky Ford, Montreal.(Salmon Flesh) Bender Surprise, Oka, Hearts of Gold.WATERMELON :\u2014Cole marly, Peerless.ONION :\u2014 (Red) Red Wethersfield, Southport Red Globe.(Yellow) Yellow Gloge Danvers, South- port Yellow Globe.(Sets) Ebenezer.(Transplanting) Ailsa Craig.PARSLEY :\u2014Champion Moss Curled.PARSNIP:\u2014Hollow Crown.PEAS:\u2014(Dwarf) Laxton Superb, Blue Bantam, \u2018Thos.Laxton.(Tall) Alderman, Telephone.PEPPER :\u2014Harris Earliest, Ruby King.POTATO :\u2014Irish Cobbler, Green Mountain.PUMPKIN :\u2014Pie.RADISH :\u2014 (Summer) Saxa, Early Scarlet Globe, French Breakfast, White Icicle.(Winter) China Rose.RHUBARB: \u2014Macdonald, Victoria.SPINACH :\u2014Bloomsdale, King of Denmark, Princess Juliana.SQUASH :\u2014 (Summer) Straightneck.(Winter) Hubbard (Green or Golden) TOMATO:\u2014(Red) Earliana, John Baer or Bonny (Pink) Livingston Globe.(Yellow) Golden Queen .(Forcing) Livingston Globe, Grand .Rapids, Kondine, TURNIP: \u2014 White Milan, Purple Top Milan.SWEDE :\u2014Canadian Gem.VEGETABLE MARROW :\u2014White Bush, Green us .Plan of Farm Vegetable Garden By H.R.MURRAY, Asst.Prof.Location:\u2014Choose a well drained area, preferably with a gentle slope toward the south, and convenient to the house.Soil:\u2014Any good garden soil in a fine state of tilth is suitable for a home garden, but rich, deep sandy loams are to be preferred.Arrangement: \u2014Long rows are more easily cultivated with horse implements, but shorter rows lend themselves to a better \u201csuccession\u201d arrangement.Quite often if long rows are planned, there is not enough variety grown, or too much is grown of one kind and not enough of another.The object of a home garden is to have an adequate supply of a variety of fresh vegetables over as long a time as possible, with a surplus of those which can be conveniently stored or canned.Planting plan of a farm garden 135 feet wide with rows 73 eet long, suitable for the average family of five.ach line means one row) NORTH FENCE Distance Allowed (1) 12 feet-hotbed 6\u2019 x 6\u2019, coldframe 8\u2019 x 6\u2019, f rhubarb 4\u2019 x 2\u2019, Horse radish 1%\u2019 Planting and x 30\u201d seeding in this 3 \u2018 Asparagus group to start as| 3 \u2018\u201c\u201c Asparagus soon as the 8 \u201c Onions, red (seed) ground can be 1 foot * yellow (seed) cenveniently 3 1 \u201c white (seed sown thickly for worked.pickles) 1 \u2018\u201c Spinach, early 1 \u201c late ve \u201cfeet peas, very early 1% \u201c lettuce, head 1% row, lettuce leaf L 12 row (from seed) (1) Start preparing hotbeds March 15th to 30th, and cold frames about April 15th.Last wek of 2 feet Cabbage, early, (plants from frames) April or first Be mid-season (plants from week of May.frames) 2 \u201c Lettuce, head Ye row, lettuce leaf 1% row, (plants from frames) 2 *¢ Cauliflower, early (plants from frames) 13 \u201c Peas, Early Wrinkled (dwarf) 9 13%\u201c « mid-season (dwarf) 2 * Beets, early 13 foot Carrots, early 24 feet Potatoes, early 22 \u201c Potatoes, \u201c 24 \u201c Potatoes, \u201c ° 4 *\u201c Cucumbers % row, melons Ye row (start under forcing boxes) \u201c ss \u201c \u201c o« 167 of Horticulture, Macdonald College Third and fourth 12 feet Celery, early weeks of May.Parsnip 5 \u201c 1 3 \u201c \u201c 23 Sweet eorn, early 24 \u201c \u201c \u2018second early 23 \u201c * mid-seasen 3 LS Ll - late 3 - [Li a 4 \u201c Tomatoes, early, on stakes or on the ground 4 \u201c Tomatoes, late, on stakes or on the l ground (plants started in frames) First of June rs \u201c Pepper, sweet, early 34 row, erg- plants, early 14 row 8 \u201c Potatoes, late 3 LS \u201c \u201c 3 \u201c 8 a\u201c 8 [13 se 3 4\" a 4 3 [1] \u201c ee 3 sé [1] 6d 33 \u201c Celery, late < 33 \u201c a\u201c \u201c 34 \u201c a .\u201c 3 \u201c Cabbage \u201c 3 [1] \u201c \u201c 3 [TS a 3 4 « a 2 \u201c Carrots 2 ao\" 4 a\" 2 < EL de 2\u201c Beets L2 \u201c \u201c \u201c Late cabbage _\u2014 Sow seed \u2014 middle of May Late cauliflower \u2014 \u201c Late celery \u2014 better way to control this disease than to prevent reinfection or rein- festation by this method.Operating the Brooder Stove Brooder sisves may be purchased that burn coal, oil, or electricity.For most farmers the coal stove is the most satisfactory, but this does not mean that the other types of stoves are not as good.Each farmer must decide for himself which type he will have, and his decision will probably depend to a large extent on what salesman talks most convincingly.The old tried and proven coal stove is still popular with most people, but equally good results may be obtained with any well made stove that is handled carefully.Whatever type of stove is selected, it should be started at least two days before needed, so that it may be well regulated before the chicks are put under the hover.A well constructed stove, regulated properly before the chicks are entrusted to its care, is the best insurance the poultryman can have that his birds will not become chilled or over-heated.Once either of these things happens, the chicks can never be the same no matter how well they are looked after.The stove should be placed on a piece of galvanized iron, preferably with a sheet of asbestos under it, although this is not absolutely necessary.The temperature should be 95 degrees at a point one inch from the floor just under the outer edge of the hover.The temperature may be gradually reduced about five degrees per week until the chicks are six weeks old.Further reductions depend on the weather entirely.If the stove is no longer necessary, the hover should be removed and the firebox cleaned out and kindlings for a new fire laid in case the fire is needed on a damp or cold and windy night.After about two weeks, the stove may be removed.It should be cleaned and painted before storing it for the summer.Feeding Success in rearing chicks depends much on giving them the proper feed and care for the first few weeks.Fresh air, correct temperature regulation, an opportunity to get the right kind of feed and drink all the time, and sanitary conditions are the prime essential features in management.The feeding problems are being well taken care of if feed from reliable concerns may be easily and regularily obtained.The only essential is to get good feeds from a reliable concern and follow the manufacturer\u2019s directions faithfully and to the letter.The men who made the feed have probably spent thousands of dollars in finding the correct mixture and just as much in finding the correct way to use it.This is one of the reasons why commercial mixtures are recommended for use until the chicks are at least eight weeks of age.Commercial mixtures may be more expensive in first cost than those put together at the farm, but since the first few weeks are so important to the entire life of the chick, I do not see how we can afford to take a chance of not giving the chicks the very best materials for a good start.Do not give milk as a drink after the chicks are eight weeks of age.Too rapid development of the egg-laying organs means trouble during the middle of the winter from a moult and low egg production.Common sense, knowledge of correct practices, and attention to details play a large part in raising the chicks successfully.me Dee = ASTER will soon be here once more, and with it will come really the first signs of spring.Everyone feels that a new Easter bonnet is in order.Not only do we wish to shed our winter hats and coats and look around for something new, but with the first signs of spring fever we feel that even the appetite needs to be tempted with something new in the matter of food.Now the housewife confronted with that everyday cry for variety searches about for something just a little different, or tries to dress up the same old favourites in another manner.\u201cHam for Easter is almost traditional\u2014and how attractive it can be made!\u201d Perhaps you are arranging a family gathering for this special time, or, at least, you will be planning for some pleasing hospitalities\u2014the first spring-time parties of the year.Breakfast, though not the most usual time for entertaining, will take on a more interesting note if we are entertaining visitors for the Easter week-end, or some wandering members of the family home for the holiday.For either guests or family a cheerful breakfast setting is the first essential to the meal\u2019s success.The clever home- manager realizes that the successful meal is one which not only satisfies the appetite, but also gives enjoyment in the eating, and pleases the artistic sense.All the equipment for the modern breakfast table reflects a cheerful note.We all respond more heartily then than at any other time to bright colours in china and in table-covers.Plain-coloured linen or the more striking checks and stripes add a cheery note; at the same time the smaller breakfast covers or doilies lighten the laundry problem as well.The Easter Sunday breakfast will undoubtedly be rather a light one, but who would think of Easter breakfast without eggs?And what a choice there is in the methods of serving them! We \u2018may have them poached on golden brown toast, creamy, scrambled eggs, or a light, fluffy omelette with a bit of fresh, green parsley or cress.Whatever be the method chosen they must be carefully cooked to prevent toughening or hardening them.Eggs are so sensitive to heat in cooking that it is easy to over-cook or to cook them poorly though their preparation is so simple.To many the Sunday dinner is one of the most important events of the whole week; and Easter Sunday dinner is especially important.At such special occasions we find so many interesting associations\u2014colour schemes for instance.What combination is more lovely than the beautiful mauve and yellow that is so typical of spring and Easter?Is there anything so lovely as a bowl of daffodils and tulips or hyacinths just to cheer things up a bit?Mauve or yellow candles will complete the centre piece for a very attractive table.If it is to be a really fussy party we may want to have some form of favours, or nut cups to hold the nuts and mints.The following diagrams and explanations will show \u201cThe Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Easter is Coming @ how easily these tulips can be made.They may even take the place of fresh, spring flowers if you are not fortunate in having such a presentation made to you, and with candles they help to form the centre piece.Materials\u2014for each tulip.Green covered wire, 10-12 inches long.Small paper nut cup, 114 inches in diameter.Green crepe paper for stem and leaves.Yellow crepe paper for petals.Bend the green covered wire at one end to hold the nut cup.This may be fastened in place with sticking plaster at side and bottom of cup.Bend wire at opposite end to form base, leaving stem of desired length (Fig.1).Cut two leaves of green paper about 5 inches long (Fig.2).Cut fine petals of yellow paper, 215\u201d Stretch paper through centre crosswise, to form cup shape (Fig.3).Arrange yellow petals around the cup with edges over lapping, holding in at the base of cup, and tie securely with thread (Fig.4).Cut a strip of green paper about 34\u201d wide and 15\u201d long.Twist paper around the wire starting at the bottom of the cup, covering bottom of petals, stretching the paper slightly to make stem smooth.About one third of the way down the stem place one leaf, holding in position as you continue twisting to \u2018cover the stem.About one half an inch below on the opposite side place the second leaf and continue twisting until the wire stem is completely covered.The end of the paper may have to be glued to make a neat finish for the end of the wire of the base (Fig.5).EARTHY THINGS I like the pungent smell of earthy things\u2014 A meadow, and a ploughed field after rain; A wine-red patch of clover brings The feeling I an nearing home again.I like the ancient smell of burning wood.The musky essence of old cedar trees\u2014 Upon a lonely sand dune I have stood Sniffing the breakers from a thousand seas.From every corner of the world they blow, Drifting like incense to a deity.They wake my laggard senses\u2014and bestow A redolence upon my memory.- Primeval odors.I have loved since birth\u2014 Created when God made the fragrant earth.\u2014Gene Boardman Hoover\u2014 (Literary Digest) The colour scheme, then, is to be mauve, yellow and green, but we cannot satisfy our guests with colour schemes and pretty table decorations.What shall we have for dinner?At this time of year a tart fruit cocktail will no doubt make a good starter and the following will serve as a suggestion from which variations may be made.PIQUANTE FRUIT COCKTAIL 1, cup powdered sugar 14 cup orange juice 14 cup grapefruit juice 1 cup diced pineapple 1 cup diced pears chopped crystallized ginger.Mix together the first three ingredients and chill.Cut pineapple and pears in small cubes as uniform as possible.Place the fruit in cocktail glasses, fill with the liquid, and - sprinkle each with one-half tablespoonful of chopped ginger.(This quantity for six).The cocktail will probably take the place of the soup if this is not a very formal meal.The main course will come next, and here, By RUTH B.RORKE, Macdonald College of course, there is no question\u2014ham for Easter is almost traditional; and how attractive it can be made! Perhaps this method is a little different from your present favourite and you might like to try it out.For Southern Whole Baked Ham Wipe ham, put into large kettle, cover with cold water, bring slowly to the boiling point, boil five minutes, add 1 cupful of molasses, 2 carrots cut lengthwise and 2 stalks of celery: reduce the heat and simmer until tender 3-4 hours, cool slightly, remove from water and take off skin.Stick whole cloves (about 3 dozen) into the surface, spread with a mixture of fine crumbs and brown sugar and bake in a hot oven 1 hour.Glazed pineapple rings baked with the ham for the last half hour will give a delicious finishing touch.Try one of the following for a little different flavour.Rub the surface with mustard and pour over it fruit juice, cider or vinegar, and broth.Pour over it a glass of currant jelly dissolved in water, and baste frequently.Use molasses, honey, or maple syrup.Brush with beaten egg, sprinkle thickly with bread crumbs and fine parsley.Fresh spinach cooked to a turn and still delightfully green, garnished with hard cooked egg, along with riced potatoes, light and fluffy, cannot fail to be enjoyed.Or bake the potatoes while the ham is in the oven, scoop out the centre and mash well with milk and butter and return to the shell and brown in the oven.The top may be sprinkled with grated cheese.The salad course can hardly be omitted for this occasion; a light salad of hearts of lettuce or a small jelly salad will be sufficient.The jelly can be moulded the previous day and will take only a moment to turn out on crisp lettuce, then top with a spoonful of cream dressing.For the cream dressing use a plain boiled dressing or mayonnaise, combining just before serving with twice the amount of whipped cream.The question of dessert is next to be decided.A frozen dessert, as water-ice, or ice-cream is always a favourite\u2014especially with the young people.As someone has said, \u201cNew desserts come and go, and yet ice-cream, cherished since that first birthday party, still holds its place.\u201d Whether one uses a crank or electric freezer it is easily made and may be ready several hours before if properly packed.Successful freezing in the automatic refrigerator depends on the recipes used and the temperature of the freezing compartment.Mousses, parfaits and other mixtures, which are usually frozen without stirring, are particularly adapted to freezing by this method.Ice- cream mixtures which contain a large percentage of milk cannot be frozen this way without special adaptation, due to the fact that the water crystallizes in the freezing.In general, the larger proportion of cream (Continued on page 171) HY 7 (I QD 2 ND 4 s TR RT RE ST TN A WL TA rR Te Se 170 Short Course well-attended Short Course in Agriculture, of three days\u2019 duration, was held last month at Shawville, under the auspices of the Pontiac Agricultural Society No.1, with some seventy boys taking part in the various contests staged.Many interesting lectures and demonstrations were given, by lecturers from Macdonald College, the Quebec Department of Agriculture, and the Dominion Department of Agriculture, while the prize money for the various contests for boys was subscribed by the Pontiac County Council.A challenge cup, donated by N.A.Drummond, local agronome, for annual competition, and going to the boy with the highest aggregate score for all contests, was won this year by Victor Belanger, Campbell\u2019s Bay, while all the contestants gave evidences of their keen interest in the work.On the first day of the Course, Tuesday, March 14, a seed judging contest was run in the morning, followed by an address on \u201cThe Production of Good Seed\u201d by John Dawson, Ottawa.In the judging contest three classes of seed were evaluated \u2014 barley, alfalfa, and red clover, with the youthful judges standing as follows in the various classes: The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture at Shawville Alfalfa: 1.David Belanger, 2.Fred Elliott, 3.Ulric Hodgins, 4.Linden Young, 5.Clarence Dahms, 6.Clayton Campbell.Barley: 1.Clarence Dahms, 2.Roley Wickens, 3.Dalton Richardson, 4.Borden Hodgins, 5.Clayton Campbell, 6.Melvin Young.Red Clover: 1.Fred Elliott, 2.Linden Young, 3.Melvyn Young, 4.David Belanger, 5.Victor Belanger, 6.Clayton Campbell.In the afternoon, Mr.Dawson gave an illustrated lecture, with slides showing seed-cleaning organizations in Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec.This was followed by a live-stock judging contest, consisting of three classes: Oxford sheep (four aged ewes), in charge of F.Robinson; Ayrshire cattle (three heifer calves), in charge of E.B.Fraser; and Beef cattle, (three Dual-Purpose Shorthorn cows), in charge of R.K.Bennett.The afternoon session was rounded cut by an address on \u2018Feeding Problems of Dairy Cattle and Hogs\u201d, given by E.B.Fraser.The prize winning contestants in the livestock judging were: i Sheep: 1.Ebert Richardson, 2.Norval [Wilson, 3.Roley Wickens, 4.Fred Elliott, 5.Alex.Kilgour, 6.Carmen Morrison.Dairy Cattle: 1.Ebert Richardson, 2.Melvin Young, 3.Clarence Dahms, 4.Ebert Horner, 5.Fred Elliott, 6.Llewlyn Hodgins.Beef Cattle: 1.Victor Belanger, 2.Clarence Dahms, 3.Lindsay Kilgour, 4.Fred Elliott, 5.Norval Wilson, 6.Russell Currie Mills.Tuesday evening was given over to music and public speaking.A boy\u2019s Public-Speak- ing Contest brought out much unexpected talent, with the winners lining up as follows: 1.Lindsay Kilgour, 2.Victor Belanger, 8.David Belanger, 4.Marshall Hodgins, 5.Earl Mousseau, 6.Geo.Stephens, 7.Ebert Horner, 8.Kenneth Armitage, 9.Clayton Campbell, 10.Lee Hodgins, 11.Theodore Morin, 12.Clarence Dahms, 13.Clifton Dale, 14.Hillis Thompson.This was followed by a debate by four practical farmers, on the subject: \u201cResolved that there are greater opportunities in specialized than in diversified farming.\u201d The affirmative was upheld by Wyman Mackechnie and Arthur Dagg, and the negative by John R.McDowell and Hugh Young.The judges for the evening were Rev.Father Murray, Mr.E.B.Braser, and Rev.Mr.Folkes.Wednesday\u2019s programme began with a lecture on \u201cBeef Cattle,\u201d by R.M.Elliott, beef fieldman for the Quebec Live Stock MAKES BETTER BREAD, CAKES and PASTRY Not only is Robin Hood the ideal bread flour.Its fine velvety smoothness and easy rising power give perfect results for cakes and pastry also.Don\u2019t waste money on exp \u201ccake flours\u201d.Use Robin Hood and your cakes and pastry will have a richer flavor and lighter texture and will stay fresh longer.You will use LESS FLOUR for the same amount of shortening.This makes Robin Hood Flour still more economical and the perfect bread, cakes and pastry.Robin Hood FLOUR ; Positive À \u201cMonev-Back Plus 10%\u201d ( I \" Guarantee \u20ac ensures better baking satisfaction.ensive so-called special \u201cAll Purpose\u201d Flour for ol 2 d | | I Hite Sich, | H Hh mA À | 2 :B \" 1 | [a i pp e 4 | PB | LIMITER, 7) I) \u201ci ) Er y) 2 v : »y 0) 52 0] 7 7 2 (4 2% RN \\ i» \u2018rs \u2026 , 7 | | UT 4 The Journal of Agrieulture and Horkoulture Branch, whe will probably be doing a great deal of work in beef in Pontiac County.\u201cSheep and Swine Problems\u201d were discussed by F.Robinson, and a post mortem made on a sick sheep, which was shown to be suffering from a heavy infestation of nodular and lung worms, and to have pneumonia.In the afternoon, H.Robitaille, poultry promoter for the district, gave a good practical talk on poultry problems, and performed an autopsy on a sick hen.This was followed by a talk by R.M.Elliott on \u201cVeal Calf Improvement and Marketing,\u201d a subject that evoked great interest, and that resulted in the laying of plans to begin shipments of veal calves May 1st.R.A.Stewart, of Ottawa, discussed Calf Club work.Thursday was given over fo two speakers from Macdonald College, Prof.L.G.Heimpel, of the Department of Agricultural Engineering, and Dr.J.E.Lattimer, Professor of Agricultural Economics.Prof.Heim- pel spoke in the morning on \u201cFarm Machinery\u201d and in the afternoon on \u201cMachinery Troubles.\u201d In connection with his afternoon address, the speaker gave a practical demonstration on a gasoline engine with a mowing machine.Dr.Lattimer\u2019s morning address concerned itself with \u201cTrade,\u201d while in the afternoon he outlined an \u201cAgricultural Programme for 1933.\u201d His addresses met with careful attention, and provoked much discussion.On Thursday evening, the results of the various contests were given, and presentations made of the prizes won.Prof.Heimpel and Dr.Lattimer making the presentations.The aggregate results were as follows: _ Six highest aggregate scores obtained at Shawville, ANNUAL SHORT COURSE Public Judging Aver- Total Speak- Classes age ing judging score for 6 classes .Victor Belanger 179 509 85 688 Clarence Dahms 148 516 86 664 .Geo.Stephens 162 466 78 628 .David Belanger 176 441 78 617 .Clayton Campbell 154 468 T7 617 .Lindsay Kilgour 180 402 67 582 The cup was won by Victor Belanger.PUR 0 ~~ or An illustrated lecture, by Fred.Ritchie, Ottawa, and music brought the short course to a satisfactory close.(Mrs) C.KENEDY, Campbell's Bay.Easter is Coming (Continued from page 169) the smoother will be the ice- cream.The use of a small amount of gelatine, about 1 teaspoon to each cup of liquid, helps to prevent the formation of large crystals.It should be dissolved in the hot liquid before freezing.The following recipe for orange cream sherbet may be prepared for either method of freezing.ORANGE CREAM SHERBET 11% cups water 1 cup sugar 14 cup lemon 14 cup cream - Boil sugar and water until sugar is dissolved.Cool, add lemon and orange juice.Freeze to a soft mush and fold in whipped cream.Continue freezing until stiff enough to serve.What about Sunday supper?Something light and easily prepared will be most desirable.Here is an Easter egg salad that may be just the thing you are looking for.14 cup orange juice juice EASTER EGG SALAD 6 hard cooked eggs \u20192 cup mayonnaise 3 tablespoons fine- chopped olives 14 cup cooked cream asparagus (purée) lettuce or watercress Remove shells from the hard cooked eggs and cut them in halves lengthwise, remove the yolks, mash three of them, mix with the chopped olives and enough cream to moisten.Refill the whites and place together to form the whole egg again.Arrange nests of shredded lettuce or cress on individual plates and place one egg in each nest.Serve with the mayonnaise dressing to which has been added the purée asparagus, the remaining egg yolks mashed and salt and paprika to season.A few thin bread and butter ribbon sandwiches are simply made and will go nicely with this salad.A light gelatine dessert or a jar of your own home-canned peaches and ice-box cookies will complete the menu.If you haven't a good ice-box cookie recipe try this one.ICE-BOX COOKIES 1 cup sugar 14 teaspoon soda 1 egg 36 2 cups flour \u2018 vanilla 14 cup nuts (chopped) 14 Ib.butter 14 teaspoon salt Cream butter, add sugar and beaten egg.Add chopped nuts to the flour sifted with soda and salt.Add vanilla to first mixture then add flour mixture, mix well and shape into a roll about 2 inches in diameter and roll in waxed paper.Place in refrigerator to chill several hours.Cut in thin slices and bake ten minutes in a moderate oven.This may sound very well, you may say, but it looks as though the housewife would be spending Easter day in the kitchen! With a little forethought and wise planning much of the last minute 171 ii ar | In | ue i ve ia a === N 0, mother \u2014 don\u2019 give your child an adults laxative AXATIVES intended for grown-ups are .too harsh for Gots, Atelier the sensitive systems of When symptoms of constipation Jo \u2014listlessness, loss of appetite, ° .bad breath \u2014 indicate that « constipation laxative is required give your child Castoria, \u2014 the laxative in children children.Even in small doses they may do more harm than good.made especially for children.Castoria is a pure vegetable preparation.It is gentle in action, contains no harmful drugs \u2014 ne narcoties \u2014 nothing that will harm a child's delicate systeimn.It does not nauseate, Children like it.Castoria is recommended by physicians, an! the family-size bottle is the mosi economical way to buy it.from babyhood to 11 years EXTRA EGGS DURING FALL AND WINTER WHEN PRICES ARE HIGH That is the aim of every poultry man.The early Chick does the trick.RIGHT NOW IS THE TIME TO PLACE YOUR ORDERS FOR BRAY CHICKS From flocks with § years Government approval, 7 years bloodtesting.Every Chick healthy and hardy.All chance work removed.1009, live delivery guaranteed.Free catalog and price list BRAY CHICK HATCHERY 44 Clayburn Ave, St.Catharines, Ont._\u2014_ FOR SAFETY AND INCOME We recommend for safe investment Dominion and Provincial Government, Municipal and sound Public Utility and Industrial bonds yielding from 5% to 7%.Send for full particulars.NESBITT, THOMSON and Company Limited 355 St.James St., Montreal Offices in Quebec, Ottawa, Torosto and all principal cities. 172 There IS Relief from RHEUMATISM In this day, no man or woman need suffer with rheumatic pain.It's as easy to get rid of as a headache.Aspirin disposes of such pain like magic.Two tablets with a swallow of water relieves any mild attack.If any pain is left, repeat every two hours until the last twinge is driven from the system.Never hesitate to take Aspirin.It is not a narcotic.It won\u2019t upset the stomach.1t can\u2019t depress the heart.It may be taken days al a time, without the slightest harm.So.don\u2019t dread the winter because of rheumatism, neuritis, lumbago or constant colds.Aspirin will give you complete relief.ASPIRIN TRADE-MARK REG.IN CANADA B A BAYER E R If you find the articles in the Journal of Agriculture helpful, why not recommend the magazine to friends not now receiving it?Subscriptions should be sent to Mr.O.Lessard, Secretary, Council of Agriculture, Parliament Buildings, Quebec, Que.mm re CHARIOY a LiTiIk AL TT STALLES BP ACHN ENGLISH AND FRENCH CATALOG Sugarbush Equipment Stable Installation Agricultural Outfits SENT FREE For further information and prices mark X on machines which interest you.] EAI \u2014Y// 5 a ee./ avaëoRAaTEUR POUR BUCALRIES | J.A.April 33 MANUFACTURED BY vVSouE ET QUALAU ENLY VICTORIAVILLE QUE The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture rush can be avoided, and the hostess may enjoy, with her guests, the meals she has tried to make attractive\u2014even though she has had to cook them herself.How much preliminary preparation can be made?The fruit for the cocktail may be prepared any time during the morning.The ham may be boiled the previous day and thus will need only the baking with its finishing touches.If the housewife is very smart she will have the spinach picked over and washed the previous day too.The sherbet prepared in the automatic refrigerator is simple; if frozen in the crank freezer it will, of course require more attention; but in either case the \u201cice\u201d may be made some hours ahead provided it is we!l packed.The supper salad might even be cooked the day before, and kept thoroughly chilled.So the provident hostess \u2018quite unruffled may look forward to, and enjoy with the rest, \u201cA Happy Easter\u201d.Hot Supper Dishes EGGS AU GRATIN 6 hard cooked eggs 1% cups milk 4 \u2018ripe tomatoes 1 teaspoon salt 3 tablespoons fat 3 cup grated cheese 3 tablespoons flour buttered crumbs Cut hard cooked eggs in half, \u201cand arrange around the edge of ~an oiled baking dish.In the centre place sliced, peeled \"tomatoes, or whole canned tomatoes may be used.Make a white sauce of the fat, flour and milk; add the cheese and stir over hot water until melted.Pour over the tomatoes and eggs, cover with buttered crumbs and bake in a moderate oven.About twenty minutes will brown the crumbs and heat the ingredients - through.LIVER AND RICE EN CASSEROLE 4 cups water 1 cup rice 2 cups stock \u201c 14 cup butter 2 tablespoons flour crumbs salt and pepper 1 pound liver Boil the liver, drain, chop fine, and season with salt.Cook the rice with the water, mash smooth with two tablespoons butter, season well, and line a well greased casserole with the mixture, leaving a large hollow in the centre.Brown the flour.Make a sauce with the browned flour, two tablespoons of butter, and the stock, and add the mine- ed liver.Place the liver mixture in the centre of the rice, cover with buttered crumbs, and bake until heated through and the crumbs are brown.Salmon Surprise Line a greased casserole or baking pan with warm cooked rice.Fill the centre with flaked salmon seasoned with salt, pepper and a few grains of nutmeg.Cover with rice and steam an hour, or heat thoroughly in the oven.Serve with egg sauce.Egg Sauce.Melt two tablespoons butter, add an equal volume of flour; when well mixed add one cup hot water, and season well.Stir until smooth and thickened.Let cook fifteen minutes over hot water.Add one teaspoon lemon juice and the beaten yolks of two eggs.If allowed to boil after adding the eggs the mixture may curdle.FISH TURBANS 2 cups flaked fish 1 cup butter 11% cups milk 14 cup flour 1 slice onion slt and pepper blade of mace 2 egg yolks 1 teaspoon parsley 1 cup buttered lemon juice crumbs Scald the milk with the onion, mace and parsley; then strain out the seasonings.Melt butter, add flour, salt, pepper, and pour the milk on slowly.Bring to the boiling point and ald the beaten eggs and-lemon juice.Combine with the fish.Fill greased individual moulds with the mixture, and cover with the buttered crumbs.Bake in a hot oven until the crumbs are brown and the fish mixture heated through.CORN TOAST 2 tablespoons finely chopped onion 2 tablespoons 1, teaspoon butter.paprika 2 tablespoons salt and pepper flour 2 cups milk 6 slices toast Cook the onion with the butter until yellow.Add the flour and stir until light and frothy; then add the milk and stir until smooth and thickened.Add the corn and let simmer ten minutes.Pour over hot toast, garnish with parsley and toast points and serve at once.The paprika may be cooked in \u2018the sauce or sprinkled over the top of the corn.: SCALLOPED TOMATOES 1 can tomatoes 1 teaspoonful grated onion 1 tablespoon butter 1 teaspoon salt 18 teaspoon pepper 1 pint buttered erumbs Butter the baking dish, put in a layer of buttered crumbs.Add a layer of tomato, dot with butter, sprinkle with seasonings and cover with crumbs.Repeat, having a thick layer of crumbs on top.Bake in a moderate oven.If the tomatoes are very juicy some of the liquid had better be drained off.1 can corn 1 tablespoon sugar Planting Roses It is important to plant roses as early in the spring as possible so as to get them established before there is warm weather or drying winds, is the advice of horticultural experts of the Dominion Department of Agriculture.If the branches look withered when they are received bury them in wet soil for about two days so the stems will take up some moisture.Prune back severely leaving only from three to six buds above the stock and plant so that the point of union between the bud or named variety and the stock is just below the surface of the soil. The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture 173 Quebec Women\u2019s Institutes Follow = z R Indoor Avocations \u20ac The season when much of the time must be spent indoors gives Women\u2019s Institutes an opportunity for many kinds of mental and physical activities of which they are not slow to take advantage.Education and Better Schools Several educational readings were given in Beechgrove branch, including one on the subject \u201cMusic in the Home\u201d and \u201cTaking Time to Visit.\u201d Outstanding \u201cCanadian Women\u201d were mentioned in the roll call.This branch heard a paper on \u201cProgressive Education.\u201d Stark\u2019s Corners heard a History of St.Valentine\u2019s Day and Wyman heard a Book Review and refilled emergency kits for several schools.Cross Point branch heard the names of famous Canadian actresses through the roll call.Port Daniel had a paper on \u201cMusic in Schools\u201d by Professor W.A.H.Martin of Stanstead College.The branch at Gore planned to have one of the McGill Illustrated lectures given in the local schools in the near future.The formation of a Women\u2019s Institute library was discussed.Lennoxville has secured a second McGill Travelling Library for the local High School for this year.The branch at Como, Hudson and Hudson Heights has been gathering funds by the means of card parties to finance their prize giving in the local schools.A combined French and English dramatic entertainment was held to supply finances, a generous quantity of milk being given to needy school children during the month.South Roxton held a Valentine Contest and reviewed the Current Events of the month.\u201cWhat a Woman Should Know about Banking\u201d was the subject of a paper in Dundee branch.\u201cHot School Lunches\u201d were discussed in a paper by the Principal of Dundee Consolidated School.The Women\u2019s Institute held a reception for the school staff.Aubrey-Riverfield heard a paper on Robert Burns and reviewed departmental work of the Women\u2019s Institute.Franklin Centre planned a debate for the next meeting.Chatham held a successful concert and Lakefield a very successful Valentine entertainment.Jerusalem-Bethany\u2019s roll call was \u201cNoted Women.\u201d La- chute reports a literary programme, with papers on Pauline Johnson, Alfred Tennyson, John Galsworthy and Haydn's music.School problems were discussed in Morin Heights branch and a committee appointed to confer with the local school board.\u201cAncient Proverbs\u2019 was the subject of the roll-call in Upper Lachute meeting; school fees were provided and school equipment was donated by a member.Home Economics Fort Coulonge branch has gone in for rug-making this winter and also held a knitting contest, using Canadian wool, with prizes for the best.Wyman had a paper on the \u201cDestruction of Moths.\u201d Stanstead County at its quarterly rally planned to offer prizes for knitting by girls at the County Fair next autumn and also discussed the Women\u2019s Institute exhibit.Lemesurier offered prizes for fancy work, knitting and mending at its next School Fair.Stamping patterns were ordered for the use of the girls in their work.A paper on \u201cLinoleums\u2019 was read.Several social gatherings were sponsored by the branch.Hemmingford had a demonstration on making a wool comforter, the entire process being fully described.Mrs.M.E.Honey, president of Abbottsford branch, gave an address on \u201cThe Business of Homemaking\u201d at a church society meeting held in Granby.A study of \u201cUses of Beef\u201d was inaugurated by the Inverness Women\u2019s Institute.\u201cThe Nutritive Value of Fish Foods\u201d was the name of a paper contributed by Mrs.W.Doherty at Morin Heights meeting.Upper Lachute had a sale of small articles.Child Welfare and Public Health Clothing was provided for school children by the Women\u2019s Institute at Stark\u2019s Corners and groceries were sent to their families.Cross Point held a sewing meeting to provide for needy families for whom groceries were also provided.Beebe branch was active in relief work during the month.Hatley branch served an oyster supper after the regular meeting, followed by a card party.Way\u2019s Mills also held card parties and provided milk for children and sick ones.Ascot branch entertained a number of girls as their guests, the latter taking part in a cake contest.Brompton planned sewing and sent \u2018supplies to a sick member.Belvedere assisted the mothers of babies with necessities.Lennoxville branch contributes a fixed monthly sum to the funds of the Central Relief Committee in the town.Inverness branch presented some \u2018\u2018woollies\u201d to a member.for her new baby.Warden branch was gratefully thanked for kindnesses to those in need.North Shefford sent fruit to a shut-in and employed some of the time of meeting in making a quilt.Abbots- ford distributed material for children\u2019s clothing together with second-hand clothing to be made up by the members for the Family Welfare Association in Montreal.- A paper on the subject of Child Welfare was given by Mrs.R.Thompson of this branch.\u201cChild Labour Laws\u201d was the If you figure costs carefully, you\u2019l use horses for field work.In every Province farmers say: \u201cUse collar pads to prevent galls and sore shoulders\u201d H.are the words of farmers themselves about the value of collar pads.MANITOBA \u201c À collar pad is a protection against sore shoulders on horses as used on the average farm.No matter how well a collar fits when a horse starts to work, his neck soon shrinks, after which it requires a collar pad for the collar to fit properly and protect the shoulder.\u201d CARL ROBERTS 0 %* SASKATCHEWAN \u201cIt pays to watch the horses\u2019 shoulders.Collar pads can be used to good advantage in, keeping shoulders in good sh: \u2018ape, J.D.MACFARLANE Pa ALBERTA \u201cWhen the muscles of the neck and shoulders shrink under hard work a collar pad is necessary to make the collar fit perfectly.\u201d HARDY E.SALTER | 2 QUEBEC \u201cIf you are using pedigree horses for farm work you naturally have to be particular and a good collar pad is absolutely essential.\" D.A.McCORMICK oe ONTARIO \u201cWhen we are careful to keep good pads our horses\u2019 shoulders are in good condition.It is a wise investment to get new pads every year.\" GOLDWIN RUSSELL FREE Valuable booklet on working horses profitably : 32 pages.Many illustra.| Dept.tions.Written by experts, in most cases heads of Animal Husbandry Departments.Articles on taking : care of horses, breeding, re- | Name ducing costs, multi-hitches, first aid, etc.Mail coupon for free copy.GALLS and sore shoulders cut down your profits.They limit the work your animals can do.And they're easily prevented.The horse that starts out in the spring, full in the neck and collar fitting well soon loses flesh under hard work.The collar becomes too big.It rubs, chafes.Soon there are galls, bruises, sore shoulders.Production suffers until the sores are healed.Tapatco Stuffed Collar Pads prevent this loss.They fill up the looseness.There is no rubbing.Collars fit properly throughout the entire season.There are no galls.No sore shoulders.And, collars last longer, sometimes a whole season longer.So get a Tapatco Stuffed Collar Pad for every animal you work.Better still, get two pads and use them alternately.They'll last longer than two pads used consecutively.It's economy to buy good pads, whether filled with regular stuffing or genuine deer hair.Tapatco Stuffed Pads are made from excellent quality drill.Stuffing is specially prepared.Hooks are rust-proofed and attached by patented staple and felt washer.At dealers everywhere.HORSE COLLAR PADS : The American Pad & Textile Co.8 , Chatham, Ontario.{ GENTLEMEN: \u2014 Mail me FREE copy : of \u201cHow to Work Your Horses More ; Profitably.\u201d Address City Province Pick up this beauty secret for lovely teeth/ You 'LL marvel at the new brilliant beauty of your teeth after giving them a few brushings with Cow Brand Baking Soda.It is a most effective dentifrice with a pleasant alkaline reaction\u2014just enough to remove stains and discolorations without injury to the tooth enamel.Use Cow Brand as you would any tooth powder.Pour a little into your hand and pick up on the moistened tooth brush.And this dentifrice is so economical too\u2014for Cow Brand Baking Soda costs but a few cents a package.Always keep a supply handy.* COW BRAND belongs in every Medicine Cabinet It takes the fever out of burns and scalds\u2014 gives quick relief from indigestion, heartburn and acidity of the stomach.Send for the booklet offered free below describing many of the ¢\u201cfirst aid\"\u2019 uses of Cow Brand Baking Soda.Cow Brand Baking Soda is pare Bicarbonate of Soda and is equally good for medicinal and cook- ng uses.Send for these free booklets CHURCH & DWIGHT LIMITED 2715 Reading Street Montreal, Que.Please send me free booklers describing the medicinal and cooking uses of Cow Brand Baking Soda.subject of an address by Miss Nish, of Macdonald College, in Dundee branch.Dundee sent $10.00 to the Girl\u2019s Friendly Home and provided a floral tribute for a de- -eased member.Hemmingford 1eard a paper on \u201cParasites.\u201d wakefield is working on several \u2018uilts to supply local needs.Jpper Lachute also provided flowers for a deceased member, ind Pioneer branch sent money, raised by a card party, to the Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital.Canadianization and National Events \u201cOutstanding Events of the Year\u201d was on the programme of Ayer\u2019s Cliff meeting and the subject covered Great Britain as well as Canada.Dr.F.O.Call of Bishop\u2019s University gave an address before Ascot branch on the \u201cMaritime Provinces\u2019 which proved very interesting.Bel- vedere took steps towards forming a \u201cLink of Empire\u201d with an English Women\u2019s Institute.Mrs.E.E.Boothroyd was the speaker at Lennoxville branch and her description of a trip through England, illustrated by pictures, was a delightful one.Mrs.R.J.Ivall gave a fine paper on \u201cCitizenship\u201d at the Morin Heights meeting.Canadian Industries \u201cSome of Canada\u2019s Trade Relations\u201d was the subject of an address given by Miss Hazel B.McCain, Director of Extension Service, Macdonald College, at the quarterly Women\u2019s Institute rally of Stanstead County.Franklin Centre Women\u2019s Institute had a discussion on \u201cCanadien Iudustries at the Present Time.\u201d Agriculture Wyman branch heard a paper on this subject.\u201cBeautifying Home Surroundings\u201d was the subject of an address by Miss Hazel B.McCain, Macdonald College, at a meeting of the Belvedere branch.Immigration A special programme on Immigration, with a paper and Scotch musical numbers, was conducted in the Beebe Women\u2019s Institute meeting.Way\u2019s Mills also heard a paper on this subject.Lakefield heard a paper on Immigration given by Mrs J.S.Giles.Publicity Cleveland branch meeting was in charge of the Publicity Convener, Miss Alma J.Healy, and her programme placed Home and Country in the lime-light.A paper on the subject of the Quebec Women\u2019s Institute Magazine was a feature and the programme was prepared from the Institute paper.The roll-call was answered by names of favourite Canadian papers or magazines.Miss Hazel B.McCain addressed Milby branch on \u201cWomen\u2019s Institute Work.\u201d Miss C.Maec- Millan gave a paper on \u201cPublicity\u201d at the meeting of Inverness branch.The Journal of Agrieulture and Hortieulbure For the Control.(Continued from page 164) Services Available to the Grower It is impossible in a short account of this kind to give an adequate treatment of such a big and important subject.The purpose of this article is merely to bring to the attention the more important facts concerning orchard pest control, but many details have to be omitted.The grower should therefore take advantage of the various services organized for the purpose of giving to each apple grower specific and detailed information and help in connection with his particular problems.All growers should become members of the \u201cQuebec Orchard Spray Service.\u201d Most growers are well acquainted with this service, which is organized for the purpose of advising each member by letter as to the proper time for spray applications and to give other timely advice in connection with pest control.This service is organized by the Quebec Department of Agriculture and is given free to all growers requesting to have their names enrolled as members.A grower wishing to become a member should send his name to Mr.F.L.Godbout, Room 44, Sauvegarde Building, 152 Notre Dame Street East, Montreal, who is the technical man in charge of the field work of this service.Mr.R.N.Racicot, Plant Pathologist, Dominion Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ottawa, Ont., is a specialist on fire blight of apples, and growers may receive special help by writing to him in connection with this disease.Each summer he conducts important investigations on fire blight in the province.Mr.C.E.Petch, Entomologist, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Hemmingford, Que., is a specialist on orchard insects.Information and help on orchard pests will be gladly given by the Departments of Entomology and Plant Pathology at Macdonald College, and the corresponding departments of the Agricultural Colleges at Oka and Ste.Anne de la Pocatiere.Turkey Egg-Laying Time Just as soon as the spring weather comes, turkeys should be fed for egg production, and laying should commence about the middle of April in Eastern Canada and somewhat sooner in Western Canada with its earlier spring opening \u2014 especially in British Columbia, says Mr.A.G.Taylor, Poultry Husbandman, Dominion Department of Agriculture.Much depends on the weather becoming really springlike as to the time for forcing for laying, as eggs laid too early would have to be held too long before setting.This important question must be practically left to the discretion of the attendants.To get turkeys laying just at the proper season requires experience, and beginners should be cautious in this regard.New Easy TV gro Te Take (LIL \u2019 RIT chemists have patented an amazing color remover which takes out all the color \u2014even black \u2014 and never harms the fabric.Just drop White RIT (the original color remover) in boiling water\u2014put in a dress or scarf or anything you like\u2014stir with a little stick\u2014and watch all color disappear like magic.Even the darkest You can easily take out fabrics come out white.Lack © with White FT Jack.Itnever harms thetabrie.AISO removes ° spots and stains from white goods Also removes those stubborn spots and stains! WhiteRIT aisotakesout stubborn spots and stains from white goods\u2014harm- lessly.Wonderful,too,for removing mildew and yel- Now rinse your dress in lowness caused by wash- 2 bright.PRIT Not à ing.Try White RIT next soap any more .a washday and you will dyesin der, water that never be without it again.Use White RIT to take old, faded color out of dresses, hosiery, underthings,curtains,draperies, table runners or any article unevenly faded, sun-streaked or spotted.After the color has been re.Look how HIT dyesevery moved it is easy to put in any through and through.fashionable new color you like Andaspecialpatentedin- with Instant RIT.See the RIT gredient prevonts etrecls- color chart with its 33 smart even color.shades at your dealer\u2019s.White RIT is on sale everywhere at 15c.For greatest economy buy the large double-size package\u201425c.WHITE John A.Huston Co., Ltd.Factor s,3üCaledonia Road, oranto, Canada.RIT DYES IN THE RINSES NIT NYT P urity FOR DAIRY USE \u201cPURITY DAIRY SALT\u201d Clean\u2014 Pure Sparkling\u2014 Economical Made in Canada by The Western Salt Co.Limited Courtright, Ontario 3) HEADACHE INDIGESTION quickly relieved by D+.CHASE'S KIDNEY § LIVER PILLS The Journal of Agrieuliure and Horbieulbure Milk \u201cMakes\u201d the Headlines (Continued from page II) that of the Public Utilities Commission of Manitoba which has taken over the control of prices in the city of Winnipeg.One of the big problems confronting the producers who are selling their milk in Montreal, Mr.Moore stated, was that of a large number of small companies who were continuing to buy their milk as cheaply as possible and undercutting the prices to the consumers in Montreal of what he termed \u201cthe reputable dealers.\u201d The other companies were afraid, he said, to attempt to force the small concerns into line by legal means because of the probable loss of good will and customers.Still another factor was that \u201cwe have had a terrific increase in the amount of milk coming into Montreal lately because of the stoppage of the movement of milk and cream from the Eastern Townships to the United States, so we have all that pressure on the Montreal market and a low price resulting.\u201d The City Hall in Montreal, said Mr.Moore, was deluged with applications from farmers wanting \u2018to ship milk to that city, and the problem of \u201cbootleg\u201d milk had become a serious one.Last fall, he declared, milk was coming into Montreal at night from country factories.Mr.Moore gave the committee figures on the consumption of milk in Montreal: 1928\u201421,900,- 000 gallons; 1929\u201428,300,000 gallons; 1930\u201425,250,000 gallons; 1931\u201426,949,000 gallons; and 1932\u201426,617,000 gallons.Montreal, Mr.Moore stated, was in a very favorable position for milk distributing\u2014more so than any other place on the North American continent.Mr.Moore gave figures showing the gross spread between what the producer received and what the consumer paid over certain periods.In 1931 this spread was 5.26 cents a quart.Of the consumer's dollar the dealer obtained 56.05 per cent.and the producer 43.05 per cent.Today the dealer received 63 per cent.The percentage of decrease suffered in the matter of present prices was 29.84 by the producers and 6.55 by the dealers.The producers had always striven to get two price changes per annum, one on June 1 and the other on October 1, so that \u201cwinter\u201d prices would obtain for eight -months of the year.Depressed conditions of the past three years had disrupted this, however, Mr.Moore said.In Montreal there were 33 distributors, 2,800 grocery stores which sold milk, and 317 chain stores.In the spring of 1932 one of these chain stores, with 72 shops in Montreal, started to \u201cfeature\u201d milk, selling it at three cents\u2019 a quart below the top \u201chouse delivery\u201d price.In the first 10 days of December last, the price per quart was five cents.This, Mr.Moore added, was a loss which that particular store charged up to advertising.The special attraction of low- priced milk was offered as an inducement to customers to patronize the store in the hope that they would make other purchases in addition to milk.The chain stores, said Mr.Moore, had no regard for quality.All they wanted was volume of sales.The producers sought to confer with these stores, but were unable to meet them.As a compromise three chains decided to drop from 10 cents to eight, while the distributors dropped to nine cents.\u201cBut we are apprehensive,\u201d Mr.Moore added \u201cthat they will drop below seven cents when supplies become abundant.\u201d Montreal was repeating the conditions that obtained in Winnipeg where the whole business was disorganized.Finally milk was placed under the Public Utilities Board in the western province, and latest reports were that the situation was quite satisfactory.The question which the producers wanted solved was whether the distributors were getting a fair return on their invested capital and for the services rendered, Mr.Moore declared.\u201cHundreds of thousands of dollars have been lost by farmers through the failure of small dealers with whom some farmers had been dealing,\u201d Mr.Moore said.Mr.McArthur told the committee the standards of the producers had been completely changed, that the producers wanted to supply good products but that the feeling of the farmers was that some requirements of the authorities were too stringent, \u201cparticularly when we cannot get a fair return for our product.We hope for relief and that relief must come soon.We cannot continue long to sell at less than cost.\u201d As a result of the recent agreement whereby the farmers got $1.35 per cwt., the farmers were fairly well satisfied, in the sense that they were pleased they were not asked \u2018to accept a further reduction.There were difficulties in the organization because of those who remained outside of it, and the officers were trying hard to get a.100 per cent organization.There were about 3,600 in the organization but the 300 remaining outside were making considerable trouble.Gilbert McMillan, director of the Canadian Ayrshire Breeders Association, said that the present prices received for milk made it impossible for the farmers to keep going.The cheese and butter factories paid.from Try these RAISIN BUNS made with ROYAL YEAST CAKES Cream together 14 cup butter and 5 cup sugar, add 1 beaten egg and 13 cup milk.Then add with about 2 cups flour, 14 teaspoon salt and 24 cup raisins to 1 cup Royal Yeast Sponge* to make soft dough.e Knead lightly and place in greased bowl, cover and set in warm place until double in bulk, about 115 hours.Shape in buns, place in greased shallow pan, let rise in warm place until double in bulk.Brush over with egg wash.Bake in moderate oven (375 degrees) 20 minutes.*¥ROYAL YEAST SPONGE Soak 1 Royal Yeast Cake in 15 pint lukewarm water for 15 minutes.Dissolve 1 tablespoon sugar in 14 pint milk.Add to dissolved yeast cake.Add 1 quart bread flour.Beat thoroughly.Cover and let rise overnight to double in bulk in warm place free from draughts.Makes 5 to 6 cups of batter.Buy Made-in-Canada Goods 1% Sweets in the form of tempting breads are wholesome and nourishing .E SURE not to overlook buns when it comes to planning good things for your family to cat.Raisin Buns, Cinnamon Buns, Filled Buns, Lemon Buns \u2014they\u2019re popular with everyone.And you\u2019ll find they\u2019re all quite simple to make when you use dependable Royal Yeast Cakes and Royal Sponge* recipes.These famous yeast cakes have been the standard for over 50 years\u2014 preferred wherever dry yeast is used for home baking.Keep a supply on hand.Sealed in air-tight waxed paper, they stay fresh for months.And remember to send for the RovaL Yeast Bake Book to use when you bake at home.23 recipes for appetizing breads\u2014each one tested and found practical as well as delicious.The coupon brings you this helpful book free.Our free booklet, \u201cTur RovaL Roap To BETTER Hearth,\u2019 tells how Royal Yeast Cakes will improve your health, and pleasant ways to take them.STANDARD BRANDS LIMITED Fraser Avenue and Liberty Street J.A-4 Toronto, Ontario Tee Please send me\u2014FREE\u2014the \u2018\u2018Royal Yeast Bake Book\u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018The Royal Road to Better Health,\u201d \u201cse cc ces r steer VINNIE INNO OIIEEILEOIOLRTBS oc. 176 keeps the Wear _in - and the Wet out A PROTECTION for your shoes, preserving the leather and water-proofing as it shines.That\u2019s \u201cNugget.\u201d It not only gives you brighter, better-looking boots and shoes\u2014 it keeps the leather pliable and the feet dry.Brush \u201cNugget\u2019\u2019 well into the uppers, being careful not to miss any seams or welts.You Lhe ve will havelustrous,weather-proof shoes that TIN soos will last longer and look better because with a they are kept well \u201c\u2018Nugget\u2019\u2019-ed.TWIST 1 Encourage the children to \u2018Nugget\u2019 their shoes every morning.Set them a \u201c\u2018Shining\u201d example yourself.Teach them why they should avoid the menace of wet feet, 89 and how \u201c*Nugget\u201d\u2019 can help them to do it.The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture 60 cents to 80 cents a hundred.The farmers lost money at that price.It cost much more to produce milk for cities in view of inspections, uniform flow and express charges, etc.A farmer to exist should get $1.60 a hundred for his milk shipped to the city.Last year the shippers to the five big companies in Montreal received an average of about $1.10 after paying express.He urged that only registered milk producers be al'owed to ship into cities, and that the milk be paid for on a butter-fat basis.Distributors Appear Before Committee Despite the fact that one distributor paid the producer on two bases, namely the association and the surplus, while another paid on a flat basis, the spread between the price paid to the farmer for his milk and the price paid to the distributor in Montreal averaged about 50 percent.during the years 1931 and 1932, according to evidence given by Frank Cousins, dairy manager of Ernest Cousins, Limited, and by Fortunat Monette, president and manager of Perfection Dairy, Limited.Mr.Cousins told the committee that his company made a net profit in 1931 of $16,515.77 and in 1932 a net profit of $19,964.22.In 1931, $233,868.39 was paid for the milk required by his company and that milk was sold for $466,140, a spread of 47 per cent.He explained that 88 per cent.of his company\u2019s business was wholesale and the remaining 12 per cent.retail.In 1932 his company paid $246,203.44 for its milk it wholesaled and retailed, a spread of nearly 50 per cent.Fortunat Monette gave to the committee the average prices paid by his concern in 1931 and 1932 to the producer and the prices at which the milk was sold by his company in Montreal, a large proportion of it to the hotels, and his figures showed an average spread through the two years of about 50 per cent.It developed, however, that some of the shippers to Perfection Dairy received a lower price than others for their product.Mr.Tummon: \u201cYour price to the producer is not the price agreed upon by the association ?\u201d\u2019 Mr.Monette: \u201cNo.Nobody pays the association price.The farmers are so dissatisfied with the two-price system that they want a flat price.We have a lot of new shippers and most of them are those who have become displeased with the two-price system.\u201d Mr.Tummon: \u201cHave you a uniform price for all your producers?Mr.Monette: \u201cNo.There is no uniform price, but there are only slight variations, and these arise from differences in the quantity shipped and the regularity of shipments through the year.\u201d Mr.Monette said store business had greatly increased the sales of milk in Montreal.The stores, he added, made a profit of one cent per quart.Mr.Cousins said the total dividends paid by his company were $13,394.45., and that the last dividend paid was on April 15, last year.He told the committee that the profits of his company were not \u201cexcessive.\u201d His company observed the prices set by the Montreal Producers\u2019 Association in conference with the distributors.Replying to a question by Mr.Tummon, it was stated by Mr.Cousins that not all the milk bought by his company was paid for at so-called association prices, that some was paid on a surplus basis.Later he disclosed in his figures that about one-half of the mik bought by his company was paid for on the surplus basis.Surplus milk was the milk received but not required for bottling purposes, and the surplus was governed entirely by competition, by supply and demand.Too Much Milk Milk bootleggers and the onerous health regulations imposed by the city authorities are responsible for the high cost of milk to the consumers in Montreal and for the wide spread between that cost and the price paid to the farmer, according to George Hogg, president and managing director of the Guaranteed Pure Milk Company.When one or two of the members complained of the disproportionately low price paid to the producer, Mr.Hogg declared that even if he secured his milk supply free from the farmers he would require at least six cents per quart from the consumer to remain in business.\u201cThe whole world today,\u201d said Mr.Hogg, \u201cis suffering from an over-production of milk, and one of our chief troubles is to keep the stuff from coming into the city.What makes it worse is that we cannot get co-operation from the farmers.When we have been unable to take milk from a certain producer, because of a surplus supply, that farmer has handed his milk over to a truck at 50 cents per 100 pounds when we had been paying from $1.35 to $1.46 per cwt.As .a result the good farmers are suffering because some nonedes- cripts handed over their production for ridiculously low prices.Too much stuff is coming into the market and it is getting into undesirable hands.\u201d Delivery charges, which in the case of his company were 18.8 per cent.of the total, constitute another factor in the spread and in the difficulties of the distributors.Mr.Hogg explained that his company enjoyed an \u201cold family trade.\u201d \u201cCompetition is so keen,\u201d he said, \u201cthat it is impossible to get maximum loads on our wagons.If you don\u2019t get the milk delivered at a certain hour you lose the business, for there is always someone e'se ready to meet the delivery requirement.\u201d : When one of the members was questioning as to the cost of pas- The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture teurization and other hygienic costs Mr.Hogg said, \u201cnone of us want to go back to the rough and ready methods of 20 or 30 years ago.\u201d E.O.Bertrand (Prescott) pointed out that the average price paid by Mr.Hogg\u2019s company to the farmer for his milk was 3.5 cents per quart, out of which the farmer had to pay the transportation charges, and that the Guaranteed Pure Milk Company sold the milk at an averare of 9.5 cents.\u201cDon\u2019t you think it strange there should be such a spread?\u2019 Mr.Bertrand queried.Mr.Hogg: \u201cIf we got the milk from the farmer for nothing we would still need about six cents per quart to carry on our business.\u201d Mr.Bertrand: \u201cHave you anything to suggest that would lower the cost of the delivery system ?\u201d Mr.Hogg: \u201cSo long as humans are what they are we could not reduce that cost.Competition is too keen.Moreover, you cannot tell the women where they are to get their milk.\u201d Answering questions from Mr.Tummon as to the relations between the producers\u2019 association and the distributors and how they arranged prices, Mr.Hogg declared that \u201cwe have never yet broken our word with the producers\u2019 association.\u201d He explained that there were four large distributors in Montreal, namely, the Borden Milk Company, J.J.Joubert Company, the Elmhurst Dairy and the Guaranteed Pure Milk Company.There were in addition 400 independent dealers in the city.The four larger companies, he said, were trying to maintain a high class of business, a high grade of milk.As for the relations between producer and distributor, Mr.Hogg said, the producers seem to be satisfied.Most of the 400 dealers bought their supplies from smaller pasteurizing plants.Asked about price fixing and arrangements between the larger distributors, Mr.Hogg replied, \u201cWe are all tied up in one bundle.If there is a demand on us from the producers we distributors certainly compare notes and the producers do the same.\u201d Mr.Tummon: \u201cWhat percentage of milk purchases in 1932 were paid for at association prices?\u201d Mr.Hogg \u201cAll but 11.9 per cent.Some of it was paid for at higher than association prices.In that year we paid premiums for good mi'k which aggregated for the year about $18,000.We are not compelled to pay a premium, but we do so to get a high grade of milk.The best milk we can get is not too good for our trade.\u201d He told the committee that the net spread in prices of his firm in 1931 was 4.04 cents per quart and in 1932 it was 4.52 cents.Of the total sales of his firm 60 per cent.was retail.Asked by Mr.Tummon to indicate how the spread was made up, Mr.Hogg gave the following percentages of his costs; cost of products, 47.4 per cent.; dairy charges, 7.5 per cent; delivery charges, 18.8 per cent.; general expenses, 11.6 per cent.; depreciation and bad debts, 5.6 per cent.; income tax, 1.4 per cent.; net profit, 7.7 per cent.Replying to a query by the chairman of the committee, Mark Senn (Hal- dimand), Mr.Hogg said that whatever profit was made was on the retail sales, to the homes.Inquiry May Extend Closing moments of the milk probe were enlivened considerably when George Spotton (North Huron) made a request that inquiry be made into the set-up of milk distributors, details of their capitalization, of their parent companies, subsidiary companies and inter-locking directorates.It was all very well, Mr.Spot- ton said, for representatives of milk distributors to appear before the agricultural committee with financial statements; but what the committee should do was to send auditors, if necessary, to inquire into the whole circumstances of their operations.The present probe, he suggested was only a forerunner to inquiry into other institutions like packing houses and stock yards.Chairman Mark C.Senn (Hal- dimand) thought the \u201cwhole story\u201d should be told.He asked W.R.Aird, vice-president of the Elmhurst Dairy of Montreal, if milk distributors would have any objection to compulsory legislation whereby the loss and breakage of bottles would be paid for by the consumer.Some milk producers have charged as high as $18,000 to bottle losses.Mr.Aird believed the carrying out of such legislation would be surrounded with difficulties.Replying to remarks of several members who supported Mr.Spotton\u2019s views, Mr.Aird commented \u201cThe figures I have given this morning are not cooked and if there is any suggestion they are cooked we would welcome the sending of any auditors you wish into our plant.\u201d, The terms on which milk is purchased from the producers are arrived at on a collective bargaining basis, Mr.Aird told the committee, Periodica lv the executive of the Montreal Milk Producers Association meet with representatives of the dairies of the city to arrange the terms on which milk will be purchased, the terms agreed upon remaining in force until the next meeting which may be held at the call of either the Montreal Milk Producers Association or any distributor The terms agreed upon are usually restricted to the prices to be paid for regular milk.It is left to the dairies to select their own shippers and to purchase from whom they will, Mr.Aird said.It had been the policy of Elm- hurst Dairy to adhere strictly to their agreement with the exe- 177 WINDSOR 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service, where such 4 condition is due to ordinary 25 wear and tear, or injuries alignment, faulty brakes, or may NOT THIS But THIS\u201d gh GUITA = Ti SOM soso x Si Sh > ffs res ee re TEE res PCI \"GUTTA PERCHA & RUBBER LIMITED \u2014 Bor Coast to Coast JHE LARGEST ALL CANADIAN RUBBER COMPANY FOUNDED ~ 50 YEARS Aco \u2014 IN 1883 The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture cutive of the association.All shippers taken on must have had their farms inspected by inspectors employed by the health department of the city of Montreal, and shippers are taken on by this company only after notification from the health department that it is in order to purchase their milk.The health department also reserves the right to cancel any shipper\u2019s permit, thus prohibiting distributors from purchasing milk from that farm.\u201cFrequently we have received numerous offers from producers to ship milk to us in considerable quantities at prices much lower than the agreed prices, but we have without exception turned down these offers.It is also our policy to adhere strictly to the regulations of the city of Montreal and to co-operate with them in every manner possible,\u201d Mr.Aird declared.\u201cThe sales of milk fluctuate very considerably from season to season and also from week to week.For example, in the summer time when the production of milk is high the sales in the city are low and on the other hand in the winter time, when production is low, sales are higher.In addition to this sales are affected by changes in the weather, holidays, particularly school holidays, and they are also subject to change each time a change of price goes into effect.For this reason we sometimes find it necessary to take on extra shippers during the low production months.These shippers are paid on the same basis as the others with the exception that they ship only during part of the year, and are dropped off our lists when their milk is no longer required.These shippers are generally given the opportunity of shipping cream if they so desire.\u201d The agreed price with the producers association was based on milk testing 3.5 per cent.butterfat with a bonus for higher butterfat content.Shrinkage was inevitable in the handling of milk through modern dairy equipment and is due to evaporation, loss in the equipment, over-capacity of milk bottles, etc., said Mr.Aird.The great bulk of the surplus milk received was not required for any other purpose and therefore had to be separated and used for the manufacture of butter.The house to house method of delivering milk was an absolute necessity, witness said.On Sundays and holidays when the stores were not open a delivery of fresh milk can only be obtained from the distributing plants.By delivery direct from the dairy plant to the home, the most of which is made before breakfast, the.public was assured of receiving milk:of the highest quality.The cost of delivering milk direct from the distributing p'ants to the homes was not excessive where a fair volume is sold.During the last two or 3 three years, however, conditions had been such as to make the maintenance of a fair volume very difficult.The continued unsatisfactory conditions prevailing throughout the country and the consequent lack of buying power had caused a decrease in the consumption of milk and a larger decrease in the consumption of cream.In addition to this a number of the chain stores had used milk as a leader, and in this way had divided the method by which a great many homes receive their supplies and thus caused an increase in the expenses of deliveries to them.\u201cAre you supplying any chain stores in Montreal?\u201d asked J.L.Brown (Lisgar.) \u201cYes,\u201d replied Mr.Aird.\u2018We supply the Dominion Stores.\u201d This milk was supplied to the Dominion Stores, he said, at seven cents a quart which was sold to the consumer by the chain stores at eight cents.\u201cHow long have you been delivering to chain stores?\u201d enquired Frank Shaver (Stor- mont.) \u201cSince March 1,\u201d answered Mr.Aird.\u201cThis arrangement with chain stores means that these stores are selling the milk of our farmers at less than cost,\u201d Mr.Brown charged.\u201cThe farmer is being compelled to take less than he should.The farmer is suffering.\u201d Mr.Aird was questioned about net profits made by his company.Witness computed that his company made .53 cents per quart net profit for the 12 months ended March 31, 1932, and .36 cents per quart for the ten months ended January 31, 1933.Due to the fact that between 60 and 75 per cent, more milk was produced than was consumed, the distributors had to meet cut price competition from both producers and distributors in Montreal, said Mr Aird.Competition was not welcome because even now the producer was not getting enough for his product.The reason why the distributors were unable to pay more lay beyond their control and had to deal with the depressed condition of the cheese and butter markets and also with irresponsible .competition.Witness «declared that the Elmhurst Dairy was a subsidiary of the Eastern Dairies, Ltd.He was himself president of the parent company The Eastern Dairy subsidiaries operated in Montreal, in Ottawa (The Producers Dairy), in Toronto and Hamilton, through the Acme Farmers, Ltd., and in Winnipeg.Its capitalization was $8,500,000.\u2018Mr.Aird told of how milk was sold to the chain stores, the distributors having been forced into this by threats\u2019 of competition \u2018that might have: beeñi: ruinôus.- - The price of milk had been: Te- \u2018duced to the consumer in Montreal but so far the cut had not been passed on to the producer.He thought that eventually\u2019 it \u2018would have to be, howéver.= The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture A Warning Note About Cattle Exports Too much importance cannot be placed upon the suggestions made in the following paragraphs from a report based on a thorough investigation by the High Commissioner\u2019s office of the situation in respect to our export cattle trade.A note of warning which we cannot afford to ignore is quite apparent in these paragraphs, which should be placed before every person interested in avoiding any action which might tend to jeopardize the development of our export cattle trade in Great Britain.\u201cIt is now generally recognized that there has been an improved selection of steers for the export trade in recent years, and their popularity here has spread accordingly.Dealers and buyers are peculiarly sensitive to disappointment when the standard of excellence drops in any one shipment.The burden of returning a reasonably good price for common sorts of livestock imposes a difficult tax on salesmanship, and consignees appreciate the adverse effect on business of unfavourable price returns.Constantly they are telling the shippers what the trade wants and urging them, diplomatically, to choose export cattle carefully for type, weight, age and conformation.But the female-cattle trade, being rather more diversified, lends itself more readily to harassing experiences than does the trade in steers.\u201cOur healthy heifers and cows have been talked of and written about frequently.There has been created an atmosphere of hopeful expectancy .The value of the British trade ranks high, and this fact should be weighed carefully by the Canadian shippers.\u201cIt is not possible to forecast whether or not cows and heifers, suitable for breeding and dairy purposes, can be selected and shipped to advantage.That will be determined only by trial and experience.Starving the trade demand for suitable stock is the more preferable and prudent policy ; over-feedine it with common sorts, especially at the outset, will stunt, and may even damn, a promising potential trade.! \u201cFemale stock selected in Canada for breeding or dairy purposes in Great Britain, and lacking the characteristics fitting to the ideas and needs of the people specializing in those particular activities, will not find buyers, \u2018except at uneconomic prices.Experiences of this sort will give, \u201cin addition to uneconomic prices, a wrong impression in Great Britain of the value and usefulness of our female stock, a-condi- \u2018tion that will cost the producers and shippers considerable \u201cmoney, and one that will be dif- \u2018ficult to correct.The same thing applies to our steers going into new areas.\u201cSuch a result, if it were possible to forestall, should not be risked or permitted.Even extreme precautions to safeguard the new trade, and the new opportunity, could be justified.Furthermore, I \u2018misjudge the trade here if they would not support concentrated action, at the outset, to attain this desirable objective.\u201cFor the general guidance of shippers who are considering the possibilities of serving the dairy industry with either heifers or springer cows freshening three or four weeks after landing, the great majority of the dairy farmers prefer a good size animal, which, of course, should possess milking qualities and conformation.The breeds most favoured are cross Shorthorns or crosses out of Holstein and Ayrshire by a Shorthorn bull.Pure bred Ayrshires or Holsteins are not favoured unless they are of the top class.The dairy Shorthorn type and size is what dairymen have in mind.\u201cOne dealer suggests that: \u2018Shippers should give the fullest information as to probable dates of calving; what kind of sire produces the calf; and what age the cow is\u2014whether first, second or third calf.We would recommend cows about four to five years old, carrying second or third calf.First calf cows would not sell as well, owing to the prospect of smaller milk volume during first calf period.\u2019 \u201cThe first choice in Scotland, for heifers for beef breeding purposes, is well bred Angus or their crosses.Shorthorns are second.Herefords are not popular.In England, the Hereford takes a better place.\u201cRealizing and sustaining profitable results in building our cattle business will depend very largely upon the direction and conduct of the initial efforts in the new field of markets.\u201d Common sense should convince us that the points made in the above paragraphs are well taken, and that all concerned would do well to exercise every reasonable precaution in respect to volume and quality of cattle exported to the United Kingdom.If, however, further proof is necessary, nothing could be more appropriate than the following statement from a letter dated February 17th from the Animal Products Trade Commissioner in London to the Dominion Live Stock Branch, Ottawa, in respect \"to a recent shipment so!d at Birk- enhead.\u201cThe cows, whether or not they were intended for slaughter or milking, were unsuitable for either purpose.None of the buyers was interested to the \u201cextent of tendering a bid.Usually what happens with the sale of such animals is that they are left with the consignee until he commences to feel that the costs to PRETTY HEALTHY LOOKING POULTRY .EH BOB?179 RIGHT YOU ARE, MR.JACKSON \u2014 AND THAT GILLETTS LYE WE USE IS GREAT FOR CLEAN NG OUT BROODERS AND HEN HOUSES AND KEEPING THEM CLEAN.NET ET AS OT LET ME TELL YOU THIS, GILLETTS LYE'S EN, ABOUT THE == FR HANDIEST THING WEE HAD AROUND THIS FARM.Ÿ ITS MADE MILK-) El CAN CLEANING \"| ABOUT HALF THE WORK IT WAS.YOU KNOW THE CANS | ARE PROPERLY STERILIZED, TOO, |&& WHEN YOU USE IT.[\u2019% UTES.I'M CERTAINLY GLAD YOU TOLD ME AR) SE a solution of this powerful cleanser in poultry houses, hog pens, barns and yards to remove and prevent unsanitary conditions that threaten the health of valuable livestock.Gillett\u2019s Lye cleans and sterilizes milk cans, pails, milking machines and all other dairy equipment, too.And it\u2019s a quick economical way to make fine-quality soap for laun- dry and heavy cleaning.Never dissolve lye in hot water.The action of the lye itself heats the water.GILLETT\u2019S LYE EATS DIRT FREE BOOKLET tells you how to save yourself hard work on the farm and in the home by using this powerful cleanser and sterilizer.Dozens of uses described.Send coupon below! Standard Brands Limited ¥réser Avenue & Liberty Street, Toronto, Ont.Please send me free copy of Gillett\u2019s Lye Booklet giving fuil directions for farm sanitation, soap making and many other uses of Gillett's Pure Flake Lye on the farm and in the houschoid.Name Address JA-4 Town Prov ema = Dp pee SE SEE%ndTRY and BUY A DE LAVAL SEPARATOR For*1°.aWEEK HERE are hundreds of farmers with broken-down | separators who think they can\u2019t afford to buy a De Laval, and there are thousands of others who think they must go on using a 75% worn-out, creams=- wasting machine because they can\u2019t afford to buy a new De Laval this year.The simple fact, on the contrary, is that they can\u2019t afford NOT to do so.In ordinary times a farmer may be able to afford the waste of a poor or badly worn separator \u2014twice a day 365 days in the year\u2014but he certainly can\u2019t afford to do so today, when a new De Laval would convert every particle of such waste into a ready cash product.Anxious to go the limit to help every farmer who knows he needs a new De Laval to buy one, under present money conditions, we are now making him the most liberal offer in all cream separator history \u2014 or payment terms as low as $1.00 a week, plus a generous allowance for an old machine.If you haven\u2019t seen a De Laval \u2014 the perfected development of 55 years of cream separator leadership\u2014 go to your nearest De Laval dealer at once and SEE one.If there is any doubt in your mind about its great superiority to everything else in the shape of a separator TRY it for yourself before you BUY it.If you don\u2019t know your nearest De Laval dealer, may we urge that you waste no time in writing the nearest De Laval office below.THE DE LAVAL COMPANY, LTD.Peterborough Montreal Winnipeg Vancouver Popular Low Rates HAIL INSURANCE On Cereals, Tobacco, Beans, Flax, Peas, etc.The General Casualty Insurance Coy.(of Paris) DURING 1931 AND 1932 IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC PROVIDED $4,973,700.as Protection to Hail Policyholders PAID $ 67,700.as Compensation to Hail Policyholders INQUIRIES INVITED FROM FARMERS AND INSURANCE AGENTS Addressed to \u201cINSURANCE EXCHANGE\u2019 BUILDING, MONTREAL FREE - FLOWING FERTILIZERS MADE IN CANADA aga The C-I-L Oval on the fertilizer bag is your GUARANTEE OF QUALITY.Don't take chances\u2014 Buy the Best.Insist on C-I-L.Give your crops a square deal and they will show (heir gratitude by passing the profits on to you.For every crop grown there is a C-1-L fertilizer unsurpassed in quality and efficiency.Read the \u201cC-I-L Fertilizer News\u201d and know why C-I-L Fertilizers excel.FERTILIZER DIVISION hn nes pa ÿ HEAD OFFICE: P.O.BOX 1260, MONTREAL Sales Offices: HALIFAX MONTREAL TORONTO NEW WESTMINSTER The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture the shipper for holding the cattle are accumulating out of proportion to the chances of getting a satisfactory price; consequently, in his interests, the sale is concluded mostly at the buyer's figure, and for the very good reason that, although they are unsuitable for the meat trade, there is, nevertheless, no alternative outlet.\u201d Adding conviction to conviction, we can do nothing better, in concluding this statement, than quote from a letter received from one who has, for more than a quarter of a century, been active in the United Kingdom market.\u201cYou may advise any inquirers that rough cattle are not wanted, and it would be very foolish to put the cost of shipping on common cattle.It costs just as much to ship and sell a bad one as a good one.England wants only well-bred cattle in good condition.\u201d \u2014\u2014 CANADIAN BREEDING STOCK AT TRINIDAD Call for Canadian Poultry in South America and West Indies The arrival of a large shipment of registered Canadian birds at Trinidad on the Canadian R.M.S.Lady Drake affords a concrete example of the demand for Canadian Government inspected poultry, and, incidentally, has been the means of a large increase in orders.The Canadian National Poultry Record Association, through its members and its secretary, A.G.Taylor, Experimental Farm, Dominion Department of Agriculture, has been receiving a number of orders for breeding stock from many parts of the world; but within the past year or two, however, South America and the islands contiguous have been the most active in making enquiries concerning these north- ern-grown, Canadian inspected birds, the fine condition of which on arrival of the various shipments to the South precipitated a rush of orders.Letters are being received from Breeders who purchased birds, saying how pleased they are with the Canadian birds, and asking quotation of prices for more.The Lady Drake shipment was due to the efforts of Mr.W.F.Brill, the Canadian Trade Commissioner, and he further reports that breeders by the hundreds are clamouring for prices sf Canadian breeding stock.The breeders state that if transportation charges could be brought to the leve] of those of the United States that Canada would have the whole trade.This is an \u2018ndication of what this class of Canadian stock is doing in many countries of the world through introduction bv World Congress poultry exhibitors.Agricultural Stabilization Fund To Aid Farmers Exporting to United Kingdom The most important news the budget today brought to the farmers of Canada was the announcement of the agricultural stabilization of the agricultural stabilization fund.By it the Government guarantees that Canadian exporters to the markets of the United Kingdom will be protected against the fluctuations in sterling exchange.This fund will make up the difference to the exporter between the exchange value of the pound sterling, which today was $4.1114 cents in Canadian funds, and a fixed price of $4.60.The stabilization will be applied to animals, meats including bacon and hams, poultry, fresh fish, canned fish, tobacco, cheese, milk products, canned fruits, canned vegetables, maple pro- products.Instead of the importer cashing his cheque on the basis of $4.111%6 to the pound sterling, the bank will pay him at the rate of $4.60 and charge up the difference to the stabilization fund.It is estimated that with the present rates, when the sterling is approximately 12 per cent.below the $4.60, and the improved export business which it will encourage, it will cost the Government roughly $6,000,000 a year.It should increase the price of a 1,200-pound steer to the exporter by $10.80, agricultural officials here estimate.It should boost the price in the domestic market to a somewhat similar amount.It is figured it will increase the price of live pigs in the Canadian stock yards by one cent a pound.Shippers will now know what they will receive when they ship their products to the United Kingdom.In the past not only did the depreciated sterling exchange often wipe out their profits when their returns were converted into Canadian money, but sometimes made them losers on shipments.Now they will know they will be able to convert their sterling cheque into Canadian funds at $4.60 regardiess of what changes sterling may make from the time the produce leaves Canada until the cheque comes back.Farmers to Gain It is contended that with a certainty as to exchange, the exporters should be able to operate on a narrower margin and accordingly the farmer should get most of the benefit from the stabilization.It was explained by officials of the Agricultural Department that this will not be regarded as a bonus to Canadian farmers by the British, which might have caused retaliation to protect British producers.It does not put the Canadian in a preferred position to the British farmer because the Canadian will not vet be gettino par for the ster]- ing in Canadian funds.RE rap ME PPT re pe SINE ANE 0 v % v The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture While the fund will not \u201cet Modes of Planting Dahlias butter for the present because butter is not on an export basis, being much higher in Canada than in Great Britain, it should boost the price of cheese to Canadian factories over one cent a pound, agricultural experts say.Canada should ship 40,000 head of cattle to the United Kingdom this year, one official of the department said.Last year it was about 20,000.Already without the benefit of the stabilization fund she has shipped 7,000 head this year.The estimate of 50,000,000 pounds of hams and bacon should be exceeded now that the exchange has been dealt with.Wheat is not included in the list for which the exchange will be pegged.It was explained that since only a part of Canada\u2019s crop goes to the United Kingdom it would complicate the market and it was claimed Canadians would not get the advantage of the entire expenditures if the fund was extended to grain.Neither is it extended to apples.In this connection it was argued that Canada has such a big protection in the United Kingdom market as compared with United States apples, that the market is quite secure as it is.Fresh and canned fish, honey, maple products and tobacco will come within the range of the fund.It should help the export of pouitry and eggs.For amateurs, the usual method of growing dahlias is that of root division.The roots of one year are stored in cellars and divided up for new plants the following spring.The storage room for these roots should be frost proof and not too dry.Conditions which are suitable for storing potatoes are suitable for the storing of dahlias.These roots may be planted out into the garden towards the middle of May, or earlier if no danger from late frosts is expected.They may be planted from 2 feet to 4 feet apart, according to space available, and the size of the root planted.When dividing the roots, care must be taken to see that each part has at least one eye, which will be found on the crown to which the true roots are attached.Another method, generally the commercial method, of propagating dahlias is by means of cuttings.During recent years raising them from seed has also grown in favour.In fact in the case of the new Collarette dahlias it is the simplest and best method.The seed should be sown about the beginning of April.Where the dahlia succeeds it is a very satisfactory flower for the amateur.The dahlia, says the Dominion Department of Agriculture, requires plenty of moisture, rich soil, occasional artificial fertilizing, and not too hot a climate.Truck and Market Gardening, 1932 Quebec, P.Q.\u2014March 13th, 1933.\u2014The Statistical Division - publishes today its final estimate of the area, yield and value of truck and market gardenings (for markets or canning) in the Province of Quebec, in 1932.This estimation has been carried out for the first time in Quebec.It has been made possible by the collaboration of truck and market gardeners and the Technicians of the Horticultural Service of the Department of Agriculture.Compilation has been made in collaboration with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics.The present report refers to all gardening crops (other than family and home gardens) whether carried out on farms or in urban districts.The area under commercial gardenings is estimated at 38,600 acres, and the crop at $5,330,000.AREA, YIELD AND VALUE OF TRUCK CROPS, 1932 Area Unit of acres Measure YIELD VALUE Beets .11,970 Bush.\u20ac69,300 200,900 Celery .350 Doz.651,200 390,700 Cabbages .2,380 Bush.899,600 314,900 Cauliflowers .630 \u201c .883,200 83,200 Cucumbers .2,160 \u201c 330,500 115,700 Green Beans .2,050 \u201c 264,500 185,100 Lettuce .1,130 Doz.1,308,500 327,100 Sweet Corn .11,130 Bush 1,257,700 503,100.Onions .1,900 \u201c 448,400 269,000 .Green Peas .4,500 \u201c 274,500 205,900 Tomatoes .4,880 \u201c 1,693,400 931,300 Strawberries .2,800 Quarts 4,900,000 539,000 dpggpderries Cen 1,370 \u201c -2,0.5,000 287,700 'ONRErs 2005 1,350 \u2014\u2014 \u2014 819,000 TOTAL .38,600 $5,380,00 181 .has Never Wavered in Its Course .In times of expansion or depression, Canadians have learned to rely upon the unwavering safety and helpful service of the Bank of Montreal.Older than the Dominion itself, yet young as the latest sound business enterprise of Canada, this Bank keeps strong and efficient by pursuing its traditional policy of banking practice consistent with safety fr depositors, and by adjustment of its services to the demands of modern business.BANK OF MONTREAL Established 1817 Head Office Montreal IN EXCESS OF TOTAL ASSETS $750.000,00¢$ If you find the articles in the Journal of Agriculture helpful, why not recommend the magazine to friends not now receiving it?Subscriptions should be sent to Mr.O.Lessard, Secretary, Council of Agriculture, Parliament Buildings, Quebec, Que.EE 9 YJ DIRECT DRIVE PRESSURE SYSTE | SIMPLE, AUTOMATIC LILI SAVE TIME, STEPS AND STRENGTH Inquire to-day about low cost Beatty Well Pumps.Greatest value ever offered.Direct Drive\u2014 No Belts\u2014Self Oiling, Self Starting, Self Stopping, Self Priming.Pump night and day.Takes less power, Saves hours of 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FREE! FREE! Mail coupon to-day for beautifully illustrated i se catalogue and ask for an estimate of your requirements.ED Buy at to-day\u2019s low BEN prices.Act now.These values are sure to sell quickly.DEEP WELL À DIRECT DRIVE WORKING HEAD po \u2014\u2014\u2014 pl SDS pre rare d BEATTY BROS.LIMITED! BEATTY BROS.LIMITED \u2014 Dept.109 F \u2014 Montreal, Que.| Please send me Your FREE Shallow Well Pump Catalogue.I intend to install a pump this year. 182 Diamond Colors! \u2014no others so rich so true and lasting Women often ask why it is that they are so much surer of success with Diamond Dyes than with others.The reason is just this: Diamond Dyes contain a greater amount of the finest aniline coloring matter obtainable.That's the beauty secret of Diamond Dyes.Thal\u2019s why Diamond colors are so even, so live and rich! No streaks, no dullness.Have the full beauty of these colors in your wardrobe, your home furnishings.Diamond Dyes, you know, give permanent dark colors by boiling.If you want dainty light shades imithoult boiling.us for lingerie, dresses and blouses, use the lovely Diamond Tints.At all drug stores.Diamond Dyes Highest Qualily for 50 Years Readers of the Journal of Agriculture should always mentivn the Journal when writing to firms whose advertisements appear in our pages.\u201cFhe | best buy I ever made\u201d .50 said Tom Spencer although the bill in his hand was a sizable one.For hadn't he beaten every stock man in the province to the greatest Shorthorn bull of recent years?The rumor had spread that the bull was for sale.Hundreds wrote in asking for a price.Tom reached for the telephone instead and in ten minutes closed the most satisfactory deal he had ever made.Think of what your telephone means and does in work, in home life, in emergency.You cannot do without it, Parasites Costly to Farmer Dr.T.W.M.Cameron, of In- | stitute of Parasitology, Macdonald College, Discusses Problem in McGill News.An insight into the work that | has been undertaken in the new | Institute of Parasitology, at Mac- .donald College, and an explana- : tion of the serious need, here and elsewhere, for this type of effort are given by Professor T.W.M.Cameron, director of the institute, in an article in the last quarterly issue of the McGill News.Parasitology is the branch of medical zoology dealing with those animals which live in, or on, other animals.In agriculture it is difficult to estimate what parasitic disease is costing, Dr.Cameron writes.\u201cSheep and horses suffer more from it than from any other cause, pigs and carnivores nearly as much.Probably we would not be far from the mark if we estimate that about ten per cent of all sheep (especially lambs) die yearly from worms\u2014direct- ly or indirectly.The percentage is even higher in horses and pigs.There are no statistics available as to monetary loss in the Dominion caused by parasites in stock ; the Bureau of Animal Industry in the United States, however, estimates the annual loss to be over $100,000,000 in that country.The losses here, and in the Empire generally, must assume terrific figures.\u201cWe know that some of this loss is already preventable and we are reasonably certain that much more could be, if we had fuller information about the various species infecting animals.About a thousand species are already known to parasitise domesticated animals in various parts of the world.We know none of them thoroughly \u2014 not even well \u2014 and most of our existing knowledge is very recent.We can recognize them on sight, but that is the sum of our knowledge in nine-tenths of the cases.We know little of their distribution, or the causes governing this, and practically nothing about how they affect the host.In under five per cent of the cases do we know even the outline of the lifecycle.\u201cWe have only the most superficial knowledge of therapautic measures \u2014 few outstanding drugs have been introduced into \u201cparasitology in modern times, practically all the others in every day use are heritages of ancient civilizations.Research is too .often uncontrolled and the workers are too few to make other than slow progress.Little help is given by the pathologist: the technique for examining parasites is too little understood, and even trained pathologists only see the grosser forms, and most species are minute.But even vith our present knowledge much could be done to reduce losses in stock, if only the stock- owner would co-operate.\u201d The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Dr.Cameron goes on to state that the situation is serious and is becoming more serious.More and better research is required and trained parasitologists are needed.The dangers were realized some few years ago by the National Research Council of Canada, the Empire Marketing Board and the Quebec Government who took steps to try and improve matters.Their collaboration resulted in the establishment in connection with McGill University of the Institute of Parasitology, the first of its kind in the British Empire.Here a three-fold policy of information, education and research has been drawn up and work is now well under way.In regard to research a campaign has been started to find out what parasites exist in the country and what particular species are important.As the science has a profound economic bearing, a survey has been commenced of parasites -of domesticated animals, fur animals and related wild animals, because many parasites of wild animals are transmissible to both man and economic animals.Agronomists Doing Valuable Work Value of the work accomplished in agriculture by technical experts employed by the Provincial Government to teach farmers modern methods was stressed by Cleophas Bastien, M.L.A.for Berthier, speaking in the Legislative Assembly recently.The progress of agriculture in the province during the past ten vears was very largely due to the work of these experts, Mr.Bas- tien said, explaining that while at first farmers had been hesitant about accepting advice they now appreciated its value and welcomed it.He divided their work into three sections: improvement of soil, of seeding and of animal husbandry.Through distribution of fertilizers and lime, the Department of Agriculture was remedying deficiencies of soil\u2014over 23,000 tons of lime having been distributed last year.The member for Berthier dealt with the results of work on Government experimental farms and also noted the value of contests among farmers, organized by the department, which created a competitive spirit and aided: development.Thousands of pounds of grain had been grown as 2 result of seeding contests, he said.Special Government grants to encourage further work along these lines had been given, while instructors were now maintained in every county of the province, Dr.Bastien stated.CANADIAN NATIONAL EXPRESS Money Orders, Foreign Remittances Travellers Cheques Are Payable at Par\u2014 Everywhere Use this convenient, dependable way of sending money home to family or friends or for providing yourself with funds for overseas travel.Obtainable at any Canadian National Railways station or express office, or write Canadian National Express W.H.BRYCE, Manager, Money Order Dept.355 McGill Street « MONTREAL STIFFNESS Plenty of Minard\u2019s weil rubbed in soon sets you right.Bathe the sore part with warm water before you start.You'll soon limber up ! \u201cKING OF PAIN\" LIN 1x, Man Wins Battle With Kidney Acids Sleeps Like a Baby\u2014Feels Fine\u2014- Uses Guaranteed Cystex Test.Thousands of men and women are getting back nn their feet, sleeping fine and feeling younger by discovering how simple it is to combat Getting Up Nights, Backache, Leg Pains, Nervousness, Stiffness, Neuralgia, Burning, Smarting, Uric Acid, Rheumatism and Kidney and Bladder trouble, with a Doctor's prercription called Cystex (Siss-tex).Works fast: circulating thru system in 15 minutes, often giving amazing benefits in 24 to 48 hours.Try it under the fair-play guarantee to fix you up or money back on return of empty package.Cystex is only 75¢ at druggists.THAT DEPRESSED FEELING IS LARGELY LIVER Wake up your Liver Bile \u2014 Without Calomel , You are \u201cfeeling punk\u201d simply because your liver isn\u2019t pouring its daily two pounds of liquid bile into your bowels.Digestion and elimination are both hampered, and your entire system is being poisoned.What you need is a liver stimulant.Something that goes farther than salts, mineral water, oil, luxative candy or chewing gum or roughage which only move the bowels\u2014ignoring the real cause of trouble, your liver T'ake Carter's Little Liver Pills.Purely vegetable.No harsh calomel (mercury).Safe.Sure.Ask for them by name.Refuse substitutes.25¢.at all druggists.HEMORRHOIDS OR \u201cPILES\u201d are promptly and thoroughly relieved by the use of D+ CHASE'S j | | The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Canadian Chilled Poultry in An Address by Mr.W.A.Brown, Chief of the Poultry Division, Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, before the Canadian Produce Association.ITH respect to the shipments of Can- W adian chilled poultry to Great Britain, I want to say, first, that our association with that product has been the finest experience we have ever had.For the past ten years or so we have all been working on dressed poultry standards.Seeing the product on the home market from one year to another one does not realize the improvement that has taken place, but when one sees that product laid down on the British market side by side with the products of other countries, the improvement is most pronounced; and it is clear that, insofar as entrance into that market is concerned, we have builded better than we knew.Nothing would please me more than fo walk through the avenue of Smithfield and take with me the Canadian farmers and shippers who were responsible for sending that product over there, and make them personally acquainted with the receivers of the product, so that they might hear some of the compliments and encomiums that were expressed.\u201cThe finest graded product that ever came to this market,\u201d commented one large firm.Another, \u201cIf you us keep our faith pinned to five ET | rain tenets of policy with respect to export.This applies not only to poultry but to all other agricultural products.2, 3.4.These tenets are: \u2014 A high, high standard of quality.England has the world to pick from; she need be satisfied with nothing less than the best.To gain and hold her place Canada\u2019s quality must be just a little better than her competitors\u2019.Absolute uniformity in grading based, if possible, on a national standard.Popular weights, with a minimum of tolerance in weight between units in the same box.Canadian turkeys are within the popular weight range 9-12, 12-15, and as such suffered least in the price debacle that occurred on the British market in the week before Christmas.A product attractively packed and displayed.Smithfield market in some respects is the greatest art .gallery in the world.To warrant a place in that gallery our products must be a work of art.A product delicate and pleasing to the consumer.188 Great Britain will continue as you are, you will soon replace foreign products on this market.\u201d Another salesman remarked, as he pointed to a man just moving away, \u201cThat chap is a butcher from North London.Ordinarily he buys a hundred turkeys for his Christmas trade.The foreign product comes to us miscellaneously packed, and it used to take me about an hour and a half to go through my supplies and pick out the birds he wanted.But it was easy to take his order for your Canadian turkeys.We had opened a box of A\u2019s and a box of B\u2019s.We showed him those boxes.He asked us to open one more.That is good enough for me,\u2019 he said.He then gave me his order, and the whole transaction was completed in five minutes.It saved his time and my time.That is why we like Canadian turkeys.\u201d The system of handling poultry in London and the south of England is different.You will recall that the old Poulterers\u2019 companies or guilds were distinct from the Butchers\u2019 guilds.They did not handle the same pre- ducts, poultry being handled exclusively by the poulterers.But for about two weeks before Christmas the average butcher stocks up with turkeys.In Smithfield the poultry stalls are mostly at one end; but for two weeks before Christmas, turkeys are found all over the market, because in anticipation of the requirements of the butchers\u2019 trade in London the wholesale meat men stock up with turkeys.No Canadian exhibition ever gave me greater satisfaction than to walk up through the avenues of Smithfield in the last two ley Lo i : Copyright cs, by J PURINA MILLS: ; TWeodaieek\" Ontario Write For This Bulletin Do you suffer losses of egg revenue every Fall and Winter, through prolapsus, feather-pulling, cannibalism, colds, roup, or other \u201ctroubles\u201d, that interfere with pullet production?This new bulletin shows how to PREVENT such troubles by growing pullets with a greater reserve of health and strength.Practical, sound \u201chorse sense\u201d.Write for a copy\u2014FREE.PURINA MILLS 400 Main St., Woodstock, Ont.FEEDERS FREE with PURINA STARTENA For every 50 chicks you buy or hatch this Spring, you need 100 Ibs.of starting feed\u2014and a feeder.Why not get the feeders FREE, with the feed?Ask your Purina dealer for particulars of his special offer of \u2018Free Feeders\u201d with Purina Startena\u2014on EARLY orders.If you aren't getting your chicks till later, see your dealer NOW, and get in on the \u2018\u2018Free Feeder\u2019 deal, before they are all gone.Price of Startena Away Down Don\u2019t stand back because you think it \u2018\u2018costs more\u2019 to feed Purina Startena.It DOESN'T.The price of Startena is right in line with prices of \u2018ordinary\u2019 starting feeds.Purina Startena stands head and shoulders above ordinary |\u2014\u2014{ starting feeds, both in cutting down death losses of chicks, and in growing chicks more rapidly and uniformly.Don\u2019t take our word for it.Ask ANYBODY who has ever fed it.There is a real reason for it.Six years of constant experimenting in our own Research Laboratory and on our own Experimental Farm, gave us our famous Ingredient \u201cX\" formula.Ingredient \u201cX\" in Purina \u2018Startena saved thousands of chicks last year, and gave them a \u2018\u2018head start\u2019 in growth that put dollars and dollars into their owners\u2019 pockets, this past Fall and Winter.It will do the same for you this year\u2014- AT THE STORE WITH THE CHECKERBOARD SIGN and with no more cash outlay than for \u201cordinary\u201d starting feed that gives you \u2018\u2018ordinary\u2019\u2019 livability and \u201cordinary\u201d growth.Arrange for your season's supply of Purina Startena NOW, and get Free Feeders, along with this extra livability and extra growth\u2014all at NO extra cost.pn \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014-T ERENT S\u2026 2 184 Another Good Poultry Year in 1933 By Fred.W.Bray The signs point to another season of high egg prices next Fall.We started off the year without any surplus of eggs in storage, and the demand for eggs continues to be good in spite of low meat prices.Many pullets were so poorly fed last summer that they were small and stunted when they commenced to lay.While they are laying now, a lot of them haven't enough size or strength to continue laying on into next Fall.Which, naturally, will increase the Fall demand for the eggs of this season\u2019s pullets.Quebec farmers have an advantage over the farmers of any other Province, in the matter of egg markets \u2014 having the City of Montreal right at their doors\u2014the highest-priced egg market in Canada.Opportunity for Good Chicks\u2014 Well Reared Don\u2019t make either of the two mistakes so many people made last year\u2014the mistake of buying cheap chicks, and the mistake of under-feeding them through their growing period.\u201cCheap\u201d pullets just CAN'T lay many eggs, because they haven't the breeding behind them\u2014and under-fed pullets can't lay many eggs because they do not develop enough size and capacity More clear money will be made next Fall and Winter by buying well-bred, vigorous, blood-tested chicks, and raising them the best way you know how \u2014than by buying DOUBLE the number of \u201ccheap\u201d chicks and \u201cturning them out to pasture\u201d for the Summer.The Highway to Poultry Success in 1933 Let us send you our descriptive pook- let, \u201cThe Highway to Poultry Success in 1933\u201d.It describes in detail the methods of rigid culling, selection, and blood-testing of breeding stock, and selection of hatching eggs, that we have carried on during the past seven years, to make our chicks live better, grow better and PAY better than ordinary chicks.It describes our seven standard breeds\u2014White Leghorns, Brown Leghorns, Barred Rocks, White Rocks, Rhode Island Reds, and Jersey Black Giants\u2014and tells how the Bray strain of each has been built up by seven years of constant improvement.There can be no doubt that Bray chicks DO pay better than ordinary chicks.Otherwise the demand for them could not have increased so rapidly.In 1926, we produced and shipped just 50,000 chicks.In 1932, we produced and shipped 564,000.A ten-fold increase in orders, in six years, is pretty good proof of customers\u2019 satisfaction.75,000 Bray Chicks went to Quebec last year.The coupon will make .it easy to send for the booklet.It is FREE, of course.\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 CLIP AND MAIL THIS COUPON BRAY CHICK HATCHERY, 44 Clayburn Ave., St.Catharines, Ont.Please send me a copy of your descriptive booklet, \u2014 \u2018The Highway to \u2018Paultry Success in 1833\"\"\u2014FREE (Please print your name and address, so there will be no chance of our making a mistake).weeks before Christmas and encounter the fine displays of Canadian turkeys on every hand.I would like to read a brief extract from a letter written by Mr.W.A.Wilson, Animal Products Trade Commissioner in London, to a producer in Saskatchewan.He says: \u201cThe shipments of fresh-killed Canadian turkeys have been well prepared, graded and packed, and their arrival on the British market in such excellent condition has rather astonished the trade.Generally, it was not expected that the commodity would be so attractive and so good.Each grade, whether \u201cSpecial\u201d, \u2018A\u2019, or \u2018B\u2019, has been equal to the official Standard, and the uniformity of the birds in each box, with respect to weight and appearance, has been satisfactory.\u201cAn attractive commodity, one that is uniform in small details, and one that appeals to the eye, sells, relatively, quite readily in this market.Appearance is almost as valuable as a selling influence as the actual eating qualities of the product.I do not wish, of course, to minimize the value of eating qualities, but I make the comparison to emphasize the value of a neat, balanced appearance in one box of chickens or turkeys, in one shipment, and also in Canada\u2019s product as a whole.\u201d This shipment of chilled poultry, rather than frozen poultry, from Western Canada to the British market, was an experiment of a very high order.It was not the first time that chilled poultry had been shipped to Britain, but never before was there such a demand for the product as there was for what we sent over this time.One of the things that had a great influence on the British buyers was the presence in the stall in Smith- field, when the display was made, of the thermograph that had accompanied the birds all the way from the farms in the Western provinces, where the birds originated.This ther- mograph was the proof of the uniform temperature under which the birds had been kept.It is really surprising the way in which the Canadian birds held up.The weather during the week previous to Christmas was unusually warm, frequently with a temperature of 60 of 65 degrees, with the sun streaming in through the doors at Smithfield as on a bright June day.Naturally, under these conditions much poultry on Smithfield Market went bad, but not the Canadian stock; and it was very evident that our birds, which had been properly starved and the animal heat thoroughly removed, stood up under the stress of those conditions much better than even nearby birds which had been killed at that temperature and the animal heat never removed.I would like to pay tribute, if I may, to some of those who were responsible for this most successful exports undertaking in agri- The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture cultural products that Canada has attempted for some years.First I would mention the principal shippers, the Canadian Poultry Pool.You all appreciate the surpluses with which we were faced last fall.Every responsible exporter of poultry in Canada was consulted between the time of the Economic conference and late in the fall, in the hope that some means would be found to move a reasonable volume of the surplus off our market.With no immediate hope of profit for their efforts, the Canadian Poultry Pool was the only organization which definitely stepped into this breach.Their efforts were responsible for relieving our market of over a million pounds of turkeys and chickens.That was one of the finest things that has been done for this country in a long time.Even with that relief, the situation here was bad enough; but what would it have been without the Pool\u2019s action?I would next mention the agents who did the preliminary work in England.It was they who arranged the displays in Smithfield.One firm in particular had done a tremendous amount of advance work in contracting prospective buyers, and after the product arrived it was a most delightful experience to accompany this representative in his rounds of the trade.The transportation companies played a very important part in the successful outturn of this undertaking, one railway in particular spending a great deal of effort and going to considerable expense in planning and carrying through the original experimental shipment.Those who had to do with the grading and inspection deserve real credit.Next only to the excellent condition of the product on arrival, was the high standard of quality appearing in the higher grades, and above all the uniformity of grading that backed up that quality.Possibly the most surprising feature about the shipments to the trade in Great Britain, and so expressed at the High Commissioner\u2019s dinner, was that the birds, which were without a break or tear, and with practically no pinfeathers anywhere, were killed and dressed by the farmers themselves.In Ireland, France and most parts of England turkeys are marketed alive and killed by specialists, and it was a revelation to the London trade that general farmers, over such a wide area as Canada, could achieve such uniformity in killing, plucking, and above all in bleeding.The freedom from feed in the crops was also most favorably noted.This revelation was probably the most surprising of all to the trade in England and speaks well for Canadian rural enterprise and achievement.MORE [3 from More Hours Every Day Long hair makes horses sweat their strength away.At night the sweaty mass, like a cold wet blanket, prevents rest and causes chills and other sickness.Sick horses slow up the spring work.Clipped horses sweat less and dry quickly.Groomed in a fraction of the time.Clipped horses rest well and feel peppy so they do a full day\u2019s work every day.IT PAYS TO CLIP HORSES.STEWART No.1 hand-operated §.clipping machine.$14.50 A4 Western Canada .Makers of the world\u2019s best 3 clipping ae & shearing \" N equipment for 42 years Get machines shown above and below from dealer, or write factory direct.STEWART CLIPMASTER The world\u2019s fastest clipping machine.Illustration shows complete machine.Extremely light in weight (only 3 lbs.).Ball-bearing tension so plates stay sharp longer.Works from light socket.Leather Strap * Handle Select to Suit Your Electric Current 110-120 volt universal motor J2 $27.50 32 volt direct current motor.** 33.50 220 volt universal motor.33.50 For 6 volt automobile battery.** 33.50 Flexible Shaft Company Limited Factory & Office : 349 Carlaw Ave., Toronto \u201cBUY AT HOME\u201d Apple-trees, plum-trees, pear-trees, cherry- trees, fruit land ornamental shrubs, rasp- berry-bushes, poplars, ete., all acclimated plants in Quebec.Quality, rusticity and variety guaranteed.Ask for our prices, they are moderate.Arthur V.GADBOIS, nurseryman 1910 ROUGEMONT, P.Q.1933 VINE PEACH Easy to grow.Ripe fruit in 80 days.This beautiful vegetable peach resembles the orange À in color, shape and size.4 Grow on vines like melons.J Delicious as preserves and sweet pickles and look most tempting when canned.Extremely early and very prolific, covering ground with golden fruit.Pkt.16¢, 6 ps.55¢.Postpaid.Seed and Nursery book ree.DOMINION SEED HOUSE 310 Elgin St.GEORGETOWN, ONT.FOR SALE \u2014Accredited, selected and registered Ayrshire Cattle: Bulls, 2 years old and 1 year old.Fall and Spring calves (both sexes).Improved Yorkshire and selected Chester White young pigs farrowed in March.Moderate prices.Apply to ADELARD MORIN, St.Hyacinthe, P.Q.FREE\u2014 Real Briar Pipe or Gasoline Lighter with Sample Package\u20144 lbs.Leaf tobacco ship anywhere on receipt of $1.00 or 20 lbs.$3: or 50 lbs.$6.Quesnel Leaf tobacco 5 lbs.for $150 Adress G.DUBOIS, 18 Henderson, Ltawa.WATER SYSTEMS BEATTY PUMPS are best and most economical.They give satisfaction.Write for free Catalogue, BEATTY BROS.LIMITED, 6467 Durocher Street, Montreal.AGENTS wanted to sell silk neckties for us.We sell you at a price that allows you to make 100% commission.Write to-day for FREE sample and particulars.ONTARIO NECK.WEAR COMPANY, Dept.517 Toronto, 8, Ont.WOMEN wanted to sew for us at home.Sewing machine necessary.No selling.ONTARIO NECKWEAR COMPANY, Dept.193, Toronto 8, Ont.ss TEE re roe RUG oy SE pny The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture There is no one group of men whose work is facilitated by good product, quality well maintained, like that of the Canadian Trade Commissioners in Great Britain.We have quoted from a letter from Mr.W.A.Wilson, the Animal Products Trade Commissioner, which speaks for itself, and it was a real delight to be associated with these representatives of Canada in our contacts with the trade, particularly after the sample shipments arrived.In keeping with their policy abroad, the Trade and Commerce Department provided a sum of money for the advertising of Canadian turkeys in Great Britain and placed the services of their publicity man in this connection.It was necessary, however, to use but a small part of the money, it being found that a good product was its own best advertisement.As this became increasingly evident, steps were taken to secure space in prominent retailers\u2019 windows.It was found, however, that expenditure of money in this direction was not necessary either as the product was creditably displayed in any case by the larger purchasers.The total quantity, between a million and a million and a quarter pounds, was received in England between November 25th and December 20th, proportionate quantities coming forward each week with the larger volume just before Christmas.The shipments had been proportionately divided between Liverpool and London, London, of course, receiving the larger quantity.December 19th or 20th is too late for boats to arrive with Christmas supplies.There is always the danger of delay through fog or storm, and to receive the most effective reception, Christmas poultry should arrive in time to permit of its display on wholesalers\u2019 stands for at least two or three days and also permit the retailer to have it most of the week in advance of Christmas, for the reason that most of consumers\u2019 orders are booked up well in advance of Christmas Day.To arrive, therefore, in England most opportunely, shipments of Christmas poultry should leave Canadian seaports not later than December 5th or 6th.Some Conclusions with Respect to Chilling The Canadian turkeys were carried, for the most part, in a 30-35 degree temperature.There are two hazards with regard to a chil'ed product: one is condensation when that product is removed from chill to the comparatively warm, humid temperature that prevailed in England prior to Christmas; the other is slight freezing, that is, just a slight gtiffening of the flesh, is apparently more hazardous than sharper or complete freezing in that there is even greater rupture of the small cells just under the skin with a resultant viscous coating of the bird rather than ordinary condensation.Birds in this condition held for any length of time in a warm, humid atmosphere would show quick growth of mold, apparently the broken down mitrogenous cell material being excellent cultural medium for fungus growth.Some observers are of the opinion that five degrees higher, viz., a 35-40 temperature, would be more suitable as a carrying temperature.This, however, is considerably higher than the temperature at which Argentine meat ig carried.The arguments in favor of this higher temperature are: first, that birds should keep equally well at this temperature; second, that there would not be more than 10 or 15 degrees between this temperature and average December weather, in which case there would be little or no condensation; third that, the probability of slight freezing through the railroad cars passing through undue cold belts or any slight fluctuation in temperature control anywhere would be less likely.To insure success in the shipment of ia chilled product, it would appear essential that the assembly history be fully known.Quick cooling after killing or processing is essential, but above all it is important that the product be never allowed again to become heated as, for instance, shipment in warm cars or held in warm rooms.It must be kept cool and uniformly cool at all times.The High Commissioner\u2019s Dinner The Canadian Standards for Dressed Poultry were written primarily with the demands of the home market in mind.It was felt that, with the very favorable reception of the Canadian product on the British market, it was both good psychology and good business for the Canadian representatives to place before the representatives of the British trade the Canadian grades, grade definitions and the rules for packing, with the expressed request that that trade indicate the ways and means in which the product could still be further improved to meet their requirements.To this end the High Commissioner invited some forty or fifty representatives of the wholesale and retail provision trade of London and vicinity to meet with him at an informal dinner.The invitation was well received, and to those in attendance there was previously distributed an outline of the points which had already come up in conversation and which it was felt could be discussed to further advantage.In the first place they were asked about the grade \u2018\u201cSpecials\u201d.They were given the percentage of turkeys shipped last year which graded as \u201cSpe- 185 The Fertilizers Alb atros \u201cUltra Superphosphate\u201d SULPHATE OF AMMONIA MURIATE OF POTASH SULPHATE OF POTASH NITRATE OF SODA BASIC SLAG COMPOUND FERTILIZERS INSECTICIDES \u2014 Call and see us or write to \u2014 International Fertilizers Ltd HEAD OFFICE: 71 ST.PETER St, QUEBEC Plants: St.John, N.B., and Quebec, P.Q.Yearly production 60,000 tons.i wg ROOFING PEDLAR\\RB SIDING The time-defying, fireproof material A barn roofed and sided with PEDLARIB and properly grounded at the four corners according to the Fire Marshal\u2019s regulations, is safe from lightning.Why not protect your barn with PEDLARIB?The price was never as low as it is today and you get a first quality thickly-ribbed material that is absolutely leakproof \u2014at all the side joints.PEDLARIB is made both in the \u201cCouncil Standard\u201d and the ordinary galvanized grade.We also manufacture NuRoofr À Rib Roofing covering more area per sheet Nu-Roof is one of the most popular designs made in our Montreal factory.This roofing covers 33 inches in width when applied and because fewer sheets are required, the cost is considerably less than any other metal roofing.À saving in both time and material is effected.Send us the dimensions of your building for free estimate on the cost of complete roofing job using any of above Pedlar roofings.THE PEDLAR PEOPLE LIMITED Established 1861 , Montreal Office and Factory, 24 Nazareth St.Factories\u2014Oshawa, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver.Coq \\ Get our low prices on Farm Entrance Culverts and Well Curbing 4 yy \u2014 186 It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it The Combination is the solution of every possible spraying problem.Orchards, Tobacco, Row Crops.Vineyards, Whitewash and Disinfectant can be successfully sprayed with this Spramotor.One machine, one cost instead of three and what u Caving, Write today for FREE illustrated folder and new low prices.SPRAMOTOR LTD.1117 York, LONDON, ONT.Planet Jr.vegetable gardens cut living costs without interfering with other farm work.Save money ihe Planet Jr.way\u2014save time and backaches, too.Planet Jr.tillage, seeding and fertilizing tools do a variety of farm and garden jobs quickly, for Free easily and well.They cost little\u2014 Catalog Write and last long! Prices as low as $2.00 Fp.ei na Write for FREE Catalog, : showing PlanetJr.Seeders, Wheel Hoes, Cullivators Garden Tractors, etc, S.L.ALLEN & CO., Inc.2 GROUND ALMONDS Amazingly Prolific\u2014Easily Grown The Ground Almond has a delicious flavor, resembling the Cocoanut.Meat is snow- white.Grows close to surface and 200 to 300 Almonds may be expected from a single nut.Plant any time up to July and crop will be a ready in eight to ten weeks.Mn Children love these nuts, so S$ rich in food value.Order now.Pkt.15¢.6 pkis.55¢ postpaid, Seed and Nursery Book Free.DOMINION SEED HOUSE 310 Eigin St, GEORGETOWN, Ont.BLACK DIAMOND TO FIT ALL MAKES OF PLOWS Plow Point.sx» tough and hard they do twice the work of ordiaary pomis.LOOK FOR Do NOT THIS | ACCEPT TRADE MARK ANYTHING ELSE Mower and Binder Repairs, Cultivator Points, Pressure Pumps ete.If your dealer cannot supply you, write us for Catalogue and prices.TWEED FOUNDRIES LTO.Tweed, Ont, Armstrong Chicks Government Approved Guaranteed to Live 5 breeds \u2014 2 Grades You cannot afford to miss this.Write ARMSTRONG CHICKS 44 Market, St.Catharines, Ont.FOR SALE CHESTER White young pigs farrowed March ist and 15th, coming from old &wines.Leicester Sheep.Aceredited Ayrshire herd, two bulls of 1 year.also few vearlings.females of all ages from registered sire.OLERY LALANNE.Mont St Gregoire, Iberville Cty., Que.| cials\u201d and were then asked if the continuance of this grade in an export way would help the effective sale of our product as a whole.In other words, we wanted to know if this grade ;was commercially practical.Their answer was \u201cNo.\u201d With respect to \u201cA\u201d grade ii was asked if the factor of plumpness should be further emphasized.There was no reaction to that.Then it was asked \u201cShould a film of fat on the thighs be specified?\u201d The answer was \u201cYes.\u201d The next question was with regard to \u201cB\u2019\u2019 grade.It was pointed out that the darkness of the thighs and the lack of fat on the back in the birds of this grade have been criticised.The question was if this should be changed or accepted as deficiencies of the grade.The outcome of the discussion was a suggestion that \u201cSome apparent fat on the back\u201d to be added to \u201cB\u201d grade.The next question was, \u201cIs there a place for \u2018B\u2019 grade in the British market?does its presence help or retard the sale of \u2018A\u2019?\u201d\u201d There was sharp difference of opinion on this point.Some, more or less theoretically inclined, argued (for one Canadian grade.They were supported in this by some of the retailers who claimed that if one retailer handled Canadian grade \u201cA\u201d and another one grade \u201cB\u201d there would be a difference in the price which the consumers would not understand.The more thoughtful members of the trade, however, admitted and endorsed the utility of two grades for export, recognizing, first, Canada in her shipments must be governed by the availability of her supply and, second, that there was a distinct place in the British market for products of different qualities.Another observation not made in the meeting but which might have quite a reaction was that, having started with two grades, Canada could not afford to stop and leave the impression that the lower grade possibly was being included in the higher.The next question was: \u201cInasmuch as small head and head appurtenances are a recognized characteristic of Canadian tur- kevs, should there be specifications excluding coarse bone, coarse head, etc., from \u2018A\u2019 grade?\u2019 This question was asked with the specific purpose of drawing attention to these characteristics peculiar to Canadian turkeys.The birds from most countries competing with Canada are sold with necks dislocated.The waste on the head \u2018of a typical Canadian bird selected at random was 10 oz.while the head and.blood of a representative country was 231 oz.This is a factor worth capitalizing in Canadian birds.Packing weights was probably the most serious {criticism of Canadian turkeys., Our rules provide for a 3-pound \u201c shire\u2019 pack, which is preferred?\u201d bird from a nearby The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture tolerance between birds in the | same box, but the English buyers prefer to have not more than a 1-pound.They are equally as insistent on uniformity of | weights as of quality.From | their standpoint it is unthinkable that an 18-pound bird could be placed in a box with birds of | 14 or 16 pounds.The number of birds in the box must also be uniform.It was asked if any change in dressing was desired.It was pointed out that it has taken ten years or more to secure the present uniformity, that all turkeys and most chickens are now farm- killed and dressed.There was unanimity of opinion that a collar of feathers should be left on the neck.The method of pack is not clearly specified in the regulations and it was asked: \u201cOf the three packs used this year, the \u2018full squat\u2019 pack, the \u2018semi-squat\u2019 pack, and the \u2018truss\u2019 or \u2018Devon- There opinion was divided.One thing is sure, that the semi-truss or breast pack which discloses a large part of the thigh does not help sell birds, more particularly in \u201cB\u201d grade.Some retailers like to hang their turkeys and make a display of them around their shop.Trussed birds take some time to straighten out.On the other hand some of the retailers are very emphatic in their preference for the \u201ctruss\u201d or \u201cDe- vonshire\u201d pack ; thev like to display their birds on a shelf and trussing facilitates their showing them to customers.There was a long discussion on weights of chickens.It was pointed out that the breeds of poultry popular in Canada give a 5-lb, and up, weight in a chicken four to five months old.An expression of views as to the place for \u2018this chicken on the English market was requested.The larger multiple shops claim to sell thirty to fortv chickens under four pounds for every one over four pounds.On the other hand, wholesalers engaged in the hotel and ships\u2019 store trade maintain that there is a place for big chickens in England.There is no doubt, however, that the general tendency in trade is sharply in favor of a small chicken, one that matures and is plump and fat between 214 and 31, lbs.It would appear that if Canada is going to cater to that trade she will have to locate a new breed of chickens.The best imported: chickens now come from Russia, Hungary and Holland, and it would appear that one of the most remunerative outlets for poultry products in Great Britain is the production of this light weight, plump, well- | fatted chicken of the weights?.mentioned.The: prevailing opinion with regard to heavy weights \u2018was that they would be | .in most.demand just beforé Christmas to fill the demand from consumers who could not buy a turkey.Body heat of birds releases fumes which penetrate feathers and kill lice and feather mites.An effective flock treatment.Tas many uses in garden.orchard and farm vard for spraying., dusting dipping and drenching.or 20 years every usefon Nicotine Sulphate has been based on official experiments in which\u2018 Black Leaf 40\" was used exclu- À sively.Itis the pioneer, fulistrength, uniform Lrand of Nicotine Sulphate.Accept no other.NSS SS SS SSS SS SS SSSI] OAK RIDGE CHICKS Live\u2014Lay\u2014Pay Because Oak Ridge Farm is \u201cNot Just Another Hatchery\u201d But has been many years one of Canada\u2019s biggest and best equipped Trapnest Breeding Farms under constant Gov't R.O.P inspection.All stock Gov't approved, blood tested.TOM BARRON WHITE LEGHORNS Big bodies\u2014big winter eggs.O0.A.C.BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS For meat and eggs.Get our new Price List.Lowest prices ever for EGGS, CHICKS, PULLETS, BROODERS.Poultry advice free\u2014let us hetp you make more money from Poultry.OAK RIDGE FARM (Reg'd) Port Credit, Ont.ee po Pal AI cl A Id cd a Box 507 A NS SS SSS SSIS fl FOX NECKCHIEVES | 2 $ 00 Made From Your Own Skins Experienced and re- able workmen, fully guaranteed by Canada\u2019s oldest and most reliable house.Send your skins by registered mail.OLIVER SPANNER & CO.LTD.24 Elm Street, Toronto 9c Canadian Approved Chicks 10¢ Why pay more when you can buy our Government Approved Chicks at such bargain prices, We guarantee 100% live delivery.Barred Rocks, Rhode Island Reds and White Rocks 10¢ White Leghorns.9¢.HILLTOP POULTRY FARM, Elmira, Ontario SSSI IIIS \u201ca Farm for Sale GOOD, level farm, 2 miles from the Cathedral Chicoutimi.Modern barns and stables, equipment.cattle.Good terms.Apply to Rev.EUG.GRTNON.parish priest, St.Hilarion, Char- levoix, cty Que.HORSES FOR SALE GREAT selection of registered stallions and mares: Percheron, Belgian, Clydesdale, Hackney.Canadian and Standardbred.Few good stalliens, A and B Classes.Also good working and travelling horses.Prices, very reasonable.All these horses sold guaranteed.If you want to buy or exchange write to us, telling what you want and w'H figure pricé delivered at vuur railroad station.Fifty stallions specially Percheron and\u2019 Belgian.now in stock; we expect a certain lot from the other gide, in the first days of April, \u2018ARNOLDWOLD \"ARMS.Grenville, Que.SHARPENED' CLIPPERS, 308 set, \u201cguaranteed.= Please\u201d intlése the\u2019 sarie amount you paid Ya send them.R, .JANELLE, -Pierrevilte,z; Yamaska Cty.I.Q.359.EGGS IN 365.DAYS 2 WORLD\" S record by Lady Victorine.We have males related to Lady Victorine mated with over 500 of the finest Barred Rocks money can buy.Free catalog.Reduced prices.8 Famous Breeds.ESSEX HATCHERY & BREEDING FARM.Box 207 A Essex, Ontario.Do Me Le MT in = ;.?créera rai a a ss = pm com PE 2 7e The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture An emphatic negative was the answer to the question \u201cIs a tolerance of one bird in twenty below grade stated acceptable to the trade practice in the British market?\u201d \u201cWhat should be Canada\u2019s future policy for turkeys in the way of supplies?\u2019 was the final question.The potential produe- tion possibilities, especially of Western Canada, were pointed out and it was asked,\u2014\u201cTo what extent should production be encouraged in order to supply the British market?\u201d The answer was \u201cDouble the supply of last vear,\u201d which in effect would mean fifteen or sixteen thousand boxes.This answer.was made despite the fact that England has had more turkeys for several years at Christmas than she can use.It simply means that if Canada is to get a foothold in that market it must be at the expense of somebody else.It is clear that Canada must be careful to give the British buyer just what he wants.Several of those at the dinner had taken the trouble to put their views in writing.One man, Mr.Keevil, of Keevil & Keevil, placed in 'my hands a detailed analysis of the conditions affecting the turkey market in England for the past ten years.Another, Mr.Henry Ridpath, of Ridpath Brothers Limited, wrote me at length following the dinner.1 quote in part from Mr.Ridpath\u2019s letter: \u2014 \u201cIn the first place although I said it was not necessary to use the description \u2018Milk fed\u2019 to turkeys, 1 think it is an advantage to have this description applied to chickens.In all cases, of course, the whiter the flesh the better for the English market.\u201cTI still adhere to my views, that two grades of turkeys should be sent as they can be distributed to different, trades.The differential in price, of course, would depend upon market conditions.The identity of the two classes definite.ly marked with the ,A and \u2018Bs: medallion should be maintains a EGGS ed and every effort made: to see that the turkeys are retailed with this medallion still adhering.\u201cYou received plenty of advice about the packing weights both as regards the differential in weight and the quantities and descriptions per case.The more you can pack without the need of long specifications, the better, and 1 would suggest a different colour - marking on the cases for A andl B grades.If at all _ possible have standard boxes \u2026 Di tse all over Canada for ex- ne ny am in agreement with the \u201cD \u2018opinion that a collar of fea- \u2018\u2019\u201c\u2018fhers should be left on the \u201c-* Pfleck, and sufficient on both +i hips of the bird to protect the skin from rubbing.\u201cI do not think that individual packing in parchment is desirable.\u201cYour advice as to tolerance of quality or weight was very definite, and with this I entirely agree.\u201c] think you should continue to ship chilled turkeys for the Christmas trade on an estimate formed each year of the quantities that could be profitably marketed in England, by consultation with some of the leading importers, and I agree, subject to the heavy decline in the importation of French turkeys which we anticipate, that 15,000 cases would be the maximum for next year.\u201cThe frozen turkey demand before and after the Christmas sale would depend very largely upon price and the competition from Argentine and other sources, but I am definitely of the opinion that Canadian frozen turkeys will sell better than any others that have come on this market.\u201cThere was rather a wide difference of opinion as to the chickens.I do not agree that the heavy weights would only be in demand for one month.In spite of fresh chickens coming from other quarters, there are dealers who like to have in April, May and June, a stock of chickens in their cold store which can be drawn upon when necessary and the fresh supplies are not available.Perhaps a 5 lb.chicken is a bit on the heavy side and the weight might be limited to about 4 Ibs., in view of the retailers\u2019 ideas.\u201d \u201c: CANADIAN NEW LAID The use of the words \u201cNew Laid,\u201d according to the Canadian Standard grades for eggs, is prohibited except in the case of the highest grade, viz.Specials.The use of this name is limited to eggs which conform to the special rules and regulations established by the Dominion Minister of Agriculture, Further, the use of any word or expression denoting freshness of production is also prohibited in any manner of association with eggs other than those of the grades Specials \u2019and Extras.It may be \u2018noted that eggs held under artificial refrigeration or subjected to artificial preservation shall not be included in these grades.| 187 ne OLD AO * OF,FRRMInc® Farming Today Finds It Profitable to Use a Massey-Harris Fertilizer Drill READJUSTMENT is the practice of to-day.Every kind of business is adopting new methods to meet present conditions.Farmers have unusual problems to deal with.Many have realized that methods practical and profitable a tew years ago are not so now.They are going oft the \u201cold standard\u201d of farming and are adopting new ways ot doing things\u2014ways that will produce results at lower costs.Take seeding for instance.The plain drill came along and broadcasting became a thing of the past.Now, the plain drill is being replaced by a combination grain and fertilizer drill.It is the logical machine for a man to buy because more and more farmers are finding it desirable and profitable to sow fertilizer at the same time as they sow grain.AMRRNRRR NNT\" A \\\\ | \\NNRR The New MASSEY-HARRIS No.20 GRAIN AND FERTILIZER DRILL is a clean-cut, well-designed machine that combines lightness in weight and draft with great strength.It has wide steel wheels, steel frame, and large capacity boxes with steel lids and ends.When you buy a MASSEY-HARRIS No.20, you get the latest and best in a combined Grain and Fertilizer Drill.Write for Descriptive Folder or Ask Your Local Massey-Harris Agent for Full \u2018Particulars fl [a Lh A To Tn Af Hf v A \\ i Ie # \\¥ X I er MIT TS of |! } Ww Fe.eo MASSEY-HRRRIS R@AComPnny, LIMITED BUILDERS OF GOOD FARM IIR ACER Ul RL yg * TORONTO MONTREAL MONCTON - WINNIPEG BRANDON \u2018REGINA :- SASKATOON R + SWIFT CURRENT -YORKTON - CALGARY - EDMONTON : VANCOUVER - 188 ( The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture \u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_\u2014_ ES Quebec's Dairy Factories THIS GOOD CREAN SEPARATOR GETS ALL THE BUTTER-FAT Some reasons why the McCORMICK-DEERING is so popular High-Carbon Alloy Steel Ball Bear ings at all High-Speed Points Beautiful Glossy Japanned Finish Cream Regulated by Discharge of Skimmilk Two Skimmilk Openings Skims Clean Under Wide Variation in Temperature Easy to Keep Clean and Sanitary A Positive Automatic Oiling System 6 Sizes\u2014\"For One Cow or a Hundred\u201d THE dairyman who owns a McCormick- Deering Cream Separator has a big advantage when it comes to profits.He has the closest skimming cream separator and this means he is getting the maximum amount of butter-fat produced by his herd.You will be repaid by having a McCormick-Deering on your farm.It is correctly designed all the way through.It has perfect balance, ball bearings at all high-speed points, and runs with minimum power.Features of sanitation make it easy to clean.The McCormick-Deering will give you perfect satisfaction for many years to come.See the McCormick-Deering dealer in your community for a demonstration.Write us for catalogs.Save Time and Money.Milk With McCormick-Deering Milker Dairying is more pleasant and profitable with the McCormick-Deering Milker.Its use not only eliminates the tiresome task of milking by hand but saves more than 50% in time and labor,effecting important reductions in the cost of producing milk.In addition, the McCor- mick-Deering tends to increase milk production through its regular, easy, natural massaging action.INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY HAMILTON of Canada, Ltd.CANADA McCORMICK-DEERING \u2014 Preliminary figures for 1932 Quebec, P.Q., March 16th.1933.\u2014The Department of Agriculture publishes to-day its last report on the production of the Dairies of the Province of Quebec for the year 1932, based on the information collected by the Dairy Inspectors.The total quantity of cheese and butter produced will be found for the year 1932 together with the quantity of cheese and butter produced during 1931.In December 1932, (1931 figures within brackets) 81,761 (71,783) lbs.of butter-fat were delivered to cheese factories and 1,503,116 (1,411,220) lbs.were delivered to butter factories 224,- 352 (198,950) lbs.of cheese and 1,851,982 (a) (1,768,183) lbs.of butter were made, being an increase of 12.7% for the cheese and an increase of 4.7% for the butter.In the twelve months of the year 1932, (1931 figures within brackets) 11,340,217 (9,976,102) bs.of butter-fat were delivered to cheese factories and 52,386,- 694 (56,854,132) lbs.to butter factories: 29,359,721 (25,907,- 681) lbs.of cheese and 64,397,- 977 (b) (69,653,540) lbs.of butter were made, being an increase of 13.3% for the cheese and a decrease of 7.6% for the butter.The return of cheese by lb.of butter-fat averages to 2.743 lbs.for the cheese and the return of butter by 100 lbs.of butter-fat averages to 123.2 lbs.for the month of December 1932 ; the return of cheese by lb.of butterfat averages to 2.588 ibs.and the return of butter by 100 lbs.of butter-fat averages to 122.9 lbs.for the year 1932.(a) Not including butter made in the city of Montreal.(b) Including 3,893,793 lbs.of butter made in the city of Montreal.NOTE.\u2014 Figures of 1931 referred to in this Bulletin have been revised and are final.Charts showing production by district for the year 11932, will be published latter with revised figures for 1932.CHEESE SUMMARY From January 1st to December 31st DISTRICTS Cheese Cheese 1932 1931 (Lbs) (Lbs)(a) Lower St.Lawrence 1,885,918 1,492.012 Quebec 2,135,665 1,765,838 Three-Rivers 5.106,160 4.479,323 Bois-Franes 7,583,008 6,042,184 Eastern Townships 109,613 105,789 S.E.of Montreal 3,398,616 3,795,516 Montreal & Ott.R.V.3,323,017 3,157,883 North of the Prov.5,817.724 5,009,138 TOTAL: 29,359,721 25,907,681 (n) Revised figures.BUTTER SUMMARY From January 1st to December 31st DISTRICTS Butter Butter 1932 1931 (Lbs) (Lbs)(a) Lower St.Lawrence 6,416,575 6,418,135 Quebec 7,928,531 8,488,739 Three-Rivers 11,897,705 12,837.846G Bois-Franes 10,548,649 11,560,637 Eastern Townships 8460,272 8.332,142 S.E.of Montreal 6,641,401 6,898,227 Montreal & Ot.R.V.10,064,312 (b)12,303,594 North of the Prov.2,440,532 2,814,220 TOTAL: 64,397,977 69,653,540 (an) Revised figures.(b) Including the production of Montreal City, in 1932, as follows: Cream Butter Butter (Lbs) (Lbs) (Lbs) 9,785,286 3,227,122 3,593,793 Export Cattle on New - Footing The United Kingdom agreement, as mow ratified, puts Canadian cattle exporters on an equal footing with her competitors in the British market, for the first time in thirty-seven years.The segregation of store cattle from fat cattle moving on export is no longer required.Fat and store cattle are allowed to move freely to inland points, with the understanding that female cattle must be of a quality and type satisfactory to the British Ministry of Agriculture.Cheek branding is no longer required; the period of isolation has been reduced to one clear day; and a veterinary officer is no longer required to accompany the cattle on the ocean voyage.These concessions by the British Ministry of Agriculture are part of a bi-lateral agreement arrived at by the respective governments at the Imperial Economic Conference, and under which Canada recognizes the London Quarantine Station, according to conditions laid down in the agreement.\u2014Department of Agriculture.Fertilizers Sold in Canada Of the almost innumerable brands of fertilizers offered to the public in the earlier days of the fertilizer business in Canada there were hundreds of brands which contained so little actual plant food that they were practically worthless for the purpose for which they were purchased.This condition led to the inclusion of a clause in the Fertilizers Act, 1922, requiring that every fertilizer sold in Canada contain not less than 12 per cent of available plant food as nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash singly or combined.In 1928 this minimum of total plant food in any fertilizer was raised to 14 per cent, which is the requirement still in effect.During the first year of the operation of the 14 per cent total plant food requirements hundreds of brands of so-called fertilizers were put out of the market.This provision of the Act established a reasonable basis of minimum plant food content and undoubtedly has meant a material saving to farmers in the purchase of fertilizer and prevented many a disappointment in crop returns which would have resulted from the use of inferior and fradulent materials, The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Fallacy and Fact N these troubled days when the price of farm produce is at an exceptionally low level\u2014when the farmer has great difficulty making ends meet\u2014in times like these varied opinions are being expressed concerning the effect that Chain Stores are having on the farmer's lot.The opinions are both good and bad.Many people consider the Chain Stores an ideal method for distribution of food and as such of distinct benefit to the farmer; others believe that they work to the farmer's disadvantage.Agriculture the Basis of Prosperity N looking towards the future no one dare overlook the farmer, as it is from him that prosperity makes its start.When he receives a fair price for his produce, he then has money to buy his needs of what the city man has to offer.Chain Stores are depending entirely on the prosperity of the city dweller and it is thus in the best interests of all to see that the farmer is well paid.Chain Stores Contact O the farmer the Chain Stores offer a direct and organized method of sale.These stores will accept a farmer\u2019s entire output for the season.They guarantee him a market making it unnecessary for the farmer to arrive in the city a night before to find a place in the market and spend a sleepness night, and very often he is forced to return home with part of his load or dispose of it at any price it may bring.Increased Markets Through Sale of Canned Goods HAIN STORES go a step further\u2014 C they speciallize in canned goods.The development of the canning industry has played no small part in creating a new and larger market for the farmer.The canning industry takes care of the surplus products of the farmer and offers him an outlet for his surplus farm produce.The Farmer Benefits N selling to the Chain Stores direct, the farmer has everything to gain.Week in and week out throughout the entire year, Chain Stores feature farm products creating a larger consumptive demand.The Chain Stores cannot dictate the general price that will be paid.That is beyond them.The prevalent price and the price paid for any commodity is controlled by economic laws, and in the last analysis the Chain Stores are but a small part of our general economic system.the true facts.Remember that it is in the best interests of = S° when the question of Chain Stores is brought up, think of has the support of the Chain Store\u2014that they serve the commu- ~~ nities in which they are located, a benefit to everyone concerned.III IV The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture Come for a ride in the NEW CHEVROLET SIX You start by just pressing the accelerator {» thanks to the new \u201cStarterator\u201d.Oo Gears mesh without clashing or effort; that\u2019s 4 EDS Syncro-Mesh shifting! ER .There\u2019s N \u201cSilent Second\u201d, too .No drafts, no stuffiness.Fisher No-Draft Ventilation takes care of that .= 4 Safety Glass Windshield 4e certainly! So comfortable and easy-riding on rutted roads, because it\u2019s roomier, longer CF-5P LOW DELIVERED PRICES .EASY GMA C TERMS + L - tT a .a 2 3 "]