The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 octobre 1916, dimanche 1 octobre 1916

[" i LS : e OURNAL cu ÉD = q d meme re ee, $ JAGRICULTURE | a \u2014 AND HORTICULTURE - je Volume 20 October Ist 1916 Number 4 1 oy GL 2 SE 7 Le 7 sis ig: 7 ê 5 7; i = 7 #2 0 SE a 27 Ha AE 7 = 7 5 5 7 A 7 2 5 5 i 7, 9% 5 50 2 % pie i» À oe 23 7.La 2 a po 25 % 4 2 a Ga 7 7% RER Æ 7 er GE Por He, ok NH, i Za % %, io A @ ia Ce LS os 2 7 2 7 2 4% 2 2 e 5 a ue 3 das 2 7 7 £55, 9% wpe | ?\u201c a 7 on by & a - Sih 2 = hs pa SH i we wu Ch, a Gi oa CE ns ae 3 dl i ER a marae ZA Es 5 EI = Es us Ti 7} % 7 : | a pf #3 Gt on 7 %@ 2 = 2 wo i, sr of 2 23 j dass cos bo = * ¥ % %, on = ; + 9 % g.- 7 # y a 4, & 5 A A gi 7 bs os, i: 2 A A 3 CA = Ps I 3 FA \u20ac ES Eu % 2 ge % i He Po 4 Gs iz 3e ve 5 se 7 a HE orne Ë Sens, 7 % og se GH) 655 4 & % 4 5 ma me mme en i \\ 2 9 pen i > vs > 3 Lu \"à ë 4 7% Po 3 Ho GE LE #5 Le Ir 2 $ > PS, pt ks iA 5 ; = ne $ = 7 Se 7 47%; ¢! 4 \u201cx cn ps a a?> HE 27 a ms in 2 % 3 a A 57 Hl we 1 5, i: à # 7 - SUMMER MEETING OF THE QUEBEC POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT LA TRAPPE, SEPT.6-7 # PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF 4 THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.i vv 0 Il THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE ON most clothes lines you'll find Penmans Knit Goods\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 on wash days, of course.A dollar invested in them means a dollar put into health insurance comfort, physical and mental.They keep you warm, they fit, they wear, and furthermore you feel that Penmans do these things for you at the least possible expenditure on your part.Penmans Limited Paris \u201cMother Says We Couldn\u2019t Run The Farm Without CROWN BRAND CORN\u2018 SYRUP T'S downright scandalous, the number of 20 pound tins [ buy, But, as Mother says, we use it for \u2018most everything.\u201cNothing else tastes quite so good on all kinds of Hot Bread, Johnny Cake and Criddle Cakes.\u201cMother uses it for all her cooking\u2014for Cookies, Cakes, Gingerbread and Pies.\u201cAnd 1 am almost ashamed to mention the quantity of \u2018Crown Brand\u2019 and bread that my youngsters consume.This syrup certainly is \"Desserts and Candies\u2019?a favorite in my home _ : _ The 20 pound tin is convenient and economical for home practical\u2014helpful\u2014and free.use, although you can get \u2018Crown Brand'\u2019 in 2, 5 and 10 Write for it to our Montreal pound tins and 3 pound glass jars, Ask your dealer.Office.THE CANADA STARCH CO.LIMITED MONTREAL, CARDINAL, BRANTFORD, FORT WILLIAM, Makers of \u201cLily White! Corn Syrup\u2014 Benson's Corn Starch\u2014*'Silver Gloss\" Laundry Starch, May we send you a copy of our new book, make all the difference between victory and defeat in poultry raising.Make sure that YOUR shells are properly loaded by giving your hens | Well Loaded Shells | Poultry b alts, Regulator Tones up the system, prevents disease.Keeps the fowls healthy and makes them lay heavily.Ensures fertile eggs and lively chicks.i At your dealer's in 25c pkgs.Larger money-saving sizes up to 100-lb.bags at $9.00.Write now for FREE Book, \u201cPoultry Wrinkles.\u201d PRATT FOOD CO.| OF CANADA, Limited 68-£ Claremont St., TORONTO: Wonder Working Clothes Washer Cut out your wash day troubles by owning one of our wonderful Vacuum Clothes Washers.Washes anything from the finest laces to the heaviest blankets.Can be used equally well for rinsing, blueing or dry cleaning with gasoline.Will last a life time, nothing to vet out of order.B35 aves rubbing and wearing out of the clothes.Does away with the washboard drudgery.$20 machines have been discarded for it.SPECIAL OFFER\u2014in order to convince the women that we sell the best Vacuum Washer made and to place one in every home in Canada, we will send it postpaid complete with handle and exhaust protectors, to any address for only $1.60.Perfect satisfaction guaranteed or your money returned.Order a washer to-day.Don\u2019t miss this great offer.Agents Wanted.GRANT & McMILLAN CO.Dept.K6.Box 353, Toronto, Ont.MARQUIS FERTILIZERS WITH POTASH The only real ones made with MEAT, BLOOD and BONES All the Marquis fertilizers are registered at the Federal Government.Catalogue sent on request with price list.Made by F.GANAG - MARQUIS QUEBEC, CANADA.AGENTS WANTED._ té ln 3\u201d Want np TL A Th 42D TANI Ro Wb Pl YI] RTS AE te Ga em Dir SC DI ae Hi Ta A rg THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE III \\A/aiel = Veig + a > fhe 5 Ml gu lien -\u2014; Every ome should | have FURNACE COMFORT Every year thousands are learning that solid winter comfort can be had for very low cost.If you are considerate of the comfort and happiness of your family, you too should investigate the heating question.A Hecla Mellow Air Furnace will usually cost from $90.to $150.More healthful or economical heating could not be purchased for treble that amount.That is because the Hecla ventilates as well as heats.It keeps the air pure.The Hecla alone has the guaranteed proof against impure air.Fused Joints seal the passages for gas and soot.These joints are guaranteed not to leak.Gas and dust can never get into the house.This is health protection that you cannot overlook.Moisture is another feature of Hecla Heating.The air is kept mellow by abundant water supply.The dryness that comes from even the most expensive forms of heating is entirely absent in the Hecla\u2014heated home.Consider now the fuel cost.No other furnace has triple heating surface.It saves fully one ton of coal in seven.Prove this statement.Ask one of the thousands of people who own Hecla heating plants.HEC MELLOW Al & See the Hecla.Try to find fault with it.You never saw better workmanship.You never saw a more complete job.Look at the big door.That door will take in big knotty chunks of wood.Spring and fall you can burn up waste wood and save coal.There is no sound reason why any man should delay securing the comforts of furnace heating.Inquire into the cost to-day.Write to us and tell us about your house.Send a rough plan.We will plan a heating system for you and quote for installing the Hecla Mellow Air Furnace complete.The booklet \u201cComfort & Health\u201d explains the features of the Hecla very clearly.A copy will be sent to anyone interested.CLARE BROS.& CO., LIMITED, Preston, Winnipeg, Vancouver.FOR SALE Lakeside Ayrshires AGENTS WANTED pe : 40 Swarms of bees in very good conditions.A few young bulls for sale from Record of IN all localities unrepresented or selling our Apply to PHILIPPE DUPONT, Notre-Dame of Performans dams, imported and Can- fruit and ornamental trees, Carolina poplars, : : ; \u20ac Norwegian maple with silver leaves; apples Stanbridge, Qué.nadiannbred, sired by Auchenbrain Sea trees from 5 to 6 ft., also grafts on roots.pion at both Quebec and Sherbrooke.Write for catalogue.Our trees are the most rustic in the province, grown and sold by Canadians.Catalogue, FOR SALE ; booklet, etc., furnished gratis to agents.Apply ONE registered Holstein bull, one year old in GEO.H.MONTGOMERY, Proprietor Expert Nurserymen, FREGEAU BROS, Rou- september, moderate price.Apply to Mr.Dominion Express Bldg., Montreal, Que.gemont Que.ARTHUR LABERGE, Châteauguay Bassin.D.McArthur, Mgr., Philipsburg, Que.Versus GAS O offset the high price of gasoline.the best engineering talent in the world has perfected light-weight steels and scientific body construction Despite its scarcity, aluminum islarge- ly used.Weight reduction has been accomplished in every part of the car except the top.All that is needed in a good top is found in RAYNTITE Single Texture Topping It is guaranteed one year against leakage.No top has a finer appearance, and although light in weight, it À has the required strength and is made to last as long as the car.Specify RAYNTITE Single Texture Topping for your 1917 car or re-top your auto with this guaranteed, lightweight, long service top material Ask for free booklet\u2019 The Top Question\u201d skfor samples of Rayntite T'opping- DU PONT FABRIKOID COMPANY TORONTO \u201cSALESMEN\u2014 Exclusive line for city, town or country.Big earnings guaranteed, Permanent all year job.No experience necessary.Write LUKE BROTHERS Limited, Montreal.\u201d Brantford Engines The highest grade.Run on Gas, Gasoline, Coal Oil, Naptha, ete.1% to 60 H.P.Stationary, Mounted and Traction.| _ es Brantford inamills Galvanized after made.Towers, Girted every five feet and double braced.GRAIN GRINDERS, PUMPS, TANKS, POWER SPRAYERS, STEEL SAW FRAMES, WATER BOXES, CONCRETE MIXERS, etc.Send for catalogue.Goold Shapley & Muir Co., LIMITED Brantford, Can da. IV THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE SIMPLICITY DEPENDABILITY DURABILITY ECONOMY Alpha Gas Engines are ideal for farm use WHILE THE \u201cALPHA\u201d IS A *SAW YOUR WOOD, good engine for any purpose, it is an ideal engine for farm use because there is no \u201cmystery\u2019 either in its construction or operation.IT IS SO SIMPLE THAT A boy can run it.Either gasoline or kerosene can be used, and it starts on the magneto and does not stop until you want it to.THE \u201cALPHA\u201d WORKS well and wears well, It is made from the very best material and its workmanship and design are high-grade in every particular, JUST THINK OF THE WORK an \u201cAlpha\u201d will do for you! CUT your fodder, grind your corn, pump your water, run your separator or your washing machine, and do it better than you can do it any other way.IT HAS NO BATTERIES TO fuss with or get run down or out of order.ALL AN \u201cALPHA\u201d NEEDS is to give it a supply of gasoline or kerosene, oil it up and give it a pull, and away it goes and will run as long as you want it to.AN \u201cALPHA\u201d WOULD BE A big labor-saver on your farm, and a money-maker, too.Eleven sizes, 2 to 28 horse-power.Each furnished in stationary, semi-portable, or portable style, and with either hopper or tank cooled cylinder.Send for catalogue.DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY COMPANY, Ltd.Largest Manufacturers of Dairy Supplies in Canada.Sole distributors in Canada of the famous DeLaval Cream Separators.Manufacturers of Ideal Green Feed Silos.Catalogues of any of our lines mailed upon request.MONTREAL PETERBORO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER E S P E C I A L LY SOON E BENFFICIAL FOR HORSES VIVAT\u2014the handy remedy\u2014a great friend to horses.It cures Coughs, Heaves, Broken- Wind, etc.I JIU SEN SR » 2111001 277 ILI 2277 NS.oN NN SN SN SPECIFIC FOR HORSES ALWAYS CURES te Henves (brecthing | and diseases of Mie respuratorp Organe in general, Rudnhon of Ura, Inteshne worm, Cole.Ei nm PRICESO CENTS.A De Ed.MORIN & CO Limited.Le- CONCULAR.QUEBLC.CANADA = | W d Kid T bl s FEELERS OLLI AEA TEIN ORES NN ALIS testina orms an idney Troubles.Spe- ; ; cial directions for each cases A great remedy for the Respiratory Organs._ It alse increases appetite, gives vigor, breath and endurance, specially to race horses an those travelling and working hardi th = 0 Beneficial in cases of Colic, In- 54 OMAZON\u2014the great producer of vigorous stock, is a Canadian Food and a medecine excellent for horses, pigs and poultry.It gives endurance, increases the appetite and gives vigor.As a blood purifier and for increasing the quantity of milk in mare and cow it is highly recommended.It is economical.It saves grain.Mixed with other food it makes a big saving in feed expenses.Saves on Feed Expenses Ask your merchant for these preparations.Watch the improvement in your stock.Write us for circulars.Dr.Ed.MORIN & Co., Limited CANADA o# MEDICINAL ORSES- CATTLE - SHEEP PIGS AND POULTRY THE DR.ED.Momik Meviciny Ga, sage Samars ¢ 8 MOU Tamy | QUEBEC Develop your Farm Nik with C.X.L.Stumping 4 I ll Make your waste lands profitable\u2014 get the full value of the rich soil in the stump lot.C.X.L.Stumping Powder is TheEconomicalWay te blow out the stumps, blast the boulders, dig ditches and tree holes and break up hardpan.It does these things easier, quicker and cheaper than is otherwise possible.Safe as gun powder.There is money in agricultural blasting.Ask us for our proposition.Send for free booklet \u201cFarming with Dynamite.\u201d Canadian Explosives, Limited, 804 Transportation Bldg., Montreal.Western Office, Victoria, B.C.2 194 Spade planted a) \u2019 > SY sp CE i ae R WE a « Vies \u2019 A Soil-bound roots Planted with C.X.L.clean the bowls, just re- of them.They cut out move the rubber plug at hours of work.the bottom, and rinse out Write for illustrated any sediment or feed that has v la 7 More Milk | Milk is 87 to 88% water.A cow must be given over 4 quarts of water before she can produce a gallon of milk.Incrase milk production by giving your cows lots of water.Never let them go thirsty.Never drive them out on cold winter days to drink icy water from | spring or trough, for they will not take half what they need for a maximum milk production.A water bowl outfit which keeps a constant supply of fresh water before them all the time will pay for itself in 0 days by increasing the milk yield.\\ waté® Bowls | These are strong bowls, very simple in their construction, a valve keeps feed from getting into the pipes and clogging them.To Once you install these BT Water Bowls, your cows are watered automatically; BT Bowls practically take care of themselves.You have scarcely to think in each bowl rte folder that tells what the collected.cows think of Water Bowl 5° Outfits.We will send it free to any man who & will fill in and mail & the coupon.They are 5 inches deeper than most bowls ; because of their depth there is no trouble with water splashing out.Beatty Bros., Limited BEATTY BRCS.#° LIMITED R253 Selby Ave, 9 Westmount, R 253 SELBY AVE, Send Montreal.; end me your illustrated a WESTMOUNT, folder that tells what the sois MONTREAL.cows think of a water bowl outfit.7 have.Name., .PO.« +.COWS oo Prove.oy a We ja ET THIS BOOKLET EN EE EE EN EE ew 0 FERN AR TR TT ] Ce - EE EEE VE EE EEE THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE qd \u2018 A Whale for Work Sleeve=Valve Motor When it comes to pulling long hard hills 1 That's a vital advantage to the man who with twisting, turning country roads\u2014 doesn\u2019t live on a paved street next door \u2019 to the garage.1 When it comes down to real work, day in and day out, month after month, year after year\u2014 { Besides all the tremendous advantages of the Willys-Knight motor for everyday work in any kind of weather on every kind of road, the Willys -Knight has everything else you could ask in a strictly The Willys-Knight is the one type of out of adjustment \u2014 so you say goodbye to the two chief causes of motor layups, when you get a Willys-Knight.It's the Willys-Knight \u2014 the beautiful car with the work-motor.; motor that can stand up and deliver\u2014 up-to-date motor car.1 never weakening but getting stronger all .the time.Style\u2014beauty\u2014 .T Its the sleeve-valve motor \u2014 the Willys- 7.Comfort\u2014conveniences.u Knight motor \u2014 a whale for work \u2014 h doubt i nd ab i and always at it.1 Is there any doubt in your mind about | y | what car belongs on the farm ?There\u2019s | TT Carbon doesn\u2019t hurt it \u2014 valves can\u2019t get only one answer\u2014 { See the Overland dealer \u2014 he\u2019ll show you the simple mechanical reasons for the greater power, durability and eco- 1 It will pile up thousands upon thousands of miles more running than you can get : out of any other type of motor.nomy of the Willys-Knight motor.3 il And the last miles will be better than the 1 Get right down to business with him \u2014 \u2018i first.- go to the bottom of this motor question È : \u2014get a Willys-Knight and know the 1 The motor almost never needs go to the satisfaction no other motor car can give shop\u2014 you.Catalogue on request.Please address Department 842 Willys-Overland, Limited Head Office and Works, West Toronto, Canada OOOO OR OOO OEE pese Vv nN = = = = = = Nn hasty VI THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Electric Light and Power on YOUR Farm A day\u2019s hard toil around the farm and what then ?Half-an-hour cleaning and filling those old-fashioned kerosene lamps and lanterns ?And this\u2014just to get a dim, unsatisfactory, dangerous glimmer\u2014a light that gives off smoke and smell.But the day of the oil lamp is past.Delco-Light is here\u2014a complete, reliable isolated electric plant\u2014that lights every nook and corner of your farm at the turning of a switch.Home can now be as brilliant and cheerful at nights as any home in the city.Chores in the outbuilding can be attended to in a good, bright, safe light that makes the work just half as long and better done.Just turn the switch\u2014house, upstairs, downstairs, hay-loft stables, at the pump, down the lane\u2014everywhere you can have a flood of brilliant light\u2014without a minute\u2019s trouble.BIG FOLDER Mechanically Right, Economical, Safe, YI JK J& Our space is too limited Easy to Operate, Trouble Proof .to tell you here all that Delco-Light is a complete electric plant all in itself.It com- the Delco-Light plant is, and all the advant- bines in one compact unit, gas engine, dynamo for generat- ages it brings.You cannot afford any longer ing current, specially designed storage batteries, and switch- to be without electricity on your farm.Write, board.It is the first completely reliable electric plant ever then to your nearest Canadian Office, get our introduced in so compact a form and able to deliver 750 ig illustrated folder describing Delco-Light.watts.It is mechanically correct\u2014yet needs no mechanical big illus : skill to operate.Gas engine is air-cooled, starts on pressing Study it closely\u2014the more you think about 3 lever, stops itself when batteries are fully charged.Current Delco-Light\u2014the greater do its possibilities for all the lights required.Battery alone\u2014without engine on your farm appear.running will carry fifteen 20-watt lights for eight hours.Low-voltage system\u201432 volts\u2014saves expense, eliminates any Delco-Light was developed by the same company conceivable danger, yet sufficiently powerful to run making the world-famous Delco starting and lighting gma]]l machines.Churn, cream separator, washer, food- und Ignition plants for automobiles.chopper\u2014can all be run by Delco-Light.Water too can be pumped by electric power.Saves hours of time and DO M ESTI C toil.Cannot go wrong\u2014it is practically trouble-proof.And any average farm can be lighted for less than 5 ENGINEERING cents a day.The full cost of Delco-Light $375 plant with batteries fully charged is.COMPANY Agents wanted A big enthusiastic organization E h is meeting with enormous suc- : verywhere cess in achieving through Delco- Dayton, Ohio Write now for Light the great ideal of \u201cElec- .tricity for EVERY Home in open Territory Canada.\u201d C.HH ROOKE Delco-Light Distributor for Ontario and Quebec 3 ds 168 BAY STREET A = SE) Toronto f \u2014\u2014-\u201d mu; \u201cMAPLE LEAF\u201d Stitched Cotton Belting A BELT that is the most economical, truest running and strongest belt on the market.Being thoroughly waterproof it is particularly well adapted for general farm use such as threshing machines, gasoline engines and other farm machinery.Also suitable for saw mills, flour mills, ete.ASK FOR \u201cMAPLE LEAF\u201d BELTING IT IS CHEAPER THAN RUBBER OR LEATHER BELTING.DOMINION BELTING CO., LIMITED HAMILTON, ONT.Montreal Office : \u2014 50 Notre Dame Street W.~~; 2e > \u2014 wr \u2014\u2014 0.Days FREE -Send No M We don\u2019t ask you to pay us a cent until you have 4 used this wonderful modern white light in your own home ten days, ÿ then you may return it at our expense if not perfectly satisfied.#1 You can\u2019t possibly luse a cent.We want to prove to you that it makes Bl an ordinary oil lamp look like a candle; beats electric, gasoline or acety- gf{ lene.Lights and is put out like old oil lamp.Tests by Government 4 and 34 leading Universities show that it Burns 70 Hours cn Gne Gallon common coal oil (kerosene), no odor, smoke or noise, simple, clean, won't yy explode, Three million people already cnjoyirg this powerful, white, g steady light, nearest to sunlight.Won Gold Medal at Panama Exposition.Greatest invention of the age.Guaranteed.$ Reward will be given to the person who shows us an oillamp equal to the new Aladdin in every way (details of offer given in our circular).We wantone user in each locality to whom we cun refer custom- Y ers.To that person we have a special introductory offer to make, ours under which one lamp is given free.Write quick for our 10-Day FRE E : Absolutely Free Trial Proposition and leurn how to get one free.i i] MANTLE LAMP COMPANY, 513 Aladdin Building, MONTREAL ; Largest Coal Qil (Kerosena) Mantle Lamp House in the World : ; Our trial delivery plan makes it easy.No previous experience .i Men With Rigs Make home und small town, homo will buy ter trying.\u201cGn Farmer who Mad.r ver, id anything in bis Ce, C8: © st seven us.\u2019 rig'cusen gavs; \u2018* e $100 to $300 Per Mo.arficie that aclls so easilu * Norring Enys: \u201c52 mer cent of homes Vinited bought,\" Phillis 8 saya: rase a =.lm sms wn wt Pr a amt ve yma \u201cAGENTS\u2014Salary and commission, to sell FARMS FOR SALE Red Tag Stock.Complete exclusive lines, FINE Farms for sale in the beautiful County Specially hardy.Grown only by us\u2014sold only of Stanstead Que., on good roads, near good by our Agents.Elegant free samples.Write .F h , now to DOMINION NURSERIES, Mont Towns.A list of good Farms to choose from real.\u201d .Write E.W.HAY, Stanstead, Que, EM TTR nan.gy = re STI a RAR Sire RS RTE etes a Le TT gay 2 Ha pren \u2014\u2014\u2014 = \u2019 64 All matters relating to the reading columns must be addressed to Prof.W.Lochhead, Macdonald College P.O., P.Q.ISSUED FOR RATES MONTHLY OF ADVERTISEMENTS, BY THE ) ETC., ADDRESS DEPARTMENT OF ( , THE CANADA AGRICULTURE A PUBLISHING CO.] OF THE Limited, PROVINCE OF 73 St-Jacques, QUEBEC.Montréal.JAGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Circulation - 88,798 7,252 81,546 ENGLISH, FRENCH, Volume 20 OCTOBER 1st 1916 EDITORIAL PRESENT-DAY AGRICULTURAL NEEDS HE vast powers of the Government at the present time compel us to ponder over the part the Government should take in remedying the conditions relating to agricultural production and distribution.Regarding production the provincial and federal governments are doing much to increase efficiency, but we all know that that term is still far from being understood by the great majority of our farmers.We are far behind Great Britain and much farther behind Germany in agricultural efficiency.A recent report by T.H.Middleton, Assistant Secretary of the British Board of Agriculture, shows that the average 100-acre farm of Germany produces vastly more than the average 100-acre farm in Great Britain, in spite of the fact that the soil and climate are more favorable in the latter country.In Canada important agencies are working for increased efficiency of production, but we must confess the progress is slow\u2014very slow.À few vears ago a practical farmer showed that by following modern methods his farm produced more than twice the amount produced on the average farm of the province.It is, however, in the matter of distribution of farm products that most attention should now be given.The marketing of farm products requires, we believe, more governmental supervision and help.It is a complex question, but it is one that affects both the producer and the consumer.The case of the control of sugar by the British Government at the beginning of the war is suggestive of possible remedial action in other necessary commodities.The Government took control of the sugar supply and the sugar market.It purchased 85 million dollars worth, fixed wholesale and retail prices, laid a war tax of 214 cents per pound, and still raised the price to consumers by only one cent per pound.Under the present system of distribution much waste and speculation may be observed, and too much of the proceeds goes to the transporter and the middleman.No other agency than the Government can adjust matters so as to give fair play to the producer, the middleman and the consumer.A recent writer sums up the matter in these words: \u2014\u201cThe farmer needs to organize for the\" standardization of his products; for better packing in uniform packages; for the provision of better storage facilities; for the application of better business methods; for a proper adjustment of production to requirements of consumption; for the collection, dissemination and effective use of market information (especially concerning perishable crops) as to crop areas, conditions, prospective supply, prices, and conditions affecting demand; for opening new markets, both domestic and foreign; and also to provide suitable facilities for preserving and utilizing surpluses.which are sure to occur in the best organized and adjusted agriculture\u201d.TOO MANY AGRICULTURAL GRADUATES UR esteemed contemporary, the \u201cCanadian Farm,\u201d sees trouble ahead when the \u201cfive Canadian Agricultural Colleges\u201d get into full swing and turn out their annual quota of grad- nates.It fears a surplus of experts when conditions become normal again after the war.We confess that such a possible condition does not trouble us.The congestion, if it occurs, will bring with it its own remedy.Some of the graduates will undoubtedly go back to the farm, and some will go into other lines of work.- The presence of graduates of agricultural colleges in other professions will in the long run work out for the promotion of agriculture.At the present time the professional and business men of the country do not take sufficient interest in agriculture, mainly, we believe, because they do not understand the real status of agriculture and the problems of the farmer.We would like to see the day when more of our legislators are agricultural college graduates, for greater support would then be given to matters relating to progressive agricultural legislation.We believe too that after the war more graduates will be required, for the war has taught us a lesson as to the value of experts.Fifteen years ago what prophet predicted the employment of hundreds of graduates as County Representatives?And this work is yet in its infancy.Perhaps every township will have its graduate; who knows?In addition, every branch of agriculture will have its research graduates working on problems which require solution.This field of work is wide and pressing but the workers present are few.Our farmers must be taught to farm intensively by the application of new methods.Moreover, the economics of agriculture has scarcely been touched, yet here lies a most promising line of work for scores of trained graduates.The day is coming, we think, when there will be two kinds of agricultural schools in Canada\u2014one preparing young men and women for return to the farms, by courses very like those offered in the present two-year courses; the other preparing graduate experts for research work, county representatives, teachers etc.Perhaps every county will have one of the former, and every province one of the latter.STALLION INSPECTION DEMANDED HE subject broached by Dr.N.E.McEwen in our Live Stock Department this month is one which in our opinion is not only important but urgent.Quebec is decidedly behind the times in failing to legislate against the public service of undesirable stallions.Some twenty years ago a law prohibiting the standing of unsound stallions was put upon the statute books, but Dr.D.McEachran, through whose efforts it was adopted, tells us that it was not favorably received in the rural districts and was only in force a few years.It is a pity that the farmers generally in that day were not as far-sighted as Dr.McEachran and the legislators who worked with him.In the valuable time which we have since lost all the other provinces have adopted restrictive laws and Quebec is in imminent danger of becoming, if indeed it has not already become, a dumping ground for the horses which are not tolerated elsewhere.Besides, the sale of our good horses is hurt by the reputation the province has for laxity in the control of breeding.How the question strikes our leading horse breeders will be evident from the following extracts from letters we have received: \u2014 Dr.D.McEachran, Ormstown: \u201cThat it is absolutely necessary I do not hesitate to say\u201d.Mr.Robert Ness, Howick: \u201cI brought the matter up in our Board in 1914 and a resolution was adopted favoring the system\u201d.Dr.E.Watson, Manager Mount Victoria Stock Farm, Hudson Heights: \u201cI would be strongly in favor of it.It is necessary to make it strong and soon\u201d.Mr.J.E.Arnold, Grenville: \u201cA good thing if carried far enough to cut out the scrub horse, but at present it would be necessary to allow the enrolment of sound grade draft stallions, sons of.registered sires\u2019.Mr.Wm.Hodgins, Portage du Fort: \u201cI certainly think it would be a move in the right direction\u201d.Mr.Wm.Nussey, Howick Station: \u201cI am strongly in favor of it.Do away altogether with grade and unsound stallions\u2019\u2019, These opinions are unanimous, but if there are arguments to be presented on the other side the Journal will be glad to give them space and consideration.It will be noted that Dr.McEwen proposes to recognize sound unregistered and grade stallions for a period of five years.The status of unsound registered horses is not referred to in his recommendations.This leaves a difficult question.Are the owners of such stallions to be immediately deprived of the value of their property?If so, are they to receive compensation for their losses?How is the amount of such compensation to be fixed?The question of the expense of enrolment and inspection is also left open.Dr.Watson has suggested that the expense be divided, the owner paying an enrolment fee and the Government undertaking the expenses of inspection.It seems to us only fair that the owners of sound purebred stallions, who would receive the most direct benefit from a restrictive law should bear at least a part of the expense of its enforcement.And the same consideration applies to the owners of sound grades in the limited period during which it is proposed to tolerate such sires.On the other hand there can be no question that the proposed measure is to the general interest - of the province, and the province as a whole might reasonably be expected to bear a share of the cost of administering the law. 70 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE CONTENTS DITORIAL:\u2014Present Day Agricultural Needs.\u2014Too Many Agricultural Graduates.Stallion Inspection Demanded.\u2014Notes by the Way.\u2014Our Rural School Course of Study.RCHARD AND GARDEN:\u2014The Summer Meeting of the Quebec Pomological Society.\u2014 Dead Areas on Trunks of Apple Trees.Packing the 1916 Apple Crop.\u2014Harvesting Apples.ARM AND FARM CROPS:\u2014Rot of Turnips and Swedes.\u2014Lachute Fair a Leader.\u2014Black Leg of Potatoes.\u2014Distribution of Seed Grain and Potatoes from the Dominion Experimental Farms, 1916-17.\u2014 Huntingdon Fair.\u2014 The Macdonald College Exhibit at Sherbrooke Fair\u2014The Compost Heap.\u2014A Rot of Turnips and Swedes.\u2014 Black Rot of Cabbages.IVE STOCK :\u2014Important Live Stock Sales.\u2014 Stallion Inspection.\u2014Too Many Light Hogs arriving on the Market.\u2014Sherbrooke Fair.\u2014The Judging Competition at Sherbrooke Exhibition.\u2014 Sir Spencer, one of Canada\u2019s famous Horses, dead.\u2014Howick-Huntingdon Ayrshire Club.\u2014 Auction Sale of Live Stock.AIRY :\u2014Creamery Butter Awards.\u2014Quebec Cheese Awards at the Toronto Exhibition.\u2014 Four Dairy Farmers.OULTRY :\u2014Poultry at the Sherbrooke Fair.\u2014 Market Eggs.OMAN'S WORLD:\u2014Dunham Homemakers\u2019 Club.\u2014 Howick Homemakers\u2019 Club.\u2014Foods and Food Values.ENERAL INTEREST : \u2014 \u201cTheir Admiral, G God\u201d.\u2014 The Readers.\u2014Agricultural Instruction.\u2014 What Quebec Might do in Fruit Production.\u2014Prices in Canada, 1915.\u2014The Responsibilities of Live Stock Judges.\u2014Review.\u2014Map of Ontario and Quebec \u2014 What do You Think of it ?\u2014Get- ting Rid of Ants.\u2014The Sheep Industry.\u2014Goats Protect Agains Dogs.\u2014Breed Belgian Horses.\u2014 The Physiology of Ripening.\u2014Plants as Travellers.\u2014Is Farmin a Business 7\u2014A Future for the Young Breeder \u2014Making Use of Untillable Land.\u2014 Mystery of Milk Production.\u2014Cultivation in the Fall \u2014Ten Essentials for the Production of Clean Safe Milk \u2014A Good Farm Lease.\u2014Shelter the Implements.\u2014The Coals of Fire Method.NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscribers and members of agricultural societies, of farmers\u2019 clubs and of the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association, who do not regularly receive either the English or the French Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture are requested to address thier complaints to the Secretaries of their respective Societies, who will transmit them to the Secretary of the Council of Agriculture at Quebec.A third question worthy of consideration is the method of enforcing the law.Dr.McEwen proposes a board of three inspectors for each district\u2014two breeders and a veterinary.How are these inspectors to be selected, and is there to be a central authority to regulate and intruct them?The Province of Saskatchewan has a central board charged with the duties of issuing the licences, appointing, training and instructing the examiners and advising the Minister of Agriculture respecting the administration of the Act.Would such a central board be advisable in this province?If so how should it be constituted?As to the publication of information about stallions, Dr.McEwen merely suggests that no advertisement should contain misleading information and that all advertisements of a stallion should contain a true and accurate description of the horse.This seems to us to require a little closer definition.What constitutes an accurate description?What if the horse is not advertised?In some provinces the law requires that the horse\u2019s licence or registration certificate (which states his grade) shall be displayed in every building in which he stands for service.Dr.Watson makes another very good suggestion to the effect that the bill for a stallion\u2019s services- must include a statement of his grade or class.This would surely be an effectual safeguard for the mare owner.Upon these and all other questions of detail we invite discussion.Upon the desirability and even urgent necessity for a law restricting and eventually eliminating the use of unsound and grade stallions there is no question in our own minds, but that topic also is open if anybody cares to take it up.Let us hear from our readers.NOTES BY THE WAY Quebec Butter and Cheese GAIN Quebec stood first in the butter exhibits and carried off a large number of prizes in the cheese exhibits at the recent Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto.(See list of awards in another column).\u201cFarm and Dairy\u201d, commenting on the dairy awards, says: \u201cBoth the Quebec and Western butter won on quality and deserved the awards they obtained.The effect of the grading of cream, as practised in the West, accounts for the success of the Western provinces, while the whole milk system followed in Quebec, as well as the strict manner in which the raw material is handled on receipt at the creamery, showed its beneficial effects in the excellent quality of the Quebec butter shown.\u201d * * * Excellent Readable Pamphlets.The war is doing an excellent service for Canadian agriculture in causing the production of a large number of excellent practical and useful pamphlets and bulletins.We wish to refer particularly to Dr.F.T.Shutt\u2019s \u201cSoil Fertility\u201d, which deals with the economic maintenance and increase of fertility of the soil.The properties, the value and the application of farm-yard manures are discussed, the facts having been gathered from a long series of experiments.The importance of keeping manure compact and protected from rain is emphasized; otherwise much of the fertilizing constituents is lost.Attention is also directed to the manurial value of clover, and to the commercial fertilizers.Every up-to- date farmer should read \u201cSoil Fertility\u201d carefully during the coming winter.* kk Department Publications Perhaps few persons realize the extent of the operations under the control, either directly or indirectly, of the provincial Department of Agriculture.A perusal of the Minister's Annual Report will show the far-reaching activities of a wideawake department.The expansion has been quite marked in the last three years, due partly at least to the grants given the province under the Agricultural Instruction Act.There have recently come to our desk the Reports of the Quebec Pomological and Fruit Growing Society, the Eighth Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants; Bulletin No.4, \u201cTwelve Years of Practice and Experiment in the Poultry Yard\u201d; Bulletin No.22, \u201cA Study of some Diseases of Cattle in Quebec;\u201d \u201cThe Law respecting the Dairy Association of the Province of Quebec,\u201d Bulletin No.23, \u201cThe Principal Species of Injurious Insects and Plant Diseases,\u201d by Canon Huard, Circular No.18, \u201cAgricultural School Museums,\u201d Circular No.19, \u201cAgricultural School Fairs,\u201d and Circular No.20, \u201cInformation to Small Holders.\u201d These circulars have been prepared by the Horticultural Branch.0k 0% Rise in Dairy Products The farmer is coming into his own.He is being recompensed for his labor and the capital invested.It is ali very well for the city consumer to clamor for low prices of food supplies, but if he were to sit down and make a calculation as to the cost of production he would find that the price paid the farmer even now does not allow of much profit.Dr.P.H.Bryce, Chief Medical Officer, Dept.of the Interior, Ottawa, in a recent article in \u201cThe Citizen\u201d (Aug.26) has this to say of the dairyman\u2019s profits: The agricultural department estimates that the average annual amount of milk supplied per cow is from five thousand (5,000) to five thousand five hundred (5,500) pounds.At the present price of 17 cents per gallon the farmer in the Ottawa district gets 1.7 cents per pound, or $93.50 per annum.Against this must be set the cost of feed, estimated at $40, and probably more during the long winters of this district, to which amount must be added the farmer\u2019s labor, losses, depreciation and possible poor crops.It is very certain that a single farmer will be kept busy growing feed, milking and caring for ten cows, and it is difficult to see how at these prices he can make even moderate wages for himself.It is therefore probable, with the price of labor governed largely by wages in cities, that the lack of profits accounts for the farmer's inability to employ adequate labor and for the discouragement which is having the effect seen in the reduction of the dairy herds.OUR RURAL SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY N the September number of the Journal one of the means of measuring rural school efficiency was said to be the type of curriculum authorized for rural schools.The course of study authorized for our Quebec elementary schools may quite easily be criticised by an outsider.But it must be considered from the evolutionary standpoint and compared with what existed four or fourteen years ago before a just estimate can be reached.A Theoretical Course of Study If one had a really good chance to work one\u2019s will on a school course of study, doubtless many good things would be inserted and no bad or useless subjects would be tolerated.But few people have such a chance to originate a ready-made curriculum for a new set of schools.We wish we could have that opportunity for undoubtedly we would start with few prejudices and would consider merely what the children ought to be taught.We would all agree that they should be taught to read and write and to do such practical sums as we thought they might meet in real life.So the three R\u2019s might be included, but I hope we would not include the old fashioned type of arithmetic, of which more shall be said later.We would also include a knowledge of the mother tongue and of good books of prose and re sai re mp THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 71 poetry.For we all wish to enjoy reading the best books and magazines.However, we would probably exclude Anglo-Saxon and old English because we are not turning out scholars and pedants but merely everyday people like ourselves.The question of grammar we would answer very readily:\u2014\u201cNo grammar unless it helps children to write or speak better\u201d.The present grammar books and grammar teaching would be cast out into utter darkness.We would not allow a subject to be diverted from its real purpose.If grammar helps children to speak and write correctly, then admit as much as will make the children better speakers and writers.If grammar is to be studied for its own sake or for the sake of the beautiful mental training it is supposed to give, then we should cut it off from the tree of knowledge as an obnoxious fungus and burn it to make sure of killing it.We would also teach the geography and history of our own land but,\u2014not from the present geography textbook.The geography we should teach is the physical nature of the earth\u2019s surface and of the natural phenomena that effect man and his life.It would be more useful to know the rainfall and climate and agricultural possibilities than to know all the countries of the world and their capitals by heart.The artificial political divisions of the earth should be taken last of all in a school course.Canadian history should be known thoroughly; and, as a part of English history has direct bearing on Canadian history, we would teach that too.But no other history should enter our rural schools.Then we would also teach our children how to care for their health and strength.That means Hygiene.But we would censor any book that talked in Latin regarding such an everyday thing as the human body.As we are dealing with rural schools only, we would include real nature study and elementary agriculture, even if they could only be taught from books.For the knowledge and the ideas could at least be imparted.Of course knowledge is of no use unless practised and there lies the rub.Whether is it better to keep teeth clean with a tooth brush every day, or merely to know that that is a good thing to do, without actually doing it?We would all, however, like to see real work done along the line of teaching good elementary agriculture to rural school pupils.The girls, too, should get household science work, cooking if possible, but certainly sewing and knitting and repairing clothes.The very Indian squaws and braves had a better preparation for their life work, as they considered it, than our young boys and girls in the country had ten years ago for their life work.Manual training for boys would be taken while girls had household science work, but we would change the present idea of manual training.Every well equipped rural school should have a set of ordinary carpenter\u2019s tools and a small forge.A boy should be allowed to make any article or repair any implement he cares to exercise his skill upon\u2014 always under supervision of course.It is not necessary for every boy to be doing the same thing at the same time.Whenever manual training ceased to deal with real useful articles and began to be supported by arguments of mental training and coordination of hand and eye we would cut it out of the curriculum, as having lost its reason for existence.Why, even putting on our boots in the morning and adjusting a necktie is co-ordination of hand and eye, but we do these things because they are necessary and useful in our life, and not because of any silly notion of manual training.We would also have singing and drawing taught: singing, because people enjoy singing and ought to get this necessary luxury at school;\u2014drawing, also as a luxury and one of the refinements of life which, however, is most useful as well as edifying.The Quebec Course of Study Now that we have considered superficially what we should do if we had a chance of starting afresh, we come back to our senses again to find that we have an actual situation to face and that, therefore, we must do the best we can in a contrary world.That is really the condition of our rural course of study to-day.It is better than it was, and it is a big improvement on the former curriculum.The text books are better though in some cases more expensive.On the whole we have good reason to be satisfied with what it was possible to get done.The first thing we find is that our scheme of study incudes Scripture and French\u2014two subjects that we did not contemplate in our ideal course.It is unfortunate that religious differences split our schools into two and our population into two.As, however, these things exist, our Protestant schools are justified in continuing a strong course in Scripture, Our country with its holidays and Sundays is organized as a Christian country and, therefore, as Christianity is its basis, even our Jewish citizens might with advantage learn our scripture history.The new course in Scripture follows the scheme of the International Graded Sunday School lessons and is more in harmony with principles of teaching than the former one.French is taught or is supposed to be taught.I fear it is neglected in rural schools.But there are very strong reasons for learning to speak, read, write, and understand French in this province.What we must avoid is book Fench, French literature, classics such as Moliere and complicated French grammar.We should aim only at the modern conversational and reading knowledge of French.The English course of study is better now than it has ever been; the readers are still the same, but the books for extensive reading are a real pleasure to children.Such books as the Child\u2019s Garden of Verses, Tales from Grimm, Andersen\u2019s Tales, Robinson Crusoe, Arabian Nights, Golding\u2019s Story of Livingstone, Scott\u2019s Ivanhoe, the Courtship of Miles Standish and many other poems, make excellent reading for children up to the seventh year of school work.More importance is being given to class reading and discussion than formerly.Other books are used for close study which usually means murder of the poem or prose passage by dissection; murder not by lynch law or in hasty temper, but cool, cold, calculating murder according to the laws nf grammar and composition.The composition work should improve steadily in the new course of study, but our grammar books and courses are not ideal by any means.Nor is their successful teaching from the examination point of view much benefit from the practical point of view.If knowledge of book grammar is to be judged by the speech of those who pass school leaving examinations, we still have great improvement to make in that direction, from the point of view of carrying precept into practice.The History stories in the Piers Plowman books are excellent and beautifully illustrated.In Grades six and seven our rural elementary schools complete the Story of Canada and we trust that the children will acquire as strong a love for their duties and responsibilities as they do for their rights and privileges.The story of Canada is probably the most romantic and thrilling story of all the nations and therefore, the easiest to teach.Then there are some textbooks we would like to see the parents read, as well as the children.Such books as the Arithmetic books and Calfee\u2019s Rural Arithmetic are filled with practical problems that confront farmers in their business every day.It may interest readers to know that a Macdonald College lecturer revised the Arithmetic books for Canadian use and that many of the problems, especially agricultural ones, were suggested by Macdonald College professors.The old eighteenth century arithmetic contained problems that were practical in their day.For instance, A puts $600 into a business for 6 months and B puts $350 for 12 months.If the business makes $490 profit at the end of the year, how shoud these profits be divided between A and B?But such methods of doing business are now obsolete in these days of Joint Stock Companies.Then there used to be the leaking tank problem.Two pipes filled a tank, but a leak or another pipe emptied it.Puzzle\u2014find how long it would take to empty or fill the tank.Of course nowadays we send for plumbers to stop the leaks.Another favorite used to be two trains overtaking one another, by starting at different times, at different speeds.Puzzle\u2014find when they would overtake one another.The modern boy wonders what kind of an accident would take place in such circumstances.Still another is the hands-of-a-clock problem.At what exact second are the two hands together after three o'clock?This is always a useless and silly question.It could, moreover, be better solved by algebra than by arithmetic.But all these problems were retained in textbooks not because they kept their original practical value, for some of them were never practical, but because they gave good mental discipline.We all know now, however, that one can get just as good mental gymnastics in thinking over practical problems as in puzzling out nonsensical or obsolete problems.If we were in a flippant mood we might even say that old fashioned arithmetic books were immoral because they were filled with bad examples.Now, however, Quebec has in Smith\u2019s Arithmetics better practical textbooks than any other province.Another book that parents should read is Hatch and Hazelwood\u2019s Elementary Agriculture which is prescribed for Grades VI, VII and VIII.It will not only do good to pupils while at school, but will prove serviceable to them in later life.Still another book in this category is Gulick\u2019s \u201cHow to be Healthy\u201d which unfortunately is for the teachers\u2019 use only.But \u201cThe Story-of the Human Body\u201d, published by Nelson & Sons and used in grade seven, ought to be read and pondered by all in every farm home.So many farm wells are polluted by house and barnyard drainage, so many farm children as well as city children get milk from tubercular cows, so many unhygieniec conditions exist, without our rural population being even aware of them, that it is high time some remedy were applied through educating the young children, if the old are too old to learn.One of the greatest public services open to the rural school is teaching the principles of better living, greater health and happiness, longer life and physical fitness.The last two subjects are drawing and music.No apologies need be given for these.The courses prescribed are the best we can have in our circumstances, and we all like to see children express themselves in colour work and show their happiness in songs.The Textbook Question Considerable discussion of the authorized textbooks has arisen in teachers\u2019 conventions and the public press.But the discussion has never alleged that the textbooks were faulty or poor material for learning and teaching purposes.On the contrary, it is agreed that they are very good and better than those in use in some other provinces.The complaints have always been about the high prices of them.Now there are three systems of paying for textbooks.The first which exists in British Columbia is the easiest from the parents\u2019 point of view.The government and the school boards provide the textbooks free to children.This does not mean that the books in British Columbia do not cost any money at all, but merely that the general tax payer and not the parent foots the bill.The second system exists in Ontario.There the Department of Education pays the authors for the copyright, and provides electro-plates to the printer.Contracts are awarded by tender to any publisher who agrees to sell the book with stated quality of paper at the lowest price.Hence the T.Eaton Company manage to sell a textbook for the cost of the paper it is printed upon because they have no type to pay for and no royalties to the author.But the books have to be paid for all the same: in this case the general tax payer pays the largest share and the parent the smallest share of the total cost. 72 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE The third way is the straightforward way of making the parents pay for their children\u2019s own books.In Quebec this means more to the parent than the Ontario system which we could not adopt here for business reasons.Our Protestant population is too small for the profitable writing and printing of special textbooks for Quebec children.We have by force of circumstances to adopt the system of purchase in the open market.Unless the tax payers are willing to shoulder the burden, so-called free textbooks are a long way off yet, though in these days we are rapidly coming to the time when the government and the general taxpayer will provide free textbooks as well as free education for all.This is the only democratic solution of the problem of giving equal educational opportunities to all.SINCLAIR LAIRD THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD THE SUMMER MEETING OF THE QUEBEC POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY A large Attendance, a fine Programme, an instructive Visit to the Orchards of La Trappe, and Co-operative Sessions with the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants.HE annual summer meeting of the Pomological Society was held in the Agricultural College, La Trappe, on September 6th and 7th.There was a large attendance, representative of different parts of the province.A pleasant feature of the meeting was the presence of many of the instructors and pupils of the Oka Agricultural College.The following is a list of the persons present: \u2014 Professor W.Lochhead, Macdonald College, president; Peter Reid, Chateauguay Basin, Secretary-Treasurer; Rev.Abbot.Dom Pacome Gaboury; Director of the Agricultural School, Rev.Jean de la Croix; Fathers Leopold, Athanase, and Stanislaus; Abbé Lévasseur.Ste Anne de la Po- catiere; Professor Ponton, Messrs Rousseau, Raymond and Cloutier; Revs.Fontanel, Corcoran, and Bellemare, Montreal; S.Roy, Director of Fruit Experiment Stations, Quebec; Messrs J.C.Chapais, St.Denis-en-bas; G.Maheu, Entomologist, Quebec; Brother Benjamin, La Trappe; Messrs Robert Brodie, Westmount; G.P.Hitchcock, Massawippi; Marshall and McKerley, Abbotsford; Webber and Thompson, Hudson; Professors Bunting and Fraser, Dr.Hamilton, Messrs Hammond, DuPorte, Tawse, Dickson, Skinner and W.J.Reid, Macdonald College; J.S.Dash, Assistant Director of Dept.of Agriculture, Barbados, W.I.; Messrs Baxter and Grind- ley, Fruit Division, Ottawa.The following was the programme: \u2014 President's Address, Prof.W.Lochhead, Macdonald College.Address of Welcome, Dom Pacome Gaboury, La Trappe., \u201cApple Growing, Past and Present\u201d, Robert Brodie, Montreal.\u201cPear Culture in Eastern Quebec\u201d, J.C.Chapais, St.Denis.\u201cSmall Fuit Packages and Packing\u201d, C.W.Baxter, Ottawe.\u201cCo-operation\u201d, Father Bellemare, \u201cComptoir\u201d, Montreal.Field Day, visiting Orchards and collecting Specimens.Classification of Specimens, their Value or Destructiveness to the Fruit-grower discussed.\u201cFruit Canning\u201d.Rev.Father Athanase, La Trappe.\u201cThe MacIntosh and Fameuse\u2014Money Makers\u201d.Prof.Bunting, Macdonald College.\u201cSome Items that lead to Success in Fruit Growing\u201d.Rev.Father Leopold, La Trappe.The President\u2019s address was followed by an address of welcome by the new abbot of the Tray- pist monastery, Dom Pacome Gaboury, who expressed pleasure on behalf of himself and his brethren at the presence of so many devotes of pomology, a science to which the Trappist fathers had devoted much study.Mr.Robert Brodie of Westmount who is one of the oldest growers in the province, gave many reminiscences of the earlier days of orcharding and of the men who founded the industry in Quebec.He was most enthusiastic over the prospects for apple growing, especially in the case of the MacIntosh Red and Fameuse, which he declared could not fail in the long run, if properly cultivated, to prove THE QUEBEC POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT LA TRAPPE I'irst Row: Dr.Hamilton, W.J.Reid, S.Skinner, G.H.Dickson, Prof.Ponton and J.S.Dash.Second Row: G.P.Hitchcock, C.W.Baxter, Father Leopold, Prof.Lochhead, Abbé Dom Pacome, Rev.Father John Delacroix, Robert Brodie, J.C.Chapais and P.Reid.Third Row: E.M.DuPorte, Father Corcoran, W.Passingham, Father Bellemmre.Fourth Row: G.Maheu, Mr.S.Roy, Father Fontanel.profitable.Mr.Chapais followed with a discussion on pear culture in eastern Quebec, dealing especially with the growing of the Flemish Beauty pear which has proved the most successful variety yet grown in this province.His paper led to a lengthy discussion, in the course of which Rev.Father Leopold said that very fine pears had been grown at Oka, the quality being of such unusual excellence that the entire output had been bought to supply the dining cars of the C.P.R.In spite of this testimony, however, the consensus of opinion seemed to be that from a commercial point of view pear growing in the province could never be a success.At the evening meeting Professor C.W.Baxter, chief fruit inspector of Ottawa, described modern methods of packing small fruits.He was followed by the Rev.Father Bellemare, who gave an address on Co-operation, provoking an informative discussion as to the adaptability of the principle to or- charding.Thursday morning was given over to an inspee- tion of the large orchards of the Trappist fathers, and the various buildings of the agricultural school and monastery.Great improvements have been effected during the last few years in all departments, new buildings have arisen like magic so that now they provide ample accommodation for the immediate needs of the community.The new barn which is in process of erection to replace the one burnt in May, involving the loss of nearly all the horses and many of the cattle, will be one of the best in the province.The morning\u2019s programme was introduced by an innovation in which all the delegates were organized for expeditions through the orchard for the study and collection of insects and fungous diseases.They were organized under the direction of Rev.Father Leopold, Professor Fraser, Mr.DuPorte, and other experts accompanying the party belonging to the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, so that a large number of interesting specimens were collected.These were used to illustrate a lively discussion in the afternoon session when Professor Fraser and Mr.DuPorte described the habits, life history and control of the specimens that had been collected.Rev.Father Athanase of La Trappe followed with an interesting address on \u201cVegetable and Fruit Canning\u201d, in the discussion of which many members took part.Professor T.G.Bunting of Macdonald College read a very interesting paper on \u201cThe MacIntosh and Fameuse as Money Makers\u201d.This paper will appear in full in our next issue.The speaker stated that the fruit growers of the province were wasting time and money in experimenting with all sorts and varieties which were unsuited to the climate, while they were neglecting the two varieties which were not only particularly adapted to the conditions existing in this province, but which consistently commanded a much higher price on the market than other varieties of apples.Professor Bunting quoted market figures for several years past which showed that both in England and in the home market Quebec\u2019s MacIntosh Red and Fameuse apples brought anywhere from $1 to $3 per barrel more than any other variety, while the demand was practically unlimited.The delegates who took part in the discussion agreed with Professor Bunting that orchardists in Quebec should confine themselves almost exclusively to these two standard varieties of apples.As a means of further- + + THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 73 ing this object particularly and the interests of the fruit-growing industry generally, the executive of the society was appointed as a special committee to confer with the Department of Agriculture at Quebec, the idea being to take up the whole question of the present status of fruit-growing in the province, with a view to undertaking an educational campaign among the growers.This committee will confer with the heads of the Department of Agriculture in the course of the next month or two and Will report to the society at the annual convention which will be held at Macdonald College in December.The convention was brought to a close by a very able illustrated address by Father Leopold on \u201cFactors for Success in Fruit Growing\u201d.It was stated by all the members of the convention that the meeting had been unusually successful, and that\u2019 the attendance had been larger than usual.A great deal of the success must be attributed to the place of meeting (the hospitality of the Trappist fathers being well known), to the thoughtfulness of Rev.Father Leopold and other members of La Trappe for the care of the visitors, and to the energy of the worthy secretary, Mr.Peter Reid.Ww.L.DEAD AREAS ON TRUNKS OF APPLE TREES REQUENTLY middle-aged apple trees show a strip of dead bark down the trunk extending to the surface of the ground.If treated, the life of the tree may be prolonged.The trouble may be winter injury caused by the grinding of ice against the bark at the base of the tree, severing the bark and thus killing the area above.Where the soil has not been well mounded up, this is likely to occur.Some varieties suffer in this way more than others.The Gravenstein and the Twenty-Ounce Pippin are among these.If the leaves were black and burned looking last summer the trouble may be fire-blight, for which there is no cure.Dead roots and partial girdling by tethering animals near it may also be the cause.The dead bark should be scraped back to the healthy portions, being careful not to injure any healed over tissue.After the dead bark is scraped off any decayed wood will have to be gouged out and the cavity painted with tar and filled with cement previous to a final coating of tar and creosote.If, however, the wood beneath is sound, merely an antiseptic coating is necessary.Coal tar with creosote oil is the most satisfactory preparation known, as the coal tar hardens to a water-resistant surface and the creosote oil is a germicide.About one part creosote oil is combined with three parts of coal tar and it is painted on, brushing it thoroughly about the edges and applying two or three coats if necessary.\u2014Ohio Farmer.PACKING THE 1916 APPLE CROP D.Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa.Ont.T is evident that the apple crop of Ontario and Quebec will be of very low grade.The time is opportune, therefore, to advise the trade to use every precaution in seeing that they place upon the market apples properly packed and of such quality that they will not be ruinous to our markets.It would appear that the apple crop is much the same as last year.The quantity will perhaps be a little less and the quality of even lower grade.This would indicate that there will be but a small proportion of No.1 fruit, and that most of the apples which will go into consumption must be graded No.2 and No.3.For Nos.1 and 2 we predict a good demand and we believe the consuming public will be willing to pay a reasonably high price for apples of these grades.For good No.3 apples there will also be a TT RRR mn XRT EN YT ca\u201d FR ; To SUR TAR TO 5 Pressing Apples and putting a head on an apple barrel.strong demand, but it is very important that they should be good No.3\u2019s and not similar in quality to much that was packed last year.The season of 1915 is still fresh in our minds.It will be remembered for many years by the dealers who bought and packed No.3 apples, much of which were nothing more nor less than trash.This fruit could not do anything but depress the market and cause losses to all who handled it.The expense of picking, packing and marketing a barrel of poor No.3's is the same as it would be in the case of a barrel of good apples, and why so many growers and packers will persist in packing this rubbish is more than I can understand.Unfortunately the Fruit Inspectors have very little control over the packing of No.3.The law requires that they shall be honestly faced, and that the face or shown surface shall be a fair representation of the contents of the package, but further than that we have no control.This means that apples of the most miserable quality, as long as they are honestly faced, may be graded No.3.It is such fruit as this that caused the slump in apple prices last winter.A good pack of No.3\u2019s, namely, apples well matured, well colored, sound, but affected with scab, is in demand and would serve a good purpose.Some packs of No.3 are as serviceable as No.1 or No.2, for while the scab prevents them from long-keeping, yet with proper storage they supply the demands of the consumers at fair prices.At the commencement of this season I, therefore, urge all packers of fruit to refrain from packing such low grade apples as many did last year.It is much better to sell such apples to the cider factories, or feed them to stock, than to allow them to go on the market, making returns which scarcely cover operating expenses.More than that, the marketing of inferior fruit will turn the public from our own apples to western packs, upon which they can al- weys rely, and from which they always receive value for their money.The returns from this year\u2019s apple crop are in the hands of the packers.If they fail to live up to their opportunities, and still persist in flooding the markets with low grade fruit, they will experience another year of disappointment similar to 1915.HARVESTING APPLES Prof.W.G.Brierley, University Farm, St.Paul HE proper time {o begin picking the apple depends upon the season of the variety, its behavior after picking, the color of the fruit and the marketing plan.Summer and early fall apples should be picked and handled much the same as pears, as they are perishable and \u201cgo down\u201d rapidly.The Duchess is an example.This variety should be picked when it has made good size and color, but before any softening begins, but never before it is well developed, as it will shrivel badly.Successful marketing of the Duchess depends very largely upon firmness, as soft apples of this variety bruise readily and settle in the barrel, giving a poor appearance.Varieties maturing later in the season also benefit from a close study of picking needs.Immaturity or over-maturity should be avoided, as the fruit will not hold up if kept on the market long.All apples are best picked when \u201chard ripe\u201d\u2019\u2014fully developed in size and color with the seeds colored a light brown.Fameuse and McIntosh Apples should be picked very carefully\u2014An Apple picker wearing picking jacket.Picking should be done carefully, so that bruises are few.Lift and twist the apple from the spur and do rot pull it off.Pulling often pulls out the stem and hastens decay or pulls the spur off so that future crops are picked at the same time.Do not grasp the apple tightly, as this may bruise it.Use the whole hand and grasp just firmly enough to pick.Various picking devices, such as baskets, pails or sacks, are available.In general, baskets or pails are better than sacks, as there is less danger of bruises from swinging against the ladder or tree.The best type of device is a basket or pail lined with burlap or canvas to prevent bruising, and with a swinging bottom which can be opened to empty the fruit gently.This eliminates much of the bruising which comes from pouring the apples from a basket or pail.The receptacle should not hold more than a half bushel and smaller sizes often secure greater freedom from bruises.Picking by hand is much better than with patented devices on the end of poles.It is far better to use a good ladder to get up to the apples than to bother with a pole and picker.After picking, the apples should be taken immediately to a cool, well ventilated cellar or shed where grading and packing can be done conveniently.Leaving the fruit in piles in the orchard ripens them too rapidly and often causes shrivelling or early decay.And I have said, and I say it ever, As the years go on and the world goes over, \u2019Fwere better to be content and clever In the tending of cattle and the tossing of clover, In the grazing of cattle and the growing of grain, Than a strong man striving for fame or gain.Joaquin Miller. 74 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE THE FARM AND FARM CROPS ROT OF TURNIPS AND SWEDES N another page will be found an article on a rot of turnips and swedes which has caused considerable damage in the neighbourhood of Macdonald College.Many farmers are complaining about a blight in their roots which is caused probably by this same turnip rot organism.The Bacteriological Department of Macdonald College has offered to examine any specimens of such blighted turnips and to advise the farmers as to the cause and origin.\u2018 LACHUTE FAIR A LEADER HIS is a time of struggle for the majority of T county fairs, The average county fair displays little vigour and vitality; directors find themselves at a loss to know how to improve matters.That there is possibility of modification and thereby improvement has been demonstrated by the county of Argenteuil, where the annual fair is held at Lachute.Lachute originally was one of the late county fairs of the season.It was suggested that the date be changed and early September was finally selected as the most promising time.Naturally a number of factors entered into the matter of date, such as the established custom, maturity of crops, the convenience of exhibitors and visitors, the interference with farm work, and the prospect of good weather.However, it was finally decided that the change in conditions generally, as compared with those of some years ago, made it almost imperative to hold the fair earlier, and the change was made.This in itself was a manifestation of life and apparently the new date brought with it added vigor because in spite of unfavourable years Luchute has had successful fairs.The crop and vegetable exhibit possibly suffered but it must be remembered, regrettable as this is, it constitutes but a minor factor of the fair, and undoubtedly in more favourable seasons a better display will be seen in these classes, The regulation that only exhibits of merit will receive prizes, competition or no competition, has heen given more application at Lachute than at mosl other fairs.This regulation because of neighborly feeling is often overlooked.If affords a rood educational feature, eliminates inferiors, saves the Society\u2019s money and even has in some cases a good moral effect.À few tail-enders leeking for prizes to which they are not entitled still appear at Lachute Fair but their number decreases from year to year.Perhaps the most distinetive feature at Lachute was the programme of the last day of the fair.Practically all the regular judging was done on the first day, which made it an important day.How- cver, the difficulty of not only holding the interest but increasing it for the second day so that a big attendance might be insured was met by judging all special prizes on the second day and by having a new judge to place the special awards.In some cases the competition of the first day was duplicated and a different judgment was given.In close classes this may be expected.However, no restriction was placed on entries for specials so that the regular classes ol the day before usually have additional interest from other classes and thus a larger competition.The interest then between the various prize winners and non-prize winners of the day before in many cases becomes intense.This was not a matter of comparing the work of two judges as it might seem, although it may have a stimulating effeet on both judges, but rather a matter of extending the competition, the comparison of the judges being a matter of opinion, as in the comparison of the animals when there is room for difference.This feature seems to have given the fair a fresh lease of life.A full programme for the horse judging was arranged with the exact time for cach class.Numbers of these were printed and distributed so that exhibitors and visitors know what to expect and act accordingly, there being no chance for confusion and misunderstanding.This was important, but still more important was the fact that the programme was adhered to right to the minute, so good was the system and the management.All the judging was done within a good sized ring where only officials, judges and attendants were admitted.Parades of cattle and horses were given prominent places on the programme early in the afternoon.This was carried out within the judging ring, music being provided at the same time.Ordinarily at the average county fair this is put on in a most straggling manner about the time exhibitors and visitors are starting home.Thus in Lachute fair we have ideas that merit consideration for all county fairs and that might well be adopted in many of them.H.B.BLACK LEG IN POTATOES ESTIMONY is forthcoming that owing to the work of the Dominion plant pathologists, the disease of Black Leg in Potatoes has decreased.Still it causes considerable destruction to the potato crop, particularly in the Maritime Provinces.In continuation of the good work that has been done, Circular No.11 has been issued by the Division of Botany at Ottawa, entitled \u201cThe Black Leg Disease of Potatoes caused by Bacillus solanisa- prus,\u201d which can be had free on application to the Publications Branch of the Department of Agriculture.The author is Paul A.Murphy, B.A., À.R.C.Se.I, Assistant in charge of the Plant Pathological Field Station for Prince Edward Island, who was also responsible for the recently published circular on \u201cLate Blight and Rot of Potatoes.\u201cIt is\u201d, says the Director of Experimental Farms, \u201cwith a view to making known to Canadian farmers the means of control found to be most efficacious, that the present circular has been prepared\u201d.Mr.Murphy states that the disease, notwithstanding the diminution noted, in 1915 cost the Maritime Provinces the large sum of $695,255.It is interesting to know that with early care and attention the disease is comparatively easily controlled.Mr.Murphy details the symptoms in clear, terse language, describes the life history of the causal organism, estimates the loss in the Maritime Provinces at $6.65 per acre with an average yield of 133 bushels, gives the methods of control and supplies notes on the preparation and use of the disinfectants that are suggested.Notification is also conveyed that further information, if desired, can be had on application to the Dominion Botanist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.DISTRIBUTION OF SEED GRAIN AND POTATOES FROM THE DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS 1916-1917 Y instructions of the Hon.Minister of Agriculture a distribution of superior sorts of grain and potatoes will be made during the coming winter and spring to Canadian farmers.The samples for general distribution will consist of spring wheat (about 5 lbs.), white oats (about 4 1bs.), barley (about 5 lbs.), and field peas (about 5 Ibs.).These will be sent out from Ottawa.A distribution of potatoes in samples of about 3 lbs.will be carried on from several of the experimental farms, the Central Farm at Ottawa supplying only the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.All samples will be sent free by mail.Only one sample of grain and one of potatoes can be sent to each farm.As the supply of seed is limited, farmers are advised to apply early.Requests received after the end of December will probably be too late.Anyone desiring a sample should write (post free) to the Dominion Cerealist, Experimental Farm, Ottawa, for an application blank.J.H.GRISDALE Director, Dominion Experimental Farms HUNTINGDON FAIR HE annual fair held on September 7th and 8th sustained the high traditions of the Huntingdon Agricultural Association, Division A.In most respects the fair was larger and better than last year.The gate receipts were less, but the attendance quite as great, if not greater, the falling off in gate receipts being attributed to the reversion of the directorate to their former policy of giving a certain number of gate tickets to each member of the association.Most of the live stock classes were better filled than last year and in some branches, particularly sheep and swine, there was a decided improvement in quality.The fruit show was much better than last year, but vegetables showed a falling off and the cereal exhibit was not as good as it ought to have heen.HORSES.There was an increase of thirty in the number of entries.The judges were highly pleased with the show of draft horses and the driving classes were for the most part well filled.The Clydesdales were judged.by Mr.Innis Grant, Brooklin, Ont.,, and the other horses by Dr.J.A.Sinclair, Cannington, Ont.In Clydesdales Taylor Bros\u2019 aged stallion Baron Stockwell carried off the sweepstakes for stallion with five of his sucking colts, N .A.Ostiguy\u2019s special prize for stallion and five of his get, any age, and the Merchants\u2019 Bank special sweepstakes for registered stallion.The same firm took first for three-year-old filly and for yearling filly.Albert Nussey won first for two-year-old stallion and for two-year-old filly and second for yearling stallion and for yearling filly.He was also awarded first place in Pringle, Stark & Co\u2019s special class for mare of any age, and Arch.Bell\u2019s special prize for heavy draft filly, grade or registered.George McClintock won the Merchants\u2019 Bank special prize for mare and two of her progeny.Steel Bros.took both first and second place for pair of Clydesdale horses in wagon, with George McClintock third.Among the other winning exhibitors were David Cavers, whose three-year-old stallion won in his class, Norman Paul, D.Beau- lieu, David Pringle, A.Finlayson and Rennie Bros.O'Connor Bros\u2019 special for best grade cart horse was won by W.W.Pringle.In David Prin- gle\u2019s special class for best heavy-draft sucking colt, haltered, Steel Bros.were first, A.E.Cairns second, and H.C.Muir third.W.W.Prin- gle won Braithwaite Bros\u2019 special for best groomed, harnessed and driven heavy draft farm team, and took first prize in the Merchants\u2019 Bank special class for heavy draft mare and two of her progeny, with J.H.Nussey second and Geo.Moore third.A.McEdwards\u2019 prize in the walking race for heavy draft teams went to Steel Bros.In the light draft classes the prizes were well distributed among a dozen or more exhibitors.In John Hunter & Sons\u2019 special class for general purpose horse hitched to light wagon Pringle, Stark & Co.took first place, and Samuel Davis\u2019 prize for best groomed, harnessed and driven light draft farm team went to George Moore. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 75 Ayrshire Display at Huntingdon Fair.Herds of J.P.Cavers, Ormstown; D.A.McFarlane, Kelso; Jos.T.Elder, Glenelm; and C.F.Hyde, Huntingdon In the carriage and roadster classes the prizes were likewise well distributed among the many competitors.With a grey gelding of wonderful action and a proud show record Mr.D.McCaig of Valleyfield won Dr.J.Purcell\u2019s special prize for high stepper as well as the prize for single carriage horse under 15% hands.With the same horse Mrs.McCaig won first place as lady driver, Miss Florence Bryson coming second and Miss Nellie Cairns third.Mr.William Arthur's special sweepstakes for carriage horse was won by Stanley Bryson and Mr.W.H.Trainer\u2019s special for roadster by Wm.Arthur.Mr.A.Armour showed a French-Canadian stallion and Mr.S.Gaza a Shetland pony.CATTLE.As might be expected in Hunting- don the cattle show was mainly a dairy cattle show with Ayrshires predominating and Holsteins following.Arthur McClatchie had some half dozen Jerseys out and Shorthorns were shown by James Ritchie and Son, H.R.Graham and A.Gilmore in such small numbers as to afford little competition.French-Canadians were not represented.In spite of the absence of many of the best known breeders of the county and the fact that three of the seven exhibitors were inexperienced, the Ayrshire breed was represenied in a manner that would do credit to a much larger fair.The competition was keen, particularly among the four leading exhibitors, and the honors were fairly evenly distributed by the judge, Mr.W.W.Ballantyne, Stratford, Ont.Mr.J.P.Cavers of Ormstown won first prizes for two-year-old and yearling bull, second for bull calf, first and second for cow in milk and first in all the four heifer classes.He also won first for aged herd, first for junior herd, first in Gilbert McMillan\u2019s special class for breeder\u2019s trio and the Bank of Commerce special prize for the best display of Ayrshire cattle.Mr.D.A.Macfarlane of Kelso took first places in the junior bull calf and dry cow classes.The winner in the: latter class, Lady Mary Kelso (by Wexford Chief of Ste.Annes) took J.A.Hunter\u2019s special prize for best female of any age.Mr.Macfarlane also won second place in the herd competition, in the Ayrshire display and in the competition between Record of Performance cows, for which Mr.W.F.Stephen of- Holstein Display at Huntingdon Fair.Herds of Jacob Helm and Sons and Robt.Baird.fered two special prizes.Mr.James T.Elder of Elgin took first prizes for aged bull (without competition, three year old cow in milk, senior bull calf and Record of Performance cow.The cow which won this prize of Mr.Stephen\u2019s was one of his own breeding, Springbrook Mossy.Her record is 10,095 ibs.milk and 373 lbs.butter fat.Mr.Macfarlane\u2019s cow, Wylie of Elmshade, which stood second, has the somewhat higher record of 10,363 lbs.milk and 411 lbs.fat.The herd of Mr.Chas.I.Hyde of Huntingdon won second place in two-year-old bulls, dry cow and junior heifer calf as well as a number of the first prizes in the classes for grades of the small dairy breeds.In Holsteins there were some ten competitors, of whom several were new men.Only two herds were out in sufficient force to compete for the Bank of Commerce special prize for best display of registered Holstein cattle, and after the imposing display of well-groomed Ayrshires the lovers of the black and white must have felt a -little disappointed at the poorer showing made by their breed.Mr.H.T.Cunningham\u2019s beautiful grade Holsteins would have added materially to the spectacle but the terms of the competition did not permit of their entering.The first prize for the display went to Jacob Helm & Sons, the second to Robert Baird of Athelstan.The Helm firm also won first place in Mr.D.H.Brown\u2019s special class for four Holstein heifers and second in Mr.Allan Ritchie\u2019s special class for breeders\u2019 trio, in which class Mr.Baird took first.S.Crutchfield & Son\u2019s three-year-old cow won Angus McDonald\u2019s special for best Holstein female, Eugene O\u2019Neil won first in cow in milk and in both junior calf classes.Austin Kelly took first in aged bull, Angus McNaughton in yearling bull and H.T.Cunningham in senior bull calf.The Holsteins were judged by Mr.F.R.Mallory, Frankford, Ont.SHEEP.The sheep exhibit as a whole was well up to the standard.In all breeds the exhibitors took pains to fit and prepare their sheep for show.Leicesters were particularly strong, keen rivalry existing between the flocks of Purcell, Pringle and Goodall.The flock prize was won by Mr.Purcell.First prize on aged ewe and yearling ewe went to the same flock.Mr.Pringle won first on ram lamb and ewe lamb.Mr.Goodall won first prize on aged ram.In Shropshires the competition was between John R.Roy and Robert Hunter.Mr.Hunter won first on aged ram and Mr.Roy won flock prize and led in the majority of the other classes.Mr.Hunter, although having no competition, exhibited \u201cbreedy\u201d individual Oxfords in all classes.He also showed a few Hampshires and Southdowns.A few specimens of the Cheviot breed were exhibited this year for the first time.These were shown by Mr.Goodall, having been recently purchased from Mr.Guy Carr, Compton, Que.The judge was Mr.A.A.MacMillan, Macdonald College.SWINE.The swine exhibit showed a slight increase in numbers and a decided improvement in quality over last year, the animals shown being of better medium-bacon type.Yorkshires, Berkshires and Tamworths predominated, but the Duroc Jersey, Chester White and Poland China breeds were also represented.George Hooker and Hooker Bros.were the chief exhibitors of Tamworths and Duroc Jerseys and Mannagh Bros.of Berkshires and Chester Whites.Mr.J.W.Brown of Huntingdon acted as judge.POULTRY.Taylor Bros.and John Graham were the leading exhibitors of poultry.Among - the numerous exhibitors of fruit William A.Jack, R.Jack & Sons, Otis Travisee, J.P, Cavers, Mrs.D.MeNair, Miss Georgina Kelly and Miss M.S.Watt were prominent.There were large exhibits of preserves, flowers, fancy work and handicrafts, but very little in the way of fine art.THE MACDONALD COLLEGE EXHIBIT AT SHERBROOKE FAIR HIS year, as formerly, Macdonald College had an attractive exhibit at the Sherbrooke Fair.This exhibit, which was representative of the different departments, was essentially educational in character.The different departments, by means of charts, models, or actual material, emphasized certain facts and methods which are influential in increasing the production of the poultry yard, the stock farm, the orchard and the field.The Poultry Department placed stress particularly on the question of proper housing and feeding.A model of a satisfactory poultry house was shown and the importance of good ventilation, good lighting and general sanitary conditions was made clear.Different rations for the flock were shown as well as special rations for those birds which are being fattened for the table.Attention was also given to the need of better methods in marketing eggs.Samples of attractive packages, both small and large, as well as samples of properly graded eggs showed quite clearly that there is considerable room for the improvement of the present conditions.The Live Stock Department featured the sheep industry entirely.A model of a neat, convenient, and inexpensive sheep barn was shown.With this there were samples of rations for lambs and ewes at different stages of development.Information as to the clipping and putting up of the wool to meet the demands of the market was given.In this connection there was also shown a model of a very convenient dipping tank.This exhibit attracted considerable attention, showing that the sheep industry is arousing considerable interest through the Eastern Townships.The Biology Department had a very instructive exhibit where specimens of injurious and beneficial insects, weeds and plant diseases were shown.Information of value as to the control of many pests detrimental to orchard, garden and field crops was given.The Department of Horticulture had an excellent display of forty-five flats of Duchess apples.These apples attracted considerable attention for their uniformity of size and color as well as for their freedom from scab.They showed conclusively that first class fruit can be produced in this province when proper care is given to the orchard.In addition to the display of Duchess apples there were several sample exhibits, including plums, grapes, melons and other varieties of apples.This department also placed on exhibition the result of a spraying experiment.Here the yield of two trees, one sprayed and one unsprayed as grades Nos.1, 2 and 3 respectively were shown.This grading showed that most of the sprayed fruit was of No.1 grade and most of the unsprayed fruit of No.3 grade.With this the cost of spraying and the value of the resulting crop were given.The exhibition of this experiment was certainly a valuable one for every fruit grower to see and to study carefully.The Farm Engineering Department had an exhibit in connection with underdrainage.Here the value of this work was emphasized.Samples of tools required for the work, of different types of 76 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE tile used, and of drainage maps were shown.From the number of enquiries made it would appear that considerable land in this province will be underdrained in the near future.The Cereal Husbandry Department had a generally instructive exhibit, results of some of the experiments with root crops being shown.It has seen that the early planting of both mangels and swedes gives by far the heaviest yields, also that home grown seed is superior in several ways to commercial seed.In the case of the small grains several of the best varicties were shown both in the sheaf and as threshed grain.Special attention was given te the loss sustuined by the farmers through the ravages of smut in grain and the means of control cf this injurious pest.Alfalfa was also given considerable attention.It was seen that alfalfa gives the largest yield of any of our hay crops, thal the Grimm is practically the only satisfactory variety, and that it is often necessary Lo lime the soil and to inoculate the seed to insure the forming of the nodules on the roots.A large proportion of those who attended the Fair visited the Macdonald College exhibit, and from the number of favorable comments the attendants had the pleasure of hearing it was clear that the value of the exhibit was appreciated.Alto- rether it was an attractive and instructive part of Sherbrooke Fair where considerable time could be profitably spent studying the information given.E.A.LODS THE COMPOST HEAP ANURIAL VALUK\u2014 The compost heap is an M economical means of utilizing the large amount of vegetable refuse that is to be found in the fall of the year on every farm and gurden\u2014potato tops, waste straw and the cleanings of the barnyard, cabbage leaves, the tops of mangels and other root crops, kitchen waste and a hundred other forms of vegetable matter that otherwise would go to waste or be burnt.The compost heap from the manurial standpoint ranks very high, and the practice in the fall of clearing up and burning all this material is an exceedingly wasteful one that can only be excused when the refuse is known to contain eggs, spores, seeds, etc., of injurious insccts and plants.The farmer\u2019s store of munure\u2014always too small for the proper upkeep of his soil in the best condition \u2014 finds a supplemental material of great fertilizing value in a well- made compost.Where and How to Muke \u2014The compost heap may be made where convenience dictates and of any size, according to the amount of material available.It may be made the receptacle of all animal and vegetable refuse of the farm, save in such cases as where the material might disseminate discase.It can be added to at almost any season of the year and requires but little attention If a deposit of muck or peat, or of pond or river mud, is on or near the farm, these materials can be largely used to good advantage in the heap.Similarly, old sods, the cleanings of ditches, dead leaves, road scrapings and loam can all be utilized to good effect.The general plan, but one which need not be adhered to too closely, is to build up the heap in alternate layers, of say six inches in depth, of vegetable refuse and manure (less manure may serve if the supply is limited), covering the whole with a few inches of good soil or muck when the heap has reached a convenient height, say four to five feet.Tt is important that the heap should be kept moist in order that the processes of decay may proceed properly, bul it should not be so wet as to cause drainage from the heap.If manure is not available a sprinkling of wood ashes or lime may be made over the layer of muck or other refuse.Unless it is intended for garden purposes, the heap need not be turned.According to the nature of the materials used and the season of the year, the compost will be ready for use in a few weeks or several months.FRANK T.SHUTT, Dominion Chemist (Asst.Director).A ROT OF TURNIPS AND SWEDES few years ago a peculiar rot appeared in white turnips and Swedes grown at Macdonald College.To a casual observer the roots were perfectly healthy, but on pulling some of them would collapse altogether, others looked wilted and when cut in half would show a large cavity surrounded by about an inch of sound flesh and bark.Others again appeared to be in good condition, but on cutting through them a slightly discoloured area was found in the centre, sometimes showing the beginning of a cavity.This rot was described by Dr.Harrison and Mr.Sadler of the College, who isolated the causal organism.Every year the disease has appeared in isolated instances without interfering much with the whole crop.However, this year this disease has taken on a serious turn; the crop of white turnips is an absolute failure and at least 50% of the swedes have been destroyed.The disease showed itself by a wilting of the leaves at the beginning of August, commencing with the- lower ones, and an affected field had the appearance of being struck by blight.A large number of the roots also were dwarfed, being the size of a small potato and showing a softened area in the lower half and the tap root.In greenhouse experiments it appeared that the disease could be produced by puncturing the lower part of the stem or the top of the root with an infected needle, so that insects are able to infect healthy plants.This year, however, appearances go to show that the disease originates in the soil.In the majority of cases the lower half of the root or the tap root is affected, and from there the disease spreads gradually through the entire root area.As observed before, swedes are more resistant than white turnips, but this resistance is only relative, 50% of the crop being a total loss.Many farmers throughout the province are complaining this year of a blight in their turnips and swedes, and from the somewhat scant particulars Diseased turnip from field Diseased turnip from experiment it is evident that they are suffering from the same turnip rot.Any inquiries in this regard should be addressed to the Bacteriological Department, Macdonald College, and if possible be accompanied by specimens of more or less diseased roots.The disease having appeared so extensively this year is probably due to the extreme heat waves from which Quebec has suffered this summer.The original appearance at Macdonald College was during the very hot summer of 1912.Since then the summers have been comparatively cool, but it seems that although the disease did not draw any attention it has been spreading through the soil just the same.Other investigators have blamed damp weather for this rot, and in other summers it was difficult to decide whether excessive heat or excessive moisture was the cause.This summer, however, was extremely dry, so that at least this time we can disregard this supposition.No special remedy can be given against this disease, as it has not been studied sufficiently, but in general such diseases persist for five to seven years, so that in order to eradicate the trouble roots should not be grown on such soil for the period mentioned.When such crops as corn are grown, allowing much cultivation, the organisms causing the disease will die more quickly, and the soil may be free from it in 3 or 4 years.J.VANDERLECK BLACK ROT OF CABBAGES A Common Disease That Causes Much Loss \u2014How to Detect It.BULLETIN recently issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture contains valuable information regarding certain bacterial diseases of vegetables found in Ontario and elsewhere in Canada.One of those known as the black rot of cabbage or sometimes the brown rot has been causing much loss to the kitchen gardener.It has been found attacking many cruciferous plants such as cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, turnips, and mustard.Unfortunately it has affected the latter only a very slight extent.It is widely distributed, occuring in all parts of North America and Western Europe. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 77 In the growing cabbage plant the disease manifests itself as a yellowing or browning of the leaves.rhis yellowing occurs in irregular areas sharply defined, which gradually enlarge until the whole teaf becomes browned, wilted and shrivelled.If the plant be attacked by the disease when young it will not develop normally, but will be dwarfed, and will present a pale, sickly appearance and often no head will be produced in the case of a cabbage, and no bottom produced in the case of a turnip.The browning and wilting of the leaves is due to the supply of sap being cut off in the veins and midribs that are situated near or within the brown areas.If the midrib of a diseased leaf or the veins leading from a diseased part of a leaf be cut it will be noticed that the vascular bundles or fibres are black or dark brown instead of yellow or white.This discoloration is due to the presence and action of immense numbers of the disease-producing bacteria within the veins or fibro-vascular bundles.Here they feed on the sap, multiply rapidly and choke up the passages so that the supply of sap is cut off from the surrounding tissue, thus causing it to yellow, wilt and die.MEANS OF INFECTION.If the whole head of cabbage be yellowish, sickly, and wilted, or if several leaves of a cabbage present such an appearance, a section of the stalk, either cross or longitudinal, will almost invariably reveal the disease in the blackened vascular bundles forming the vascular ring, the woody portion of the stem.In such a case the germs will have spread almost throughout the entire vascular system of the plant, passing down the veins of one leaf into the stem of other leaves until the whole plant became affected and worthless.Infection is most common at the water pores around the margin of the leaf.In the early morning, especially in moist weather, dew-drop-like beads of water may be noticed around the leaf margins of growing cabbages.This is usally water of transpiration given off by the plant through the water pores.If the atmosphere were dry this water would not be found there as it would evaporate as soon as it came to the surface of the plant.But when the atmosphere is moist this evaporation does not take place and so the water extruded from the pores forms little beads.Should the disease germs by any chance get into these drops of water it is very easy for them to enter the vascular system of the plant through the open pores.Thousands of cases where such has been the means of entrance of the germs into a plant have been observed.CONTROL OF THE DISEASE.The best way to keep the disease under control is to prevent its development.Disinfecting the Seed.\u2014It was proven at the Geneva station that germs on the seed may be killed without any injury to the seed by soaking it for fifteen minutes either in a corrosive sublimate solution or in formalin.If corrosive sublimate is used, the strength of the solution should be one part corrosive sublimate to one thousand parts of water.If formalin is used the strength of the solution should be one part formalin (40 per cent formaldehyde) to 240 parts of water and the seed soaked for fifteen minutes.A convenient method of treating the seed is to place is in a small bag made of any loose cloth readily penetrated by water and suspend the bag in the disinfecting solution for the required length of time.The seed should be dried without delay in the shade.Handling Diseased Plants.\u2014Should the disease be noticed among seedlings in the seed bed, the diseased plants should be removed and burned.If they are not burned the germs within them are liable in many ways to get transferred to the healthy stock, and so the disease be spread instead of being checked.Seedlings that show signs of the disease should not be planted out.It is not usually of much service simply to break a diseased leaf from what appears to be an otherwise healthy plant.If the disease is confined to the marginal areas of the leaf entirely, then breaking off the leaf would prevent the rest of the plant from developing the disease.But should the vascular bundles in the midrib of the leaf at the point of its contact with the plant stalk be discolored brown or black, we may take it for granted that the germs are already established in the vascular bundles of the stalk.So after breaking off a diseased leaf one should look to see if any discoloration of the vascular bundles exists, and should there be any, the whole plant should be destroyed.Insects and caterpillars, slugs, ete., should be kept in check as they are noted carriers of the disease germ by feeding on diseased plants and then going to healthy plants.L IMPORTANT LIVE STOCK SALES ARMERS desirous of improving their herds of live stock should attend the sale of registered sheep and swine at Macdonald College, October 6th, and the General Stock Breeders\u2019 Sales of registered sheep, swine and cattle at Montreal October 11th, and at Quebec October 18th.STALLION INSPECTION HE breeding of horses has become a matter of great importance.Before the war there was a slump in the prices owing to financial and other conditions that led to a cessation of breeding.Following this decline in demand many farmers sacrificed their mares.This resulted in a serious depletion of our breeding stock.The demand today is increasing and will continue to increase long after peace has been restored, and when peace does come there will be a long period of replenishment.Then horses of quality will be required.If Quebec is to take advantage of the situation the time to start is now and the policy to follow is to breed from the best available stock, using only pure bred sires of quality.Some form of restriction on the use of unsound stallions is in force in all the provinces of the Dominion excepting Quebec.This has done much harm to our horse raising industry in this province and will continue to do so more especially now when horses are being raised in greater number.Some form of legislation will have to be adopted to control and do away with this breeding from unsound horses, more especially the ones that are suffering from hereditary unsoundness, as the faults of such parents are reproduced in the progeny.Horses from other provinces can be brought into the Province of Quebec and used for service that would be condemned in their home province for their faulty conformation.Owing to the unfortunate destruction of breeding stock in the British Isles, IVE STOC France and Belgium, these three centres for the production of draught stallions will be unable for many years to furnish the importers of this country with breeding stock as they have been doing Quebec breeders should, therefore, strengthen the reputation of their horses of all recognized breeds by using only purebred sires of undoubted quality and by selecting such females for breeding purposes as from their size, conformation and soundness will ensure high-class progeny.Canada has been importing stallions for years.This condition of things will be reversed.Instead of being an importing, she will be an exporting country.And if the breeders of the Province of Quebec wish to secure their share of this exportation they must have the high class animal, and to produce this they must use only the high class sire.It will be impossible to eliminate all the grade stallions in the province at once as there are certain districts where the purebred sire is rare, so a certain length of time should be allowed the owners of grade stallions to dispose of their animals and secure purebred ones.While some grade stallions may be fine individuals they cannot, on account of their mixed ancestry, produce offspring of superior quality and uniformity of type.It is a matter of history that in those districts where purebred sires have been used for generations the average quality of horses is much higher than in those places where grade nondescript sires have been used for breeding purposes.Any one who keeps mares for breeding purposes and is not in a position to secure foundation stock of purebreds should by the use of a pure bred sire of the same breed in successive generations grade up from his common stock, so as eventually at the end of the fourth or fifth generation to have females that are practically pure blood.Even when using stallions of a breed that does not permit of grading up for registration purposes, such as the Percheron or Thoroughbred, the right policy for the breeder is to use the best purebred sire of his K chosen breed generation after generation, and even if they cannot be recorded as purebreds, his animals will reach that perfection of form and quality which will ensure the highest market price and yield that satisfaction which comes to all those who do their share toward improving the live stock of the country.The following recommendations might be taken to meet the present situation and offer some remedy for it:\u2014 1.There should be some restriction placed on the use of stallions.2.Only sound purebred or registered stallions should be allowed to stand for service as Class No.1.3.Owing to the large number of stallions in the Province of Quebec being grade and unregistered purebreds those stallions known to be good sires and upon inspection found to be of good conformation and free from hereditary disease should be allowed to stand as Class No.2 for a period of five years only.4.All stallions standing for service should comply with the standard of conformation for the breed which they represent.5.Ultimately all stallions should be free from hereditary diseases.6.The following diseases or malformations as the case may be should constitute hereditary unsoundness: bone spavin; curb, when associated with a formation of hock which predisposes to curb; bog-spavin, when associated with a boggy hock; ring-bone; side-bone; navicular disease; string halt; roaring; heaves; moon blindness; cataract; and general defectiveness in conformation rendering the stallion unsuitable for use in the stud.7.No stallion suffering from any contagious disease as glanders, maladie du coït or douraine should be allowed to stand for service.8.Three inspectors should be appointed for each district to consist of one breeder of draught horses, one of light horses and a Veterinary Surgeon, no inspector to inspect horses in his home or neigh 78 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE boring district.ÿ, All advertisements should contain a true and accurate description of the horse, and they should not contain anything which would be liable to mislead or misinform the public.10.No person should be allowed to accept service fees for any stallion unless the above requirements ure complied with.11.Educational meetings should be held in connection with agricultural exhibitions in each district, at which special lectures on practical subjects relating to the horse industry of this province should be given.N.E.McEWEN TOO MANY LIGHT HOGS ARRIVING ON THE MARKET ESPITE discrimination against light, un- D finished hogs as shown in the illustration, farmers continue to sell them, 1t is true that packers buy them, but they buy them reluctantly and at a cut price as the following extract from a letter, written by the manager of one of the largest Montreal firms, clearly shows: \u2014 \u201cOur loads of hogs coming from the Eastern Townships last week were absolutely too light, and we had to eut from 1% ¢ to 1% c¢ a pound on light hogs.It is really too bad to see these hogs coming to market when they are just in shape to grow and show good returns.- gps\u2019 A _ ce Hogs weighing 130 to 110 pounds\u2014too light and unfinished for market \u201cYou will have noticed that this market has dropped off from | ¢ to 17 \u20ac this week, It is largely due to the fact that small hogs are coming forward and the hogs are not finished, and the result is the packers cannol use them.Good, well finished hogs are abeut 's ¢ lower but these cull hogs have to he discounted no matter where they are, and we have simply taken the stand that we have to buy them on the basis of what they are worth, or we will leave them alone\u2019.Comment on this letter seems unnecessary.There would seem to be two main reasons for this practice at the present time.Seareity and high price of feed to continue feeding, and fear of a declining market as the fall hogs come in.There is something to be said l'or both these points, but when analysed they can be met.In regard to feed, grain Group of the best bacon pigs, weyghing 190 Ibs., live weight.These are exactly the quality required is scarce and dear, but at this time of year and with pigs at their present stage of development, there is considerable extra feed, inexpensive in character, available.À few ears of corn, refuse potatoes, roots, pumpkins, whey, skimmilk, are not all available on all farms but some of them are available on most farms.Along with these a very small allowance of grain will finish hogs very successfully.As to the second point, market decline, there is little indication of its coming for some time.Moreover the marketing of light hogs is one of the most compelling factors in the situation and more than anything else at present is having a depressing effect.Hogs sold when light and unfinished are sold at a sacrifice.The total return for a pen of pigs is not what it should be.The price per pound is smaller whether it seems so or not, there is little satisfaction for any man to raise and feed a herd of pigs and waste his effort finally, and the practice is of untold injury to the trade and business.H.BARTON SHERBROOKE FAIR HE Eastern Townships Agricultural Association Annual Fair, held from Sept.2nd.to 9th., in spite of considerable bad weather has again proved a complete success.The opening days were particularly dull and wet, and the grounds were not in the best of condition as a result.The total attendance was up to the mark, however, and on Wednesday the record was broken, over 23,000 being present each day.The live stock showed a falling off in numbers, but the quality of the animals shown was very good.Quite a number of exhibitors of other years were not out this year, while a few new ones were showing.The greatest decrease in numbers occurred in the horse classes; cattle and sheep were not quite so numerous, and the swine were about as usual.Very interesting and instructive features were the exhibits by the Wool Division of the Dominion Live Stock Branch, the Dominion Experimental Farm, the Department of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec, and by Macdonald College.A great number of farmers availed themselves of the opportunity of getting information along various lines from the men in charge of these exhibits.The live stock parades each afternoon were made a strong feature, and evoked much interest.Horses While the number of exhibitors in the Clydesdale section was less than last year, yet many good individuals were shown and most of the classes were strong.Some of the exhibitors were: \u2014R.Ness & Sons, Howick, Que.; W.Nussey, Howick, Que.; S.and W.R.McGerrigle.Ormstown, Que.; Sherbrooke Stock Syndicate; Milton Porter, Simcoe, Ont.; C.E.Standish, Ayer\u2019s Cilff, Que.; and B.S.Ingham, Hillhurst, Que.In the stallion classes, Ness won the aged class on Sir Spencer, with the Sherbrooke Stock Syndicate second, Standish third, and Ingham fourth.Three year olds, 1, Ness 2.W.R.McGerrigle.Two year olds, 1.Porter, 2.Passow.In year olds, Ness was the only exhibitor.Ness won the Diploma, special prize and gold medal on Sir Spencer for stallion any age, and also the gold medal for mare any age on Ruby Jean.In the Canadian bred classes, S.MeGerrigle was first in the siallion any age class, with McLaw\u2019s Fashion, a promising two year old horse that was afterwards sold to T.H.Hassard of Markham, Ont.G.W.Montgomery got second in this class.In Canadian bred females, W.Nussey won first and J.W.Logan second.Single mare or gelding in harness, 1.Ness, 2.McGerrigle.Pair of mares or geldings in harness, 1.Ness, 2.Mec- Gerrigle, 3.E.T.Yale.Among the Percheron exhibitors were Milton Porter, Simcoe, Ont.; J.E.Arnold, Grenville, Que.; Sherbrooke Stock Syndicate; Jos.Bernier; O.T.Statton, J.G.Smiley, and the Brompton Pulp and Paper Co.Porter won first in the aged stallion class, and the diploma for stallion any age in Kodl, a horse of high quality and good action.Arnold was second in the aged class, with the Sherbrooke Stock Syndicate third, and Jos.Bernier fourth.Three year olds, 1.and 2.O.T.Statton; two year olds, 1.Porter, 2.Statton.Year old, Brompton Pulp Co.Arnold was first on filly or gelding three years old, and Smiley won first place on filly or gelding two years old and on brood mare with foal.While Porter took first in the aged mare class, and the diploma for brood mare any age.Quite a number of animals were shown in the Belgian and Norman class.The principal exhibitors were:\u2014A, Gingras, J.E.Arnold and M.J.Ste.Marie.Arnold won the aged stallion class on Due, a high quality Belgian, A.Gingras getting second and third places.The diploma for stallion any age was also awarded to Arnold\u2019s Duc.The exhibitors of Canadian horses included A.Denis, St.Norbert, Que.; R.Sylvestre, Clairvaux, Que.; R.Poulin and Hilton Ross.Denis won first in the aged stallion class, and the diplomas on stallion any age and on female any age The heavy draught classes were strongly contested.G.W.Montgomery, Wm.Nussey, S.and W.R.McGerrigle, H.H.Fuller, J.W.Logan, W.H.Martin, E.C.Rose, and the Brompton Pulp and Paper Co., were the principal winners, J.W.Logan captured the diploma for female any age.In general purpose class H.H.Fuller, H.E.Hodgeman, W.J.McCurdy, and R.F.Collins divided most of the honors.J.R.Brodeur judged the general purpose horses, while A.Scharfe made the awards on the heavy classes.The light horse classes were not as strong as in other years.An interesting exhibit was shown by J.E.Jamieson, of Lennoxville, consisting of a string of ponies of Welsh and Hackney Pony extraction.Beef Cattle Representatives of the Shorthorn and Aberdeen Angus breeds constituted the greater part of the beef classes his year.Not many Herefords were shown, A.E.Alger being the principal exhibitor.J.W.Watt of Elora, Ont., was a new exhibitor of Shorthorns, other exhibitors being: C.Guy Bishop, Marbleton, Que., Wm.Loomis, John Adams, Cook- shire ; A.E.Alger, Eaton, Que.; W.E.Hunt, Ayer\u2019s Cliff ; H.J.Elliott, Danville, Que.; and G.R.Mooney, Inverness, Que.Watt took both Senior and Junior Herd Championships and all male and female championships except the Senior female, which was won by Roderick.Watt won the Grand Female Championship on a senior heifer calf.In the Aberdeen Angus classes the principal exhi- hitors were J.A.McLeod, Cobourg, Ont., and Wm.Channon, Oakwood, Ont.Mr.McLeod is perhaps the oldest exhibitor in the business, having 66 years experience in the show ring.Channon\u2019s herd was in the pink of condition and won'all the championships except Senior and Grand Male which were secured by McLeod\u2019s aged bull.Channon\u2019s herd afterwards got the silver cup for the largest and most creditable turnout of purebred beef cattle as shown on parade.Mr.J.H.Grisdale, Director of the Dom.Fxpt.Farm judged the parades, while Prof.H.Barton of Macdonald College placed the other beef classes.Dairy Cattle The competition in Holsteins was not as strong this year as last, when D.A.McPhee\u2019s herd was showing.The exhibitors this year were: Harding Bros., Wellsford, N.B.; J.J.Alexander, St.Louis de Gonzague, Que.; C.C.Henson, Dixville, Que., L.H.Parker, Hatley, Que.; Francis Clark, Harold Wise and W.J.Arbery.Harding won most of the honors, getting both Senior and Junior Herd diplomas, Senior and Grand Male championships, and Senior and Grand Female championships.W.J.Arbery captured the Junior Male championship and Hanson the Junior Female championship.Ayrshires were shown by G.Montgomery, Phil- lipsburg ; D.T.Ness, Howick ; J.Ste-Marie, Moe\u2019s -\u2014 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 79 River; A.Phaneuf, St.Norbert; W.D.Parker, Compton ; and A.Gingras, St.Césaire.Montgomery and Ness had the best herds and shared most of the honors.In the male classes, Montgomery won the aged year old, and Junior bull calf sections, Gingras getting first on two year old bull, and Ness first on Senior bull calf.The female classes were strongly contested, the aged class being won by Montgomery, who also got second place, with Phaneuf third.Cow, three years and over, in calf, dry, 1.and 2.Ness, 3.Parker.Cow, three years old in milk,\u20141.Phaneuf, 2.Ness, 3.Montgomery.Ness and Montgomery divided the awards on most of the young classes.The senior herd diploma, the senior male, grand male, senior female, and grand female championships were all won by Montgomery.Ness captured the Junior herd, Junior male and Junior female championships.The special prizes offered hy the Canadian Ayrshire Breeders\u2019 Association for four animals got of one sire was won by Ness, with Montgomery second, and Phaneuf third.The specials for two animals, progeny of one cow was also won by Ness, with Ste.Marie second and Phaneuf third.Jerseys were shown by Edwards and Alexander, Hillhurst ; W.H.Martin, Warden ; and H.C.Bay- ley.Competition was not so strong this year, as the Ruiter herd of Cowansville was not shown.Edwards and Alexander secured most of the honors, getting the special given by the Canadian Jersey Club for bull and four females any age.Other breeds shown were the Guernseys, Brown Swiss, and French Canadians, the number and quality of the exhibits being much the same as in previous years.In the dairy competition C.C.Hansen won both the silver and bronze medals in the class for cows, three years and over.In the heifer class, the silver medal was won by Edwards and Alexander, and the bronze by J.J.Alexander.Ayrshires and Holsteins were judged by J.H.Grisdale.Holsteins by R.S.Stevens of Ancaster, Ont.and Brown Swiss French Canadian, and Jersey by E.S.Archibald.Sheep The feature of the sheep section this year was the exhibit of Oxfords belonging to E.Barbour of Hillsburgh, Ont.This flock was in first class show condition and presented a splendid appearence, capturing practically all the honors.H.and N.Allan of Newcastle, Ont.were the strongest exhibitors of Leicesters, while A.Ayre of Bowman- ville showed a strong and high quality exhibit of Cheviots, Southdowns and Dorsets.Other exhibitors of Southdowns were Guy Carr and H.Elliott.H.H.Fuller had the strongest showing of Shropshires, winning the diploma in this class.Lyster Bros., Kirkdale, Que., made a good showing of Hamp- shires.The competition in Hampshires was not so strong this year because of the absence of the Oughtred flock from Marbleton.Mr.J.Oughtred, who was a strong supporter of this breed, has died since the lest Sherbrooke Fair.The Cotswold and Lincoln classes were fairly well represented.Jas.Bryson of Brysonvile, Que., judged the long- woolled breeds, while A.A.MacMillan, Macdonald College judged the short-woolled.Swine The swine exhibit at Sherbrooke is never very large, but this year the quality was good.Yorkshires were shown by McCullough Bros., Sutton; W.W.Phelps, South Stukely, and A.Gingras, St.Césaire.McCullough won the diploma for pen of one boar and two sows.W.W.Phelps and P.Sylvestre showed Tamworths, Phelps getting the diploma.W.H.Martin, Warden, was the only exhibitor of Berkshires.Poland Chinas were exhibited by G.Chicoine and W.Sylvestre, and Chester Whites by A.W.Bradley, P.Sylvestre, and R.Sylvestre.The export bacon class was won on Yorkshires by A.F.Ward, Lennoxville, with A.Gingras, St.Césaire, second on Tamworths.L.Lavallée made the awards on swine.Judging Competition Considerable interest was shown in the judging competition this year.Contests were held in heavy horses, beef cattle, dairy cattle, market lambs, bacon hogs, grain and potatoes.The contestants were divided into two classes, farmers or farmers\u2019 sons, and members of Agricultural Colleges.About thirty men entered this event, and some good judging was done.The competition was under the direction of W.G.MacDougall of Lennoxville.A.E.MACLAURIN JUDGING COMPETITION, SHERBROOKE EXHIBITION Farmers and Farmers\u2019 Sons Class EAVY horses\u20141 Curtis Bennet, 2 J.E.St.Marie, 3 Chas.Edwards, 4 Denis Denis, 5 A.Denis, 6 Earl Warner.Dairy cattle\u20141 R.H.Libby, 2 Pierre Sylvestre, 3 P.Cabana, 4 Albani Sylvestre, 5 J.E.St.Marie, 6 C.Warner.Beef cattle\u20141 Denis Denis, 2 Pierre Sylvestre, 3 Anila Dennis, 4 Cleophas Dennis, 5 Otis Fowler, 6 Charles Warner.Sheep\u20141 P.Cabana, 2 Cleophas Dennis, 3 C.R.Bennett, 4 Orrin Locke, 5 Albani Sylvestre, 6 Ar- sene Sylvestre.Swine\u20141 Denis Denis, 2 P.Cabana, 3 Chas.Edwards, 4 R.H.Libby, 5 J.E.St.Marie, 6 Albani Sylvestre.Grains\u20141 Earl Warner, 2 J.E.St.Marie, 3 Albani Sylvestre, 4 Robert Maher, 5 Orrin Locke, 6 Denis Denis.Potatoes\u20141 Orrin Locke, 2 Earl Warner, 3 Anila Denis, 4 Otis Fowler, 5 Denis Denis, 6 Arsene Dennis.College Class Heavy horses\u20141 W.M.Jones, 2 Jim Buckland, 3 Alex Bothwell, 4 C.B.Loomis, 5 J.E.Arnold, 6 D.L.Fowler.Dairy cattle\u20141 Alex Bothwell, 2 R.G.Hodge, 3 C.B.Loomis, 4 A.J.Buckland, 5 W.E.Ashton, 6 L.G.Cameron.Beef cattle\u20141 L.G.Cameron, 2 D.L.Fowler, 2 H.J.Elliot, 4 C.B.Loomis, 5 A.J.Buckland, 6 Alex Bothwell.Sheep\u20141 H.J.Elliot, 2 Conrad A.Meunier, 3 Alex Bothwell, 4 Rupert Atto, 5 L.G.Cameron, 6 J.Buckland.Swine\u20141 H.J.Elliot, 2 Alex.Bothwell, 3 J.E.Arnold, 4 D.L.Fowler, 5 Rupert Atto, 6 W.E.Ashton.Grains\u20141 W.M.Jones, 2 R.G.Hodge, 3 L.G.Cameron, 4 D.L.Fowler, 5 Gordon Cairnie, 6 Conrad A.Meunier.Potatoes\u20141 W.E.Ashton, 2 D.L.Fowler, 3 R.G.Hodge, 4 J.Rodrigue, 5 C.B.Loomis, 6 J.E.Arnold.SIR SPENCER, ONE OF CANADA'S GREATEST HORSES, DEAD N the history of Canada\u2019s horse breeding the Clydesdale ranks as the outstanding feature.So rapid has been the progress and so great the contribution of this breed, that the horses that parade the streets of some of our Canadians Cities are among the first in the world as to quality.The peculiarities of the breed account for much, but individual men and individual horses have played conspicuous parts.The name Robert Ness has been a household one in Clydesdale circles throughout the breed\u2019s advancement in this country.In all Mr.Ness\u2019 work with Clydesdales the importation of Sir Spencer in 1909 and his retention in the stud at Howiek since that time form one of the most important features The death of this horse at Ottawa, Sept.19th., in his twelfth year, and while he was still at his best in service, is nothing short of a national loss in horse breeding.Sir Spencer was sired by Sir Hugo (10924) by Sir Everard (5353) brother to Baron\u2019s Pride.He weighed 2040 lbs, when he was imported at five years old.At three years of age he won first and champion prizes at Kilmarnock open show, and fourth in strong competition at the Highland show at Dumfries as an aged horse.In this country he has been first five times at the larger shows, and has won the Gold Medal given by the Clydesdale Association of Great Britain.Many complimentary things could be said about Sir Spencer, the celebrated Clydesdale Stallion, owned by R.Ness & Son, Howick. 80 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE SEEN EN SERRE PR EIR TEE EAE FICE PE Cu DE 1 \u2014OKF \u2014\u2014- 200 SHEEP, 100 SWINE and 100 CATTLE (Males and Females) All Pure Bred and Registered ORGANIZED BY THE GENERAL STOCK BREEDERS\u2019 ASSOCIATION OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC UNDER THE PATRONAGE AND WITH THE FINANCIAL HELP OF THE Hon.J.E.CARON, Minister of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec AT MONTREAL AT THE DELORIMIER PARK Xt 10 x.Mi.WEDNESDAY, 1th October, 1916 AT QUEBEC On the Exhibition Ground, At10 A M.WEDNESDAY, 18 OCTOBER 1916 The animals offered for sale will be registered in the Can- CONDITIONS : \u2014Cash, except to Farmers\u2019 Club and Agri- adian National Records.There will be some Canadian, Ayr- cultural -Societies which will be allowed time on terms that .will be given by the Department of Agriculture of Quebec.shire and Holstein cattle; some Leicester, Cotswold, Lincoln, Purchasers assume all responsibility from the moment the animals have been adjudged to them.For further part- Berkshire, Chester and Tamworth swine.iculars apply to :\u2014 J.A.COUTURE, Secretary of Stock Breeders\u2019 Association 49 GARDEN STREET, QUEBEC.Shropshire, Hampshire and Oxford sheep and some Yorkshire, CV ly \u2014\u2014 Trea ir btm me ere RN Sven ne LR CASES MRS THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 81 Sir Spencer as an individual.At least three characteristics merit special mention\u2014his action, his quality, and his disposition, in all three of which he could well be accepted as a model.Most important of all is his offspring.They are readily recognized by their similarity to their sire in type, quality and action, and have been winners at various ages.At the recent Ottawa Fair a yearling colt by him was first in his class and reserve champion.Through his offspring Sir Spencer will still be very much alive, and may his fame increase! H.BARTON HOWICK-HUNTINGDON AYRSHIRE CLUB HILE there has been a considerable local movement of Ayrshires among our breeders during the past year, outside sales of importance have been few.The approaching Fall Fairs however have set things moving and one of the largest sales ever made in our district has recently been transacted.The sellers were R.R.Ness, Howick, and W.F.Kay, Philipsburg, and the purchaser was F.A.Clark, Cooperstown, N.Y.This sale gains its pre-eminence more from the quality of the stock involved than the number.It included eight head, for which Mr.Clark paid $7,500.While this may set a high water mark in Ayrshire values, it fails entirely to represent the actual value of the animals taken comparatively with animals of the same class in the other dairy breeds; as the lot includes many noted prize-winners.The most noted perhaps of the shipment is the celebrated brown cow, Auchenbrain Hattie 6th (Imp) \u201439380-\u2014one of the best speciniens of the breed we have seen, and so far undefeated in the show ring.\u201cHattie\u201d has also a creditable Scotch milk record.Next of note is Barcheskie Favourite Rose, (Imp)\u201428544\u2014 from the herd of W.W.Kay.This has been Hattie 6th\u2019s closest competitor, it being a toss up, at the Ormstown Spring Show of 1914 which should wear the purple.This is also a cow of noted breeding.Another strong cow in the shipment is Broomhill Flora 2nd (Imp)\u201440037\u2014 who has been a constant winner in the uncalved class and has won several champion ribbons.A splendidly proportioned 3 year-old was chosen in Hobsland Rosie 4th (Imp)\u201439428\u2014 one of Hobs- land Masterpiece\u2019s first daughters to freshen, and a winner last year as a 2 year-old.A choice pair of two year olds were selected, Burnside Spotty\u201443069\u2014 and Bogside Stately 5th, (Imp)\u201451141.\u2014 The former is considered by Mr.Ness as one of the best heifers he ever bred.She is sired by \u201cMasterpiece\u201d and from \u201cBeuchan Spotty 4th\u201d, also a champion winner.It took possibly the largest price ever paid for an Ayrshire heifer of this age to induce Mr.Ness to part with her.Another choice daughter of \u201cMasterpiece\u201d was selected in \u201cBurnside Randy\u201448594\u2014and she will be a strong proposition in the senior calf class.To head this line of females was selected the newly imported \u201cNetherhall Keystone \u2014 51135 \u2014 a very promising yearling of the very choicest of Scotch breeding, Mr.Clark is to be congratulated on his purchase, as the animals in this lot are a valuable acquisition to any herd, either for breeding or showing.GILBERT McMILLAN, Secretary.THE DAIRY CREAMERY BUTTER AWARDS At the Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, 1916 REAMERY, salted solids.\u20141, Carlyle Dairy Co., Calgary, Alta., score, 97.23; 2, A.Trudel, Fortierville, Que., 96.32, won on flavor; 3, W.Jackson, Markerville, Alta, 96.32; 4, Vaillan- court, Bonaventure, Que., 96.15; 5, Matthew Weir, Winnipeg, Man., 95.75; 6, J.A.Allaire, St.Roch, Que., 95.65; 7, A.Pelletier, St.George E., Que., 95.61; 8, À.Houle, St.Simon, Que., 95.56.Unsalted creamery solids\u20141, E.Faucher, St.Flavian, Que., 97.88; 2, A.Fournier, Gentilly, Que., 97.40; 3, E.Caissey, Maria Bon, Que, 96.82; 4, J.Dansereau, St.Hyacinthe, Que., 96.49; 5, H.Hamilton, New Glasgow, Que., 96.41; 6, A.Gerard, St.Angel de Mercie, Que., 96.23; 7, F.Garneau, St.Martin, Que., 95.83; 8, A.Trudel, Fortierville, Que., 95.81.Creamery prints.\u20141, Matthew Weir, Winnipeg, Man., 97.08; 2, Edmonton City Dairy, Edmonton, Alta., 96.82; 3, A.Houle, St.Simon, Yamaska, Que., 96.74, won on flavor; 4, Carlyle Dairy Co., Calgary, Alta., 96.74; 5, W.Hanson, Innisfil, Ont., 96.24; 6, A.Fournier, Gentilly, Que., 95.86; 7, John Al- mont, Silverdale, Ont., 95.74; &, Camrose Central Creamery, Camrose, Alta., 95.58.Challenge Trophy, won by E.Faucher, St.Fla- vians, Que., score, 97.88.Highest average score\u20141, E.Faucher, St.Fla- vians, Que., score, 96.60; 2, Matthew Weir, Winnipeg, Man., score, 96.41; 3, A.Fournier, Gentilly, Que., score, 96.22.Judges.\u2014J.D.Leclair, St.Hyacinthe, Que; Mand.Robertson, Belleville, Ont; J.B.Muir, Ingersoll, Ont.QUEBEC CHEESE AWARDS AT THE TORONTO EXHIBITION EVENTEEN of the prizes awarded at the Toronto Exhibition for cheese have been won by cheesemakers in the province of Quebec, and of these seventeen prizes fourteen have been won by members of the Co-operative Cheese- makers\u2019 Society of Quebec.We give below list of members who have won prizes: \u2014 Coloured Cheese June cheese.\u2014Tth prize, N.Touchette, Ascot Corner.August cheese.\u20148th prize, T.Lambert, St.Gervais.White Cheese June cheese.\u20142nd prize: Mills, Lotbiniere.6th and 7th prizes: Joseph Helie, St.Wenceslas, Nicolet.July cheese.\u20141st prize: E.P.Houde, St.Prosper, Z.Bergeron, Methods Champlain.4th prize: E.Gaudreault, Rang Mathias, Chi- coutimi.5th & 6th prizes: N.Coté, St.Remi de Ting- wick.August cheese.\u20142nd prize: E.P.Houde, St.Prosper, Champlain.3rd prize: A.Paquet, St.Flavien, Lotbiniere.5th prize: Z.Bergeron, Methods Mills Lot- biniere.8th prize: J.Helie, St.Wenceslas, Nicolet.Flat cheese 5th prize: J.Helie, St.Wenceslas, Nicolet.Stilton No rank given.\u2014T.Lambert, St.Gervais.Trophy (Prizes awarded to the competitors who obtained the highest number of points).2nd prize\u2014E.P.Houde, St.Prosper, Champlain.FOR DAIRY FARMERS RE you increasing your dairy profits: By weeding out the unprofitable cows?By feeding economically?By caring for the milk produced in the way that it should be cared for?The question is NOT \u201cWhat is the average production of the herd\u201d?but \u201cis each cow in the herd a profit-maker?\u201d Study the feeding problem in order to get maximum returns for your outlay.It is important to know what it costs to feed a cow, but it is also worth while knowing how much is left in your pocket after the feed is paid for.In caring for milk, CLEANLINESS and COLD are the two great essentials.Milk may become contaminated in many, ways, and anything that we do to keep dust and dirt out of the milk-pail means milk of better flavor and better keeping qualities.CARE OF CREAM Keep the separator and its surroundings clean.Set the separator to take a cream so rich that one gallon will make from three to three and a half pounds of butter.Cool the cream to a low temperature immediately after separating.Never add warm cream to the cool.Stir the cream in the can thoroughly every time fresh cream is added.Do not add sweet eream to the ripened cream the day you are going to churn.CHURNING Choose the temperature that will bring the butter in nice, firm granules in from 20 to 30 minutes.A range of temperatures that will cover most farm conditions would be\u201454 to 58 degs.in summer and 56 to 64 degs.in winter.Butter should be salted to suit the consumer and this salt should be evenly distributed and thoroughly dissolved.Use pressure only when working the butter, avoiding a sliding or cutting movement.Butter packages should be neat and attractive, as the appearance of the article influences the buyer.A TRAINED SENSE OF TOUCH fat-looking little man one day wished to tackle a big bully.A bystander grabbed him by the arm but changed his mind, and permitted him to go to it.The small, apparently fat man finished with the apparently muscular, big man in a jiffy.His condition had been revealed to the bystander by a touch on the arm.A little hair or a great deal of wool should not deceive the sense of touch as to what is muscle and what fat, though the thick hides of cattle make the estimate of the quality of muscular tissue far more difficult than in the case of the thin-skinned sheep, horse or dog.Horses and sheep\u2019s legs can be flexed, and under such conditions the ends of the fingers of the man who handles them soon become intelligent.The left hand is often more sensitive than the right, being less indurated.Many a stock judge knows that fingers can be trained until they can easily tell the play of muscle.If one does not ask his fingers to \u201ctalk,\u201d nor give them practice, they will remain dumb.The sense of touch is there.but it needs to be cultivated to be effective.The Breeders\u2019 Gazette. 82 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE POULTRY AT THE SHERBROOKE FAIR HE poultry exhibit at Sherbrooke Fair in T 1916 was bigger and better than in any former year.The management in the hands of Mr.C.J.Wright of Cornish fame, was carried out in a very able manner from the standpoint of the exhibitors and of the public in general.The new wire coops were well filled with birds of excellent quality, and while in a few cases the condition of the birds could have been improved, in general it was very creditable indeed.Owing to the unfavorable spring many of the chickens were small, but those who were so situated as to have favorable artificial conditions seemed to be making rood use of them and some well developed pullets and cockerels were on exhibition.This is one feature of our poultry shows which should receive greater cneouragement, for well developed pullets in September go a long way towards high egg production during the fall and winter months.The entries totalled about 1\u20ac00 and all credit is due to the untiring efforts of the directors in charge and their worthy superintendent.The judges, Messrs.Robertson, Fortin, Reid and Aird, expressed themselves well pleased with the quality of the exhibils in their various classes.One of the judges in expressing his opinion said that many of the birds he had handled at Sherbrooke could have won in Toronto.The principal exhibitors were Point Fortune Poultry Yards; Langlois Poultry Farm of St.Jerome; National Farm of Point Fortune; Taylor Bros, Ormstown; A.P.Hillhouse, Foster; and Messrs.F.B.Wilson, W.W.Shaw, W.B.Murray, C.J.Wright, A.M.Armitage, Geo.Pierce, Geo.Berwick, A.kK.Berwick, Louis Cabana and Miss Camirand of Sherbrooke.Most of the classes were well filled and this was especially true of the Barred Plymouth Rock, White Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red, White and Brown Leghorn classes.These breeds seem to have their share of admirers, no doubt due to their ability to fulfil the demand for market poultry and give a constant suppiy of fresh eggs.Hamburg, Polish, French, Asiatic, Game and Bantam classes were each well represented, as were the Pigeon and ornamental classes.The exhibit of Turkeys, Geese and Ducks was not large and there is room for further development along this line in the province.The few birds that were on exhibition were very creditable indeed and it is to be hoped that in future these sections will be better filled.Taken as a department in general the show was a decided success.À.G.TAYLOR MARKET EGGS GGS are at their best when first laid.The longer they are kept the staler they get.In other words, eggs do not improve with age, Although fresh cggs differ considerably in size, shape and colour they are quite uniform in the quality of the contents.The quality is determined ty testing the eggs with a tester or candler.The best position for the candler is about twelve inches below the eye, thus making an examination of the air cell an easy matter.The egg is candled with the end containing the air cell held upward and as the egg is placed before the candler it is given a quiek twist.This motion causes the contents of the ce to move round and thus an examination of all the contents is obtained.Fresh Kggs\u2014The term \u201cfresh\u201d is used here with reference to quality as well as to age.The air cell of a fresh egg is very small, usually about the size of a five-cent piece.The yolk appears as a dim shadow floating about the centre of the egg.Sometimes a 4 POULTRY dark spot is seen to move round with the shadow of the yolk ; this is one of the chalazae.The albumen has somewhat of a pink colour and is almost transparent.When an egg is broken out of the shell there are certain features by which one can tell whether it is fresh or not.In a fresh egg the yolk should be light yellow in colour and it should stand up well.If the yolk lies flat it is not a fresh egg.A dark yellow denotes age or heating, although the colour oi the yolk may be affected by the feed given.Green food and yellow corn give the yolk a deep yellow colour.Wheat and white corn give the yolk a pale yellow colour.The chalazae of a fresh egg should be firm and should lie close to the yolk.The inner layers of the albumen should stand up well around the yolk.The outer layer of albumen is thin in nature and runs easily.A fresh egg has practically no odour.Many eggs when laid, however, may have a distinctive odour owing to the food given the fowls.When the laying fowls are allowed access to the barnyard the eggs sometimes have a strong odour as compared with eggs laid by fowls on free ranges.It is difficult to describe the flavour of a fresh cg.The flavour is affected by the food which the laying fowls receive.If onions are fed to the fowls the eggs will have an onion flavour.The odour and flavour of eggs are easily affected, depending upon the conditions under which they are kept.An egg when laid may have a good odour and a good flavour, but it may soon have a bad odour or a had flavour or both.Many people believe that the shell of an egg protects the contents from all injurious effects.This is not so, for the shell is \u2018ull of pores which allow air and water to pass in and out.If eggs are stored near coal oil the eggs absorb the odour of coal oil and taste like coal oil.Eggs absorb odours and flavours very quickly and so they should be kept in clean, sweet places.Stale Eggs.\u2014The term \u201cstale\u201d means just the opposite to fresh ; that is, a stale egg is one that is not fresh.The size of the cell is a good indication as to the age of the egg ; the older the egg the larger is the air cell.This is because some of the water, which makes up about sixty-five per cent of the egg, evaporates and passes out through the shell.As water leaves the egg air passes in and thus the air space is enlarged.Wate evaporates more quickly in a warm room than in a cool one ; so eggs should be kept in a cool room.The yolk in a stale egg tends t o get dark in colour ac compared with a fresh one.The yolk also tends to settle and if an egg is left in one position too long the yolk becomes stuck to the shell membranes.The albumen in a stale egg gets weak and watery in condition.Soiled Eggs.\u2014Dirt on the shell of an egg is a bad thing.A soiled egg will not keep nearly as long as a clean one.The dirt on the shell nearly always contains many bacteria which soon enter the egg through the shell and thus spoil the contents.Bacteria set up decomposition and various forms of bad eggs result.If soiled eggs are washed they will not keep nearly as long as unwashed eggs.Consequently soiled eggs should not be marketed but, as far as possible, they should be used at home.In order to avoid soiled eggs the poultry yard, house and nests must be kept clean.Blood spots.\u2014From time to time a few eggs are produced in nearly every flock with clots of blood on the surface of the yolk.Such eggs are called \u201cblood spots\u201d, and although the eggs are fresh they have a bad appearance when broken open.The presence of the blood in the egg is apparently due to the rupture of some of the blood vessels of the oviduct.The blood escapes into the oviduct and passes duwn with the yolk as the albumen is being secreted.Blood spots are objectionable and they should be candled out and should not be sold.Meat Spots.\u2014 Small pieces of meat are often found in the albumen of eggs.The presence of these can be detected by the use of the candler ; the meat spots appear very dark and float near the shell.Apparently small pieces of the dead glands of the oviduct get into the albumen and form part of the egg when laid.Meat spots are just as objectionable as blood spots and should be taken out of the cgg when marketed.Bloody eggs.\u2014In such eggs the albumen appears quite red in colour owing to the presence of blood.The blood has escaped from the oviduct which has been injured and it collects in the albumen.Bloody eggs cannot be used for eating and must not be sold.Blood rings.\u2014 In the spring and early summer there are many eggs produced which show the presence of blood rings when candled.Each egg has a little ring of blood lying on the surface of the yolk.A BASKET OF POOR EGGS.Many of the eggs are soiled and these would soon spoil in warm weather.Soiled eggs soon spoil the good ones.There is no uniformity in the eggs in this basket; there are soiled and clean eggs, cracked and sound shells and brown and white shells mixed together, 0 \u2014 \u2014 ER reer SE. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 83 A BASKET OF SELECTED UNIFORM EGGS.These eggs are all clean, of the same colour and size, and about the same shape.They are uniform and thus command the highest market price.This blood ring represents a dead embryo ; the embryo started to grow and then, in two or three days, ic died and the blood collected in a ring.A blood ring results from a fertile egg being kept at a high temperature for some time.A fertile egg begins to develop into a chick if it is kept in a temperature of 72° F.or over.As long as the male fowls are allowed to run with the female fowls fertile eggs are produced.In the spring and early summer these fertile eggs begin tu develop because of the warm temperature.In many cases broody hens are allowed to sit upon the cggs for two or three days and this starts the embryos to develop.The warm summer temperature will sometimes start the development of the embryo.The best thing to do away with blood rings is to take the male fowls away from the females as soon as the breeding season is over.Musty eggs.\u2014 Eggs which have acquired a peculiar, musty odour are called musty eggs.The odour usuzlly results from eggs being packed in Loxes or cases which have a musty odour.The remedy is to pack eggs in clean cases only.Mouldy eggs.\u2014 Eggs which have mould spots on the inside of the shell are easily detected on candling.The mould spots have resulted from the action of bacteria which have entered the egg through the shell.To avoid spots the eggs should not be stored in places where there is too much moisture.Rotten eggs.\u2014 Fertile eggs which have started tv hatch and in which the embryo has afterwards died develop into rotten eggs.Such eggs are a stage in advance of blood rings.The embryo in the egg decays and makes the egg unfit for food.The only remedy is to avoid producing fertile egges in warm weather.The eggs should be gathered often, so that broody hens will not spoil them, and the male fowls should be separated from the females, as scon as the breeding season is over.Hair splits.\u2014 Eggs which have a faint erack in the shell are known as \u201chair splits\u201d.Checks.\u2014 Eggs which have a distinct crack in the shell, but which does not cause the leaking of the contents are known as \u201cchecks\u201d.Leukers\u2014Eggs which have a crack in the shell causing leaking of the contents are called \u201cleakers\u201d.They are a source of great loss in the egg trade because the contents of leakers often get smeared over other eggs in the same case.Improving the quality of market eggs.\u2014 The various kinds of market eggs described above result from methods of production and marketing.Very often the fowls are fed on unwholesome food which affects the odour and flavour of the eggs.Dirty poultry houses and dirty nests are the cause of dirty eggs.Meat spots, blood spots and bloody eggs cannot be avoided, but they should not be sold with the rest of the eggs.Blood rings and rotten eggs are caused by having the males with the females during warm weather- or when broody hens sit upon the eggs.Musty and mouldy eggs result from the storing of eggs in bad places.Hair splits, checks and leakers are caused by rough handling either at home or after the eggs have been sold.It will be noted that most of the conditions which give rise to bad eggs can be improved.If the proper improvements are made, it will mean that more good eggs will be sold and much money will be saved, for every egg that is spoiled means a loss of money.There is an enormous amount of money lost every year because so many good eggs are spoiled.Much of this money can be saved if the quality of market cegs is improved.If the following rules are observed fewer eggs will be spoiled : 1.Keep only healthy laying fowls.2.Except during the breeding season produce eggs which are not fertile.In other words, keep all males away from the females except during the breeding season.3.During the breeding season handle the fertile cges very carefully.4.Feed the fowls on wholesome food.5.Keep the houses clean.6.Keep the nests clean.7.Gather the eggs regularly, twice each day during very warm weather and during very cold weather, and at other times once each day.8.Do not market eggs found in hidden nests without making sure they are perfectly fresh.9.Keep the broody hens off the nests as much as possible.10.Use all dirty eggs at home if possible.If this is not possible, wipe them with a damp cloth.11.Use all checks and leakers at home or sell them separately.12.Place all eggs in a clean, cool and rather rioist place as soon as gathered and hold them there until sold.13.Eggs should not be stored where they may absorb odours from other products.14.\u2014Sell eggs weekly ; that is, do not keep any cgg over one week.15.Handle eggs with care.16.Candle all eggs.M.A.JULL.WOMAN'S WORLD DUNHAM HOMEMAKERS\u2019 CLUB HROUGH the efforts of the Homemakers\u2019 Club a well attended demonstration on cake and bread making was held in the town hall on August 26th by Miss Frederica Campbell of Macdonald College.The ladies of the town turned out in a large number, and showed great interest in the process of cake making which was described very minutely by Miss Campbell.Many helpful hints were also given on bread making, yeasts, baking powders etc.Both old and young spent a profitable afternoon, and a hearty vote of thanks was extended to Miss Campbell.It was felt that all who wish to become efficient in the art of homemaking should unite and by this means extend the good influence of the Homemakers\u2019 Clubs throughout the province.H.J.G Press Correspondent, HOWICK HOMEMAKERS\u2019 CLUB HE Howick Homemakers\u2019 Club met on August 29th at the home of the Misses Morris, sixty ladies and a number of gentlemen being present.The chair was occupied by Mrs.Taite, the president, and the chief business of the Club consisted of making arrangements for the coming Children\u2019s Fair.Mrs.Desta Stuart Woods gave an excellent address on the \u201cPresent Opportunities for Women, and Are They Taking full Advantage of Them,\u201d which was followed by a debate by six ladies on the resolution, \u201cThat the City does more for the Advancement of Humanity than the Country\u201d.The affirmative was taken by Miss Rose, Mrs.Husk and Miss Edna McKell, and the negative by Miss Janet Morris, Mrs.M.Morrison and Mrs.James Brives.After most excellent arguments on both sides the decision was given for the negative, to the satisfaction of all present, most of them being country people.The affirmative argued from the point of view of the greater advantages of city life so far as education, co-operation, sanitation etc.were concerned; the negative dwelt mainly on the moral uplift of country life, and the fact that the farmer preserves the balance of the financial world.The judges were Mr.Messenger, principal of Victoria School, Montreal; Mr.Hawley, Manager of St.Chrysostome Bank, and James Morris, M.P.Mr.Morris closed the meeting with a brief address, complimenting the debaters on their merit as platform orators.Refreshments were served by the hostesses.FOODS AND FOOD VALUES Lesson IV.The Course of the Food through the Alimentary Canal.\u2014Human Digestion PT \\HE tract through which the food passes is called the alimentary canal, spoken of by Dr.H.W.Wiley as \u201cThe Most Troublesome Canal in the World.\u201d In a recent article he compares this canal with the great canals of the world.He speaks of their cost, the expense neces- cary to keep them in good condition and the 84 dangers which beset them, and he says\u2014\u201cBut all these troubles from all these canals fall into in- \u201cignifiance when compared to those which affect the canal called \u201calimentary.\u201d Every one of them ix giving trouble to his individual possessor from birth to death.They are threatened with attack by all kinds of enemies, not only from without, but from within, What is weeded is a sane feeding of the canal\u201d Divisions of the Alimentary Canal The Mouth.The Pharynx.The Gullet or Aesophagus.The Stomach.The Small Intestine, 6, The Large Intestine.ihe digestive processes have for aim the resolution of the several foud-stuffs into substances shieh can be assimilated by the body and this is assisted not merely by the water contained in all food-stuflfs and taken along with them as bever- ames, but by various digestive juices, prepared within the organism itself and exercising a chem- TU ee C1 jeo-vital action.Digestion comprises several processes, niechanical and chemical.It is usual to distinguish towing stages \u2014 in digestion the fol- 1.Mastication and insalivation.Swallowing.Gastric digestion or chymification.Intestinal digestion.Absorption.6.Defecation.HRK Mastication and Insalivation.On entering the mouth the food, if solid, comes under the action of the teeth, by which it is cut, tern and bruised by a purely mechanical action, while all the time it is being moistened by the mucus of the mouth and thoroughly mixed with saliva, + digestive juice which is secreted by the salivary glands and contains a ferment called ptyalin.The saliva is alkaline and in this alkaline medium ptyvalin acts chemically upon the starch in foods changing it into a simpler form which is soluble Proteins and fats are not acted upon and sweet, by ptvalin.Mastication and insalivation go on together and thie person who \u201cbolts\u201d his food is not only ignoring and the presence of teeth thrusting a crude mass Fig.1, \u2014 Alimentary Canal, including mouth (M), pharynx (P), gullet (G), stomach (St), small (D to 1.) and large (C to R) intestines.upon the stomach, thus degrading it to a mere crop or gizzard, but is depriving himself of a stage in ihe chemical process of digestion and storing up gastric (stomach) trouble.The salivary glands consist of three pairs \u2014 pa- rotid, sub-macillary and sub-lingual, named from their position in the mouth.Tea should not be taken just before or during a meal.It has a marked effect on the salivary glands, arresting their activity and it has the same effect on a similar juice in the intestine and these two are the only digestive juices which are capable of acting upon starch.It is obvious that the common practice of drinking tea at meals is a mistake and that tea should be used as a stimulant only three or fur hours after meals.Under the combined action of the teeth and the saliva the food, now worked into a smooth ball, is ready to enter the stomach.It passes through the pharynx and by the act of swallowing enters the stomach by way of the gullet or aesophagus.The {cod is under the control of the will until it enters the pharynx\u2014all the later movements are involuntary.Gastric Digestion or Chymification takes place in the stomach.The stomach is the most dilated portion of the alimentary canal and usually considered the principal organ of digestion.tts form is not easily described.It has been compared to a bagpipe, which it resembles somewhat when moderately distended.It has a capacity of about two quarts.The orifice by which the food enters the stomach is called the cardiac opening, because it is near the heart.The opening by which the food leaves the stomach and where the small intestines begin is known as the pyloric orifice.It is guarded by a kind of valve known as the pylorus, or gatekeeper.Owing to contraction of the muscular walls of the stomach the food has two kinds of motion.There is a churning motion whereby the food is rotated along the greater curvature towards the pyloric end, then back along the lesser curvature to the closed gullet opening (cardiac orifice).At the same time the stomach turns slightly outward presenting the greater curvature to the front and thus causing a feeling of fulness.The interior of an empty stomach shows a number of folds running lengthwise, the object being to increase the digestive surface.When the organ is filled with food the creases disappear.The stomach is lined with mucous membrane, containing the very important gastric glands.These secrete the gastric iuice.During mechanical digestion in the stomach the food is intimately mixed with the gastric juice.The Action of the Gastric Juice.This juice is a thin colourless fluid with a sour taste and odour.Its reaction is distinctly acid.Its chief constituents are two ferments called pepsin and rennin, free hydrochloric acid, mineral salts and 95 per cent of water.Pepsin, the most important constituent of the gastric juice, has the power of dissolving the protein foodstuffs, changing them chemically into simpler compounds.Pepsin can only act in the presence of an acid, hence the importance of the hydrochloric acid of the grastric juice.Rennin acts upon the casein of milk, causing it to clot.This is the first stage in the digestion of milk.The gastric juice has no action on starchy foods and very litttle on fats.The effects of gastric juice on the various classes of foods may be shown thus :\u2014 Proteins\u2014-coagulated if not already solid; changed chemically into proteoses and peptones, soluble products._ l'ats \u2014 Not acted upon unless it is in the form of an emulsion, as in milk or cream.Starch \u2014 Not, affected.The food now forms a sourish mass of soup-like consistency and is called chyme.There is some absorption of soluble matters through the stomach walls, but the great bulk of the chymified food passes through the pyloric valve to be disposed of THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Fig.2.\u2014The Stomach, &c.Oe, Gullet ; St, stomach ; P, pyloric opening ; D.duodenum ; G, gall-bladder ; B, bile-duct ; Pn, pancreatic duct.iti the small intestine.Contrary to popular belief the stomach is not now regarded as the chief seat of digestive activity, but more as a preparatory organ adapting food for treatment in the true digestive chamber, the small intestine.Formerly the idea was that no starch digestion t:ok place in the stomach.It is now claimed that food on entering the stomach remains for some time near the cardiac opening where the gastric j ice is only slightly acid and that the ptyalin continues to act upon starch for from twenty minutes to more than one hour.As soon as the food leaves the cardiac end of the stomach it becomes strongly acid and the ptyalin\u2019s action is then arrested as it has no power in an acid medium.Intestinal Digestion \u2014 The Small Intestine After leaving the stomach, the digesting mass of chyme passes by the pyloric valve into the small intestine, a tube about twenty feet long The small intestine has three divisions : 1.The Duodenum \u2014 about ten inches long.It forms a sort of horse-shoe, curving backward and downwards.At a point in about the middle of it there enter by the same opening two digestive juices, the bile from the liver and the pancreatic juice from the pancreas or sweetbread.2.The Jejunum.i.The Ileum\u2014opens into the large intestine, the opening being guarded by the ileo-coecal valve, This valve permits the passage of material from the small intestine, but prevents its backward movement.Although the parts of the small different names there is no between them.intestine have structural difference Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine Like the stomach the small intestine is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane plentifully supplied with glands.The inner coat of muscles is circular, the outer runs lengthwise, and by means of these the intestine is capable of a wave-like motion rot unlike that shown by a worm crawling along the ground.By means of this slow forward motion, called peristalsis, the contents of the intestine are slowly forced down at the rate of rather less than half an inch per minute, the total time taken to traverse the small intestine being about three hours.The inner coat of a large part of the small intestine is thrown into numerous tranverse folds.These serve to increase the extent of the surface of the intestine contents.Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestines.There are three digestive juices in the small in- tastine which act chemically upon the food : \u2014 1.The Pancreatic juice, containing three ferments: trypsin which continues the work of the pepsin by converting proteins into assimilable products, amylopsin, which completes starch digestion, steapsin which acts upon fats.2.The Intestinal Juice, which completes the digestion of the proteins and sugars.J.The bile, which aids also in the digestion of pro- \u2014 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 85 teins and carbohydrates but having the peculiar function of preparing the fats for digestion and aiding in the process of fat digestion.All these juices are alkaline and all nents work together on the chyme, digesting or rendering more soluble the different compounds in the food, preparing them for passage into the blood stream.The bulk of absorption takes place in the small intestine.these fer- The Larger Intestine.Through the ileo-coecal valve the \u201cdigesting fluid\u201d passes into the large intestine or colon.The large intestine is about five feet in length.It is much wider than the small intestine which opens into the side of the large intestine a short distance beyond the beginning of the latter.A blind pouch or dilated pocket is thus formed at the place of junction, called the caecum.The large intestine passes upwards on the right side as the \u201cascending colon\u2019, until the underside of the liver is reached (See Fig.1), where it passes to the left side as the \u201ctransverse colon,\u201d below the stomach.It there turns downward as the \u201cdescending colon\u201d and making an s-shaped curve ends in the rectum in which the waste materials of digestion are received until they can be expelled from the boay.E.B.RUTTER.OF GENERAL INTEREST \u201cTHEIR ADMIRAL, GOD\u201d (A Shields man, serving in the Warspite, in a letter home, states that when that vessel was going full speed into action, in the Jutland battle, it passed through a part of the sea in which some other British ship had gone down.A number of sailors were seen in the water, some swimming and others supporting themselves on lifebelts and wreckage.The poor fellows cheered the Warspite as it raced past them\u201d.\u2014Daily paper.) If to die stoutly be a hero\u2019s end.Then more than heroes These British seamen, from whose drowning lips Such gallant cheers rose.Bravely one\u2019s life for King and cause to give, A patriot, purely, Gladly so to die, Is godlike, surely ?Is greatly manlike.They died as British seamen ever die\u2014 Fighting\u2014unfearing ; Yet, even in death, their duty greatly done, Brave comrades cheering.May it not be that One who walked the sea.As once the sod.Walked these waves once again, their souls to guide To their High Admiral, God ?\u2014Coulson Kernahan.THE REAPERS Red are the hands of the Reapers, And the harvest is so white ! Red are the feet that are treading The threshing floors by night ; And, on the young brows, dripping As with the dews of morn Deep rose-red are the woundings, Like scars of a crown of thorn.Tired, so many, with reaping,\u2014 Tired with treading the grain, Still they lie in their sleeping Low in the Valley of Pain,\u2014 Never again, to be quaffing The joy of life, like wine ; Never again to be laughing In Youth\u2019s glad hour divine.Birds shall sing in the branches, Children dance by the shore ; But they who shared the red reaping Shall come back never more, Let who so can forget them.Walking life\u2019s noisy ways; We who have looked on the Reapers Go quietly, all our days.Lauchlan Maclean Watt.France, 1916.C.F.AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION HE allotments to the different provinces under The Agricultural Instruction Act, passed by the Dominion Parliament in 1913, have been made for the year ending March 31st, 1917.It will be remembered that by the terms of this Act ten million dollars spread over a period of ten years Was to be divided between the nine provinces of the Dominion, according to population, for the encouragement of education in agriculture and domestic science.In the initiatory year, 1913-14, $700,000 was to be divided.Each year the amount was to be increased by $100,000, until 1917-18, when the grants under this arrangement will have reached a total of $1,100,000, at which they are to remain until 1923, when the ten million dollars will have been exhausted.The sums received by the different provinces for the year ending March 31st next will be as follows: Prince Edward Island .$30,443.75 Nova Scottia .74,859.28 New Brunswick .59,209.60 Quebec .243,212.28 Ontario .801,158.45 Manitoba .70,767.21 Saskatchewan .74,869.76 Alberta .61,747.22 British Columbia .63,732.50 By the aid of these grants agricultural education and domestic science knowledge has been greatly benefited and extended all over the country.School buildings have been erected, college buildings have been extended and increased in number, experienced teachers of a high class have been engaged, District Representative and country agents, expenses have been met, demonstrations in all branches of agriculture and short courses have been liberally arranged, agricultural instruction in both public and high schools has been extensively promoted, much useful literature has been circulated, veterinary science has been benefited, knowledge and practice of domestic science extended, manual training received an impetus, competitions of many varieties helped and initiated and school and home gardening greatly developed.In short the beneficial influence of the Act is making itself felt in every direction that agriculture and home-making take.YORKSHIRES AND TAMWORTHS BY John M.Evvoard, Iowa Experiment Station.Spring Bank, Alberta, inquirer requests a comparison of Large Yorkshire and Tamworth swine.Both breeds are representatives of the bacon type.They are especially well adapted to the production of Wiltshire sides for British export.Most of the prizes given in Canada during the lest 10 years at the big bacon shows have gone to the Yorkshires, which may partly be due to their larger numbers.The Tamworths produce excellent bacon having a preponderance of lean meat.In body conformation the Yorkshire is somewhat wider and consid- &rably deeper.There is greater width between the eyes and possibly bigger bone.The legs are of about equal length, although one might judge the Tamworth to have the longer ones because of its less depth of body.The jowl is trimmer and neater with the Tamworth, this being especially desirable in the bacon type.Of all hogs the Tamworth has the lightest, trimmest jowl.The ears of both breeds are upright, although the ears of the Tamworth are inclined to extend slightly forward.The Yorkshire has the coarser, more hairy ear.The hams of the Yorkshire clearly excel as regards size.There is a marked difference in the heads.The Yorkshire has a Berkshire-like and dished face with short snout, whereas the Tamworth possesses a head especially adapted for rooting, it being of a cone shape, long and trim.The dished, short face of the Yorkshire is not now popular.In constitution they are about equal for all practical purposes.Both are most excellent rustlers.One would naturally think that if these two breeds were turned out in the woods to rustle for themselves the Tamworth would have the advantage because of its more trim make-up.The Tamworth is much better adapted to rooting because of the neat, wedge-like conformation of the head.When it comes to escaping from enemies there is not much question but that the Tamworth would outdo the Yorkshire in a foot race.It is said that it is much more difficult to fence the Tamworth.In size the Tamworth is accredited to be the largest breed of swine, but this is questionable.Record has it that a Tamworth once upon a time weighed 1,607 pounds, whereas the largest Yorkshire of which we have knowledge weighed only 1,203 pounds.Ordinarily the Yorkshire at full maturity weighs from 500 to 800 pounds and the Tamworth about the same.It is the experience of the cornbelt farmer that the Yorkshire is better adapted to the production of lard than the Tamworth.The Yorkshire is white, whereas the Tamworth is red.The disadvantages of the white color are somewhat serious in warm, sunny climates.White bogs blister, sunscald and have other skin troubles more badly than do red ones, this being probably due to the absorption of the ultra-violet rays from the sun by the skin of the white hog.The ultra-violet rays are destructive of tissue if they are not successfully screened against, as in the red or black hog.On the other hand the white color seems to be especially well adapted to the northern cool climates of Canada, or to the moist, cool conditions existing in the British Isles.The color of the Yorkshire is an advantage seemingly in that when crossed with other breeds the white color is dominant.I have seen Yorkshire-Berk- shire and Yorkshire-Poland-China crosses, both of which were white in color.In the grading up of a herd the Yorkshire will give much more uniform markings than the Tamworth.One large packing concern in Iowa has imported a large number of Yorkshire swine into the community from which it draws its supply.A premium ranging as high as 25 cents is paid for hogs showing Yorkshire conformation, resulting from one or more crosses of the Yorkshire purebreds.Yorkshires crossed on Tamworths will give white pigs.These are perfectly white, but as regards body conformation show typical Tamworth characters.The cross between Tamworths and Poland-Chinas results in a large number of spotted pigs, whereas the same Poland-Chinas crossed with Yorkshires will give white pigs.When it comes to impressing eg 8 86 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE body conformation on the offspring, the Tamworth is equally efficient with the Yorkshire.In appearance the Yorkshires are somewhat more stylish and impressive.In the cornbelt the Tamworth is considered by many as \u201cracing stock\u201d, hence finds little personal favor.But this should not be so in a bacon country.The relative prolificacy of the two breeds is a toss-up.The Tamworth is said to \u201chave more teats than any breed, with the possible exception of the Yorkshire.\u201d Both of these breeds are exceptionally prolific.The Tamworth is said to maintain its reproductive powers throughout a longer period of years, but this may be questioned.Both farrow on the average as many pigs as they can successfully raise.The Yorkshires and Tamworths are no exceptions to the rule that \u201cthere are bigger differences between individuals of the same breed than between the different breeds.\u201d Severals experimenters have undertaken to compare the breeds as regards economy of pork production.In some investigations the advantage has appeared lo be in favor of the Yorkshire, in others (a smaller number) in favor of the Tams.From this experimental evidence one is somewhat at sea as regards conclusive differences.The Yorkshires scem to have a bit the advantage, although it is minor.Evidently the two breeds are about on a par as regards economical production.Generally speaking, the choice of the breed will depend upon local conditions to be met.Feed, distribution, market, climatic, breeding and personal preference problems must all be considered.\u2014The Dreeders\u2019 Gazette.PRICES IN CANADA, 1915 Department of Labour\u2019s Annual Review of Prices T\" E great rise in prices during the war, which became very steep after the middle of 1915, is shown in the report just issued by the Department of Labour entitled \u201cWholesale Prices in Canada, 1915\u201d, which also contains information regarding Retail Prices and prices in other countries.In Canada the wholesale prices of 272 commodities averaged over 8 per cent higher than in 1911 and 9 per cent higher than in 1913, while the retail prices of some thirty foods were 2 per cent higher than in 1914 and 7 per cent higher than in 1913, allowing for the importance of each article in family consumption.By December, 1915, however, the steep rise had brought the index number of wholesale prices to a point 20 per cent higher than in July, 1914, while retail food prices had risen 10 per cent during the same period.The index number of wholesale prices stood at 148.0 for the year as compared with 136.1 for 1914, and 135.5 for 1913, but by December, 1915, had reached 161.1 as compared with 134.6 for July, 1914, A weekly family budget of food averaged $7.86 for 1915, $7.73 for 1914 and $7.33 for 1913 but for December, 1915, stood at $8.13 as compared with $7.42 in July, 1914.It may be noted that the rise in prices has continued during the current year as shown from month to month in the Labour Gazette.The index number of wholesale prices reached 180.9 for May but deelined slightly thereafter, metals, chemicals and certain materials being lower.In retail food prices the weekly budget reached $8.63 for August, there being a decline only in July when midsummer conditions lowered prices very slightly.In other countries retail food prices also rose steeply, the rise from the beginning of the war to the end of 1915 being calculated as high as 113 per cent for Austria, 83 per cent for Germany, over 30 per cent in the Netherlands, Norway and Italy, and 44 per cent in Great Britain.In Australia the rise was nearly 30 per cent, as a result of drought, while in New Zealand it was only 16 per cent.In Japan, prices were lower than in 1914 and 1913.\u201cThe results of the great rises were considerable increases in the cost of living, particularly in the expenditure on foods.In clothing, house furnishings, etc., stocks in the hands of manufacturers and dealers were often sufficient to prevent great rises for some time even a year or more, but in food increases were immediately felt.At the beginning of 1915 staple foods were substantially higher than before the war though in many cases somewhat lower than the high levels reached during the few weeks of uncertainty and speculation which followed its outbreak\u201d.The report shows that the rising prices were accompanied by increased activity in industry and trade.\u201cNot only did the needs for the prosecution of the war make necessary increased production in many lines and new production in goods never before attempted or thought of, but production was renewed in many lines and in many districts abandoned previously owing to the poor returns normally obtainable.These changes again had great influence in stimulating other branches of industry and trade, causing higher prices.This reaction was soon experienced in many lines at first depressed by war conditions.In Canada, wheat, oats, flour, cheese, butter, packed meats, pulp and paper first felt the stimulation of increased demand due to war conditions but these were soon followed by wool, fish, leather, zine, copper, chemicals, New Brunswick lumber, linseed oil, and later iron and steel as well as most metals and metal products.In the latter part of 1915 the upward movement was particularly strong in metals, chemicals and wool, while in jute, silk, rubber, etc., among imported materials the rise was marked\u201d.Department of Labour, Ottawa, Sept, 9, 1916.THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF LIVE STOCK JUDGES HE fair season is at its height.All over the country livestock judges are tying the coveted ribbons on those animals which they think will most nearly fulfill the ideal.Thousands of farmers and breeders watch the work of these judges, and the placings which are made leave an indelible impression on the mind, and after the fair season is over the showring decisions will continue to have their influence.The herd which wins many ribbons will become popular; other breeders will be anxious to obtain breeding animals of the type that won the ribbons.These breeders will eventually spread the winning blood still farther by sales to beginners in the purebred business or the general livestock farmer, Thus, there is an ever extending and enlarging field of livestock breeding that is affected by the decisions made in the showring; and greater wealth and animal efficiency follow if the awards have been wisely and sanely made, but unwise and foolish placings ultimately result in great economic loss.So the man who tics the ribbons carries a great responsibility\u2014 one that is vital to the success of any set or class of breeders and to the general livestock farmer.To avoid costly mistakes he must have a knowledge of the art of breeding that will enable him to select the animals best fitted to advance the breed along the line for which it is kept; he must have a broad experience in the science and practice of breeding as related to conformation, which will enable him to avoid those \u201cpretty\u201d or weak characteristics which sooner or later will react to the detriment of the breed; he must have a full understanding of the commercial basis of the breed, for profit is always the final test of a breed.Competent livestock judging guides the various breeds away from the rocks and shoals of fads and fancies, into the broad, smooth sea of permanency and profit; it is a great stimulus to keep the majority of breeders interested in that type and quality of animal which is best able to occupy its ultimate place, whether for speed, power, food, clothing or pleasure.\u2014Ohio Farmer.REVIEW HE Lippincott Farm Manual series contains a book entitled \u201cCommon Diseases of Farm Animals\u201d, written by R.A.Craig, D.V.M.In this publication the cause, symptons and first aid treatment of the common diseases of farm animals are dealt with in an impressive manner.The general discussion of disease in the first few chapters deserves special mention.It contains a strong practical description of conditions that play an influential part in the course of disease.This itself should greatly assist the student of agriculture and stockmen in the art of recognizing and preventing disease.The author has given special emphasis to the cause and prevention of disease rather than to medicinal treatment.Stock- men are not expected to practise medicinal treatment indiscriminately but rather the prevention and preventive treatment of disease.The entire material contained in this book when carefully studied and put into practice will tend to enlighten the ambitious young farmer upon the best methods of caring for and preventing disease among his animals.N.E.McE.MAP OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC A striking illustration of the financial progress throughout the two older province of the Dominion during recent years, with respect to banking facilities, is graphically shown in a new- edition of a Bank Map of Ontario and Quebec which has recently been issued by the Department of the Interior at Ottawa.According to the information which has been incorporated in the publication the number of branches in operation in 1901, the first year for which statistics of this nature are given, totalled approximately 500, in comparison with 2,000 at the present time.This interesting compilation of current banking information is valuable also as a Railway Map showing as it does the location, on the various main and branch lines, of all towns, and cities.This, together with other general information, makes the publication very useful for reference purposes.A copy may be procured free of charge upon application to F.C.C.Lynch, Superintendent of the Railway Lands Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa.WHAT DO YOU THINK OF IT ?The Prairie Farmer says: \u201cWhen you come to think of it, cream or butter dairying has many advantages over selling whole milk\u201d.That is very true.Take any of the creamery districts of Wisconsin and look into them thoroughly with their all-round dairying methods, their rearing of first class dairy cattle for sale, their hog product, and the constant growing fertility of their farms.Compare them with all their indications of prosperity, their balances in the banks, and their fine array of dairy buildings and well kept farms.Compare them, we say, with any milk selling district in the state or in Illinois and we venture to assert a big balance on their side will be found to their credit.2 fe Lu SEE EEE pi A 3 F3 The shipping of whole milk from the farm starts at once a policy of injury to the productiveness of the farm.It can be provided against, it is true, by the purchase of extra fertilizers and the plowing under of green crops.But how many farms will do this?But if the skimmilk is used on the farm it compels the raising of a lot of hogs and young stock and that makes a lot of manure for the farm.Then, in addition, the eream and butter line produces a very much superior kind of a live stock farmer.There is a lot of difference in the education a man gets in these two lines of dairy farming.\u2014Hoard\u2019s Duairyman.GETTING RID OF ANTS Simple Methods of Freeing the House from These Common Pests S long as household conditions are such as to £ attract ants, measures for getting rid of the insects will be of little value, says a new publication of the department, Farmers\u2019 Bulletin 740, by C.L.Marlatt.The first step in freeing à house from these pests is, therefore, to clean up all food that may be scattereed about and to keep food supplies which may attract ants in ant-proof metal containers, or in ice boxes.Cake, bread, sugar, meat, and similar substances are especially likely to attract the insects.The use of baits is not recommended in the bulletin already mentioned because of the danger that these will serve merely to draw more insects into the house and thus actually to increase the nuisance.Where it can be safely used, however, a sirup poisoned with arsenate of soda has been found ef- tective.The formula for this sirup is 1 pound of sugar dissolved in a quart of water, to which should be added 125 grains of arsenate of soda.This mixture is boiled and strained and on- cooling is used to moisten sponges which are placed where they can be reached easily by the ants.The insects collect the sirup and convey it to their nests, so that the whole colony is ultimately poisoned.Although this method has been found effective, as has been said, it should be remembered that the arsenate of soda is poisonous to human beings and to animals zs well as to ants, and that its use must be safeguarded by the greatest precautions.When the ants can be traced back to their nests and these are in accessible places, it is possible to destroy the colonies by injecting with an oil can or small syringe a little bisulphid of carbon, kerosene, or gasoline into the nests.All these substances, however, are inflammable, and precautions must be taken, therefore, against the danger of fire.Though the common garden or lawn ants which build their little crater nests around houses are distinet species from the true house ants, they may find their way into the house.Their colonies may be destroyed by drenching the nest with boiling water or injecting a small quantity of kerosene or coal oil into them.Where larger areas are affected it is sometimes advisable to spray the lawns with kerosene emulsion or with a very strong soap wash prepared by dissolving any common laundry soap in water at the rate of one-half pound to 1 pound of soap to a gallon of water.Another method is to inject bisulphid of carbon into the nests, the quantity of the chemical depending upon the size of the nest.After the bisulphid of earbon has-been injected, the entrance to the nest should be closed by the foot.in order to retain the chemical, which will then penetrate slowly through the underground channel and kill the ants.Although its fumes are disagreable, they are not poisonous to man and the higher animals.\u2014 Weekly News Letter, U.S.Dept.Agr.THE SHEEP INDUSTRY R.C.Mc LENNAN, joint editor of the American Sheep Breeders\u2019 Journal, Chicago, in discussing the question of the sale of wool, gives the following advice to Canadian farmers: \u2014If you keep sheep, take care of them, and buy more if you can to good advantage; follow the instructions given by your local association relating to the shearing and packing of the wool; sell your wool co-operatively through the medium of the association, and in a market where the buyers are in competition.You cannot lose money on this proposition.The American factories will take all your wool if the Canadian mills cannot do so.If the Government re-establishes the embargo on wool, do not sell to the first person who comes along, but wait until a favorable price is offered you.Il you have a farm but do not keep sheep, go out and buy some at once even if you have to sell some of your calves or pigs to do so.\u201cSheep are in the front line at the present time, and no-one talks of anything but wool to-day.Keep this in mind\u201d.GOATS PROTECT AGAINST DOGS N all our provinces the question of protecting sheep from dogs has been much discussed during recent years.Some of the legislatures have taken the matter up and laws have been passed attempting to control the dog nuisance.So far success has been doubtful.Perhaps no better protection can be given to a flock of sheep than to have with them a few goats.Sometimes the curs hunt in packs but that is not common particularly in Eastern Canada.Against a pack of dogs of course goats would be powerless.But if the attacking party consists of but one or two, an active \u201cbilly\u2019\u2019 will certainly prove a match for the enemy.They will certainly be sore dogs at the end of the encounter._ Dogs have splendid memories.One who has passed through such an ordeal once will not be anxious to repeat the experience.Therefore the protection offered by the goats is more or less permanent in character.Of course, as has been said, if the dogs hunt in packs the protection offered by the goats is lessened.In cases of this kind the dogs often attack the goats.Recently a flock of Angoras came to grief in this way.They were badly worried by the dogs and at last half of them were killed.But if the sheep cannot be entirely isolated from these dog pests the presence of a couple or more of belligerent goats will do much to protect the flock from destruction.BREED BELGIAN HORSES HE Canadian Society of Breeders of Belgian horses has issued a circular drawing attention to the importance of horse breeding.They point out that the European War is not only killing men but killing horses, and already England, France and the other Allies have their eyes on Canada for the providing of this indispensable animal.The present demand is great but it will become more considerable when the areas now devastated by war are put under cultivation once again.The prices already are remunerative, and will become more so.The circular asks why the people of Quebec, inhabiting a province vast and fr rtile, do not take the necessary measure to meet the demand that is being made for horses.Up to the present, this province has not done enough in the breeding of horses for the market.The society points out that the Belgian horse has the admiration of all horse fanciers.It is preferred in all places and those who know it always defend and admire it.Belgium has always been one of the principal sources of production, but devastated as it is, it will take that unhappy country more than fifty years to place its horse-breeding on the footing that THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 87 existed before the invasion.There are in Canada, however, more than 1,000 pure blooded representatives of this famous breed, and of this number there are more than 100 in the province of Quebec.Why don\u2019t we profit from them and use them during this period to the maximum of their capacity?asks the society.To encourage this work the Minister of Agriculture, Hon.Mr.Caron, has authorized the opening of stud books in order to follow the production of and arrive at the formation of a race of superior horses which will be called Belgo-Canadians.Already 1,200 fillies, half-bred and three-quarter bred, have been inscribed in these books, and the society want to see the number multiplied by five.This, they say, will be a guarantee for the future of the horse race in the province of Quebec.Information on the subject will be gladly given by Mr.A.L.Gareau, care of the Minister of Agriculture, Quebec.The officers of the society are: Hon.J.E.Caron, honorary president; president, Mr.Paul Tourigny, of Victoriaville; vice-president, Hon.C.E.Dubord, of Quebec; executive council, Messrs.Eugene Poot- mans, of Regina; Joseph Lafontaine, M.P.P., of St.Barthelemi (Berthier), Dr.J.C.Reid of Cha- tauguay; A.L.Gareau, of Quebec, and Dr.Hor- misdas Pilon, M.P.P.for Vaudreuil; secretary- treasurer, M.J.Arthur Paquet, Department of Agriculture, Quebec.THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RIPENING HE discovery some years ago that certain fruits may be retarded from ripening by treatment enabled fruit growers to ship their fruit long distances without loss from deterioration, Hence we read to-day of fruit being shipped from Canada, the United States, South Africa, Tasmania etc to England and European ports by keeping the fruit in a low uniform temperature during the voyage.Why the process of ripening should be retarded by cold is not quite clear, but we know that warmth hastens the process of ripening and it would appear therefore to follow that the lower the degree of heat the slower should proceed the process of ripening .As regards the physiology of the process of ripening, a green or growing fruit behaves exactly as the leaves or other parts of the plant do.It decomposes carbon dioxide and gives out oxygen, but when it begins to ripen, this process is reversed.Ripening is a thing apart from the general life of the plant; it is on the down grade and is analogous to decay and death.Ripening may be compared with the yellowing of the leaves in the autumn.In a state of nature the fruit has no other purpose than that of providing the seeds it contains with moisture, or incidentally, making it attractive to animals, which, in consuming it, assist in the distribution of the seeds.We cultivate certain plants for their fruits, which we use as food, our object being quite as natural as that of the animals which devour the fruits for the same reason.Squirrels collect and bury fruits to serve as food in winter, thus providing them with similar nre servative conditions as we do when we place them in a fruit cellar, or under a covering of straw and soil.While some fruits pass from the green to the mellow or ripe condition in a short time, others are much slower.There is also a difference in the length of time fruits will preserve their freshness after having reached the condition known as ripeness.It is difficult to account for the difference in this respect between the different kinds of apples, some being ripe in August and having little better keeping qualities than a peach, and others being fit to eat in November and continuing so till the following spring or summer.There is, however, a difference in flavour according to age; apples in October usually contain 88 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE more acid than those eaten in February or March.Some fruits\u2014bananas and pineapples, for example, may be removed from the tree a considerable time before the change of colour, which indicates ripeness, shows itself, and though they lose a little in flavour in consequence of this early gathering, they will, under favourable conditions, become ripe.But not all fruits will do this\u2014grapes for example.It is necessary that the nature of the fruit should he understood before subjecting it to either retarding or ripening treatment.Ripening is not a subject upon which much information can be found in books, the changes which actually take place do not appear to have been studied much.These changes are due, we known, tu the action of ferments, many of which are ox- idases, namely, capable of producing oxidation.It has been found that darkness is an aid to the ripening process, a fact which importers of bananas turn to account, as also do the Japanese in their treatment of the fruits of the persimmon, who also add the fumes of alcohol for the purpose of hastening the chemical change.It must be remembered that fresh fruits continue to rive off carbon dioxide and water that they breathe, as it were, and therefore require a circulation of air in whatever temperature they are kept.Without this, they quietly perish, or at any rate, change to a condition that renders them unsuitable for food.There is a close analogy between birds\u2019 eggs and fruit, and the conditions nceded for their preservation in a state of freshness are pretty much the same.B.C.T.PLANTS AS TRAVELLERS Most of the Weeds and Useful Plants have Come from the East.HE vegetable kingdom, like the kingdom of T men, moves westward.While the individual plant must remain stationary, the several species may spread all over the world.In this way it may be said that plants are great travellers.The obnoxious weeds are the most successful and adventurous travellers to be found in animated nature.By an almost infinite number of devices seeds and fruits flee from the parental spot on the wind, on ocean currents, by lakes and rivers.By hooks and barbs sceds cling to animals and so are transported from place to place, while others are carried by birds.Some sceds convert themselves into boats and rafts, and visit new countries by water; others spread out sails and so travel balloon fashion.The cocoanut ships on ocean waves from one island to another, the bracts of our basswood cling to the parent stem until the ground is covered with snow, over the smooth surface of which long migrations are made before the blasts of Winter.There scems to be almost a frantic impulse in all plants, says the Kansas City Star, to send out colonies of offspring to new countries.This impulse to move forward into new regions is a selfish one.Certainly we can hardly ascribe the impulse to a charitable desire on the part of plants to supply food to animals.Plants migrate for much the same causes which impel human beings to seek new locations.A plant species may better its condition by moving.Peach trees in new places are free from borers, leaf curl, curculio, rat and other enemies.The peach tree and other fruit trees migrate only by human agency, but the same may be said of all weeds.They follow the human tides.The common plantain growing around the doorstep was unknown to the Indian until the whites came.The red man called the plantain \u201cWhite man\u2019s foot\u201d.Plants migrate to cscape their enemies, to escape cross fertilization, to get into better soil and to start a new and better race of plant beings.All From Foreign Lands The vast majority of the weeds and plants growing by the roadside came from foreign lands.The United States Agricultural Department at Washington gives a list of 200 weeds.Of this number 180 are of foreign parentage.This seems almost incredible, but a review of part of the list is convincing for the whole list.The Governmental authorities assert that the 180 foreign weeds scattered over the North American continent all proceeded from the Atlantic seaboard to the west with only rare exceptions.The jimson weed is native in Mexico but the plant is also found in other warm climates.This weed appeared in tobacco fields of pioneer parents at Jamestown.It was known to the early settlers as Jamestown weed, and our word jimson is a corruption of the first name.Other common names for this weed are thornapple, devil's trumpet, Jamestown lily and Apple of Peru.Our tansy, horehound and catnip, all of which grow wild in this country, came over from Europe, and of course were unknown before the arrival of the white race.The mullein stalk, so common as to be almost universal in this continent, came from Europe and was utterly unknown to the Indians.The mullein is a great traveller.It is found in almost every country on the globe.In the few countries where it has failed to arrive by its own peculiar methods of travel it has been carried by man as a curiosity.Being a citzen of so many countries it has a long list of common names such as Adam\u2019s flannel, blanket leaf, bullock\u2019s lungwort, candlewitch, felt- wort, hare\u2019s beard, hedge talker, ice leaf, Jacob's staff, lady\u2019s foxglove and many others.The dandelion, which is so much at home in pastures, lawns, yards and along the roadsides, is not a native here at all.It came uninvited with our forefathers from Europe, but it is not known how it got here.Perhaps the seeds came in the bedding or in packages of goods.After its arrival in America it began to explore and settle up with the country, assuming all rights and privileges of the true colonist.The dandelion has gone to every part of the country except the South.It is a weed wherever it appears, but is useful as salad or greens, and the root has medicinal properties.The dock family is another kind of weed from Europe.The yellow dock is the most common weed and is found throughout the United States.The yellow dock is a perennial; the leaves are lance shaped, acute and wavy with crisped margins.The burdock is a coarse, unsightly biennnial weed of the aster family; it was introduced from Europe.The United States Pharmacopoeia recognizes the root of the burdocks as valuable in the treatment of blood and skin diseases.Weed Nuisances Of all the weed nuisances received here from Europe among the worst is the cocklebur, known in the books as the clot bur.This pest probably came over on the back of a sheep enmeshed in the wool.The fruit of the cocklebur is about an inch long, thickly covered with stiff spines hooked at the end, well adapted to clinging to wool.The farmers used to say the frost never catches the cocklebur in the Autumn.The bur for man or beast or bird is a nuisance pure and simple, without one redeeming trait.The poke weed, or the poke berry as it is popularly called in the rural districts, is a native here.It is one weed which America has given Europe, where it is cultivated as an ornamental plant.The poke is certainly a very showy and beautiful plant, but the earliest use made of it by pioneer settlers in America was to press the juice out of the ripe fruit for red ink.The root is very thick and fleshy; it is good for rheumatism when converted into poultice, it is said.The weeds from Europe which have overrun the North American continent have become the farmer's chief nuisance.The early settlers were not annoyed with weeds of any kind in their fields.There was no cockle in the wheat, the cockle arrived from Europe long after the introduction of wheat; neither were there Hessian flies; there were no rats in the granary nor house mice in the kitchen; these pests came from Europe with the weeds.But if we received the weed evil from the older civilizations we also received our choicest fruits, grains and vegetables from the same several sources.According to the researches of F.Hoch, a German investigator, oats, barlery and rye have originated from wild forms growing along the Mediterranean; the varieties of wheat have developed from species in Persia; buckwheat is undoubtedly of Siberian or Manchurian origin; garden beans flourished in a wild state upon the slopes of the Andes; the parentage of our cultivated cabbage, lettuce, spinach, asparagus, celery and most root crops can be traced to the Mediterranean; the Orient has undoubtedly furnished civilization with onion, horseradish, cucumber and melon; Peru has given it the Irish and sweet potatoes, egg plant and tomato.Central Asia, the rhubarb; while our apples, quinces, pear, currants, gooseberries and California grapes are of European parentage and our strawberries have resulted from crossing the native with the Chilean species.IS FARMING A BUSINESS ?USINESS management can and should be applied to practical farming, but farming is not a business, in the sense in which any indoor manufacturing enterprise is a business.Manufacturers, in working raw materials into finished products, are in a position easily to keep tab on every item of expense and income.Weather conditions have little or no direct effect upon their operations.The growing of crops and the raising of stock are much more complicated as arts than the manufacturing of steel, for example.Farmers have to deal with many factors over which they have practically no control.It is the combination of these factors with their consequences which makes any elaborate system of farm bookkeeping impracticable in most cases.Farming is a life.1t is both a means and an end.Energetic, efficient business management does not and cannot make it a business ; it can make it more profitable.The Breeders\u2019 Gazette.A FUTURE FOR THE YOUNG BREEDER HE young chap who stands at the parting of the ways between boyhood and manhood is a surveyor.He surveys what he thinks he wants to do.Shall he enter a profession, engage in business, do this, that or the other, or be a farmer ?At once he comes flatly up against the question of estimating the \u201cfuture\u201d which each occupation holds for him.If he can then confer with men engaged in the various classes of the world\u2019s work he may conclude where opportunity lies thickest-spread.In this connection the following, from an address by the late Dr Henry B.Favill before the Indiana State Dairy Association only a short time before his death, is enlightening: \u201cThe future before the young breeder who has respect for his general agriculture, and is willing to protect it, and who wants good animals, and who will let the speculative part alone\u2014the future of that man is the brightest future that I know of anywhere.\u201d If a young man can see his way clear to stand firm on this advice then he has the word of the great doctor-farmer for it that there lies before him a bright future.The Breeders\u2019 Gazette.\u2014 hs \u2014 Ny +69 + od ed A 4 ped A A be pS ped PP OAT ede bed feb, fd pee ss La FA MAKING USE OF UNTILL- ABLE LAND Most Farmers Have Land Which Could be Used for Sheep Raising IFTY-SEVEN per cent of the 400 farmers visited in 1915 by the Commission of Conservation in the four (Ontario) counties of Car- leton, Dundas, Northumberland and Waterloo possess untillable land other than that in woods.The average amount per farm of untillable land, of those having such, ran as high, in one county as 53 acres; the lowest average in any one county was 15 acres.Only 14 per cent of all the farmers visited kept sheep.In one county only four farmers among the 100 visited were keeping sheep averaging only four to each of the four farms.In this particular county, on 72 of the 100 farms visited, there were over 1,000 acres of untillable land and only 16 sheep, when there might well have been 16 sheep on each farm.No class of live stock is so well able as sheep to turn to good account untillable and otherwise waste land.It has been well demonstrated by experiments that the keeping of a small farm flock headed by a pure bred ram is a profitable undertaking.They need very little care and yield two crops a year\u2014 lambs and wool.Expensive buildings are not necessary, as sheep require only to be kept dry and protected from stormy weather, with a little extra care at lambing time.Fewer bad weeds would be found on Canadian farms if more sheep were kept, as sheep will eat almost all classes of weeds.Every Canadian farmer is not urged to go into sheep husbandry, but much idle land could and should be utilized as sheep pasture.It will pay.Those interested should write to the Sheep Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, for the splendid bulletins published on various phases of the sheep industry.\u2014F.C.N.in Conservation, MYSTERY OF MILK PRODUCTION HERE seems to be no function of the animal creation which is attended by so much that is mysterious, contradictory, and unexplain- able as the production of milk.It is a good deal like electricity.We may know considerable about it and by virtue of that knowledge make extended use of it, but in the end we have to confess that we do not understand 1t.It contains mysteries beyond our solving.The average farmer has lived with cows, raised cows, fed cows, and been in close contact with cows for hundreds of years, but still he does not understand cows.He is dealing with one of the profoundest mysteries of life, that of motherhood.The production of milk by the cow is one of the essential functions of motherhood.The original purpose of it was for the nourish- THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE ment of her offspring.Man may, by skillful methods of breeding and conducive treatment in care and feeding, greatly increase the milk giving capacity but still it remains the function of motherly affection.If carried on to the greatest profit, it must always be considered, measured, and provided for from that standpoint.Find the man who is most succes- ful with cows and you will note that he is a careful student of the motherhood principle.He is gentle, quiet, and patient, knowing full well that the milk secreting function cannot operate to his best profit unless he treats this mother in a way to promote her comfort, health, and satisfaction.Men, too often for their own good, ignore this great ruling principle.They are rough, unthinking sometimes to the point of absolute stupidity.Such men have no business to deal with cows or, for that matter, with mothers of any kind.It has long been noted that cows do very much better when cared for and handled by women rather than men.Women instinctively know what is due to motherhood; hence their better success.There is no function of animal life that is more completely governed by the nervous system than that of milk secretion.It is probably due to this cause that we see such inexplainable variation at times in the per cent of butterfat in milk.None of the other solids are so affected in such degree.From the nutrition side we must supply the cow with comfortable housing, with an abundance of pure air, water, and feed that will conduce to the secretion of milk.In doing all that we are simply obedient to the demands of her motherhood.\u2014Hoard\u2019s Dairyman.CULTIVATION IN THE FALL After Harvest Cultivation Destroys the Weeds.\u2014Land Should be Plowed in the Fall, Whenever Possible.ALL CULTIVATION should be carried on not to take the place of spring cultivation, but rather to supplement it.If land is properly cultivated in the fall it is safe to say that about three-quarters of the preparation of the seed bed usually required in the spring will be eliminated.An additional advantage is that there is a good deal more time in the fall to do the work and make a good job of it.In the spring there is a rush to get in the crops.Often, as happened this year on account of the lateness of the spring, the land cannot be worked until almost a month after the usual time.This means that the seeding of the oats, and barley, and spring wheat (if any is grown) encroaches seriously on the time usually allotted for the seeding of the corn, with the result that all the work is rushed and none is done properly.In the fall, however, there is usually time between the harvesting of 89.ON Cleans churns, hygienically \u2014 purifies every part and no greasy film leaves Old Dutch Pre ENT y ou wouid never put off cleaning the hot-water reservoir of It is such a simple the Pandora.think to keep clean.It is lined with clear, white porce- And it can be lifted out as easily as you would left a pan from the top of the range.You empty it out and wash and rinse it.The water is always as clear and pure in the reservoir as it is lain as hard as glass.in the kettle.This reservoir is).as easy to clean as a pan This is only one of the many conveniences of the Pandora.Your have heard about the Pandora, would you like to study out for yourself why so many women praise this range ?M It 45, h 38 f {a3 2 37_38F {or i! ber Ue, i\" 35 3 = ee 2 S758 a\u2019 uz : z 2 wd = à ud - _ 3 Nh 2 ; 39 54 NCA TH This is the farmer\u2019s engine because it is single in construction, easy to operate, economical and guaranteed in every respect.FARMERS Our new clover and grain thresher solves all threshing troubles Light, practical and economical, it is the only one which gives good Our Manure Spreader spreads manure 50 inches in n width.It can be easily set so as to distribute from 3 to 25 loads to the acre.Runs smoothly, its low construction makes loading easy\u2014and its superior construction makes it proof against breakages.Our catalogue containing full particulars will be sent on demand.THE CHAS.A.JULIEN CO.LIMITED, - A 4 H.P.thresher made to thresh and husk 250 pounds of clover seed in 10 hours.Another of 6 and 7 H.P.has a capacity of 1,000 pounds in 10 hours.GASOLINE OR GOAL OIL ENGINE PONT ROUGE, P.Q.FARM FOR SALE ONE 118 acre farm under cultivation, good buildings, 40 apple trees, macadam road, 25 miles from Montreal.For further information, apply to A.F.RAINVILLE, proprietor, St.Angele of Monnoir, Co.Rouville, P.Q.ABSORBINE Removes Bursal Enlargements, Thickened, Swollen Tissues, Curbs, Filled Tendons, Soreness from any Bruise or Strain; Stops Spavin Lameness.Allays pain.Does not Blister, remove the hair or lay up the horse.$2.00 a bottle, delivered.Book 1 K free.ABSORBINE, JR., the antiseptic liniment for mankind.For Synovitis, Strains, Gouty or Rheumatic deposits, Swollen, Painful Varicose Veins.Will tell you more if you write.#1 and $2 per bottle at dealers or delivered.Manufactured only by W.F.YOUNG, P.D.F.134 Lymans Bldg.,Moniseal, Can.Absorbine and Absorbine, Jr., are made in Canada.= Zi TRAPPERS! Send your © IRAWFURS.PAU NTM NAN wy D 7 N S NS S and receive highest cash prices.We send S SN money the same day the furs are received.S SN Charge no commissions\u2014and pay all charges.S N We have paid out millions of dollars to thou.SN MN sands of trappers in Canada whosendtheir N SN SN S fursto us because they know they get a.square SN NS deal, and receive more money for their furs.N NX You willalso.We buy more furs from trappers NS S for cash than any other five firras in Canada.S S Hallam\u2019 8 rapper Guide aot.S atalogue \\ FREE from ssportomens Catalogue NS N S NS Hallam's Fur Style Book (32 pages) SN S Sent free on request - Address as follows: S \\ JOHN HALLAM Limited À \\ 148 Hallam Building, Toronto.S N The largest in our line in Canada.S EE pure.Government tests prove it.the careful housewife.prefer.PURITY At Best Dealers.Sugar feeds and sweetens in proportion to its purity St.linwrence RED DIAMOND GRANULATED is refined exclusively from choice sugar-cane sugars and is absolutely It is sold in fine, medium and coarse grain in many handy sizes of refinery sealed packages to suit your taste and convenience.The 100 lb.bag is the size which recommends itself specially to Your dealer can supply it in the size you The RED DIAMOND is on every Package.ST.LAWRENCE SUGAR REFINERIES, LIMITED, MONTREAL.SWEETNESS Get Original Packages THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 91 8.Storage of milk at a low temperature until delivered in clean bottles.9, À clean separate house for handling the milk.10.An abundant supply of pure water to clean utensils.If in doubt as to the purity of the water, always boil it before washing or rinsing utensils.A GOOD FARM LEASE HE satifactory farm lease should embody the following provisions : 1.Specific description of lands furnished by lessor.2.A definite outline of the type of farming to be pursued on this land and specifications as to the approximate numbers of livestock to be kept.3.Definite cropping and fertilizing system, planned with reference to maintaining soil fertility and at the same time securing the most profitable returns.4.One-year tenure, but with longer tenure anticipated by an understanding that renewal will be granted as long as both parties are satisfied.5.A careful statement of what each party is to furnish and the manner of division of the income.6.Cooperation between landlord and tenant should be fostered.The tenant should do most of the buying and selling, but larger transactions should have the consent of both parties.7.The landlord should be allowed to come on to the premises at all times for any legitimate purpose.8.Provide reward for tenant for un- exhausted improvements.9.Provide for tenant\u2019s liability in case of default.10.Provide for in case of default.landlord\u2019s liability _ A good lease must be a written legal contract stating fully the agreement between landlord and tenant, and binding each party to carry out his part of the agreement.Many tenants and landlords are careless in this respect, and such neglect often leads to misunderstandings and hard feelings, perhaps ending in expensive litigation.A carefully drawn and properly signed lease protects the interests of both parties and promotes friendliness and cooperation.\u2014A.M.Ten Eyck in the Country Gentleman.Agriculture is not alone our financial stay, but a stalwart farming population is our best political and governmental bulwark\u2014an anchor to windward.The throbbing heart of national prosperity and national life lies in the growing crops, in the keeping of our farmers.Whatever the problems, local or international, that we must solve in the near and unknown future, we will be the better prepared for them if we build up our agriculture and rural life, making the farm more likeable, as well as more profitable\u2014\u2014B.F.Harris at American Bankers\u2019 Conference.SHELTER THE IMPLEMENTS TANORMOUS sums are spent annually by the farmers of Canada for implements which, due to neglect, last on the average only half as long as they would if given proper care.To equip an average farm with machinery costs about $1,000.Implements subjected to the deteriorating effects of the weather will not do good work for more than five years.Thus there is necessary an expenditure of something like $2,000 for each period of ten years.On the other hand, by protecting with suitable shelter, implements may be kept in use for more than twice the five- year average.A comparatively cheap shelter will serve to protect the machines ; one sufficiently roomy can be built for approximately $400, which should be considered as money invested, for it will realize a good dividend.A plan for a comparatively cheap shelter suitable for the average farm will be found in Seasonable Hints No.3.which may be obtained free upon application to Mr.J.H.Grisdale, Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, Ottawa.The Coals of Fire Method A Kentucky farmer of sympathetic, if somewhat satirical, disposition has this sign posted at the bounds of his property: \u201cHunters, Take Notice: Hunt all you durn please and when you hear the horn blow come to the house for dinner.If you accidentally kill a cow, skin her and hang the hide in the barn.If the quail are scarce, kill a chicken or two, and if you can\u2019t get any squirrels kill a hog.\u201d The Canadian farmer has learned much from his forefathers and is thankful to them for \u2018the results of their practical experience, but no twentieth-century farmer can afford to sit down and rest in the shade of \u201cwhat was gocd enough for father is good enough for me.\u201d The farmer who will succeed must be up and doing.Farming is a different proposition now from what it was 25 or 50 years ago.New problems come up each year and must be met.Some practices which were considered correct in every particular a few years ago are now proven obsolete.Times have changed.Have you kept up to the times?Experiments on special and private farms have thrown new light on farming.New varieties have come; new methods of cultivation have displaced old; crop rotation has taken the place of guess work; crops formerly considered of no value are now being extensively grown.Have you grown Dawson\u2019s Golden Chaff wheat, O.A.C.21 barley, O.A.C.72 oats, Ontario Variegated or Grimm alfalfa, or sweet clover?These are only a few of the newer crops.There are many others.It pays to know them.\u2014 Farmer's Advocate.n ANGEROUS as well as painful Backache Neuralgia Lumbago Rheumatism Stiff Joints Sprains Gombault sCaustie Balsam WILL RELIEVE YOU.Itis penetrating, soothing and healing and for all Sores or Wounds, Feions, Exterior Cancers, Burns, Boils, Carbuncles and all Swellings where an outward application is required CAUSTIC BALSAM HAS NO EQUAL.Removes the soreness\u2014strengthens the muscles.Price $1.50 per bottle.Sold by druggists or sent by us express prepaid.Write for Booklet L.The LAWRENCE-WILLIAMS COMPANY, Toronto, Can.HORSES *\u201cVigora is a sure and reliable remedy for broken wind, coughs, glanders, worms, skin diseases, ete.PRICE: 50c.A BOTTLE.ON SALE EVERYWHERE.Get all information from J.B.MORIN, Wholesale Druggist QUEBEC, CANADA.applies to our Poultry Fencing just right, It keeps your chickens at home\u2014 and their enemies out.Each intersection securely locked\u2014the kind that stays \u201c\u2018put.\u201d Peerless Poultry Fence _ is made of the best Open Hearth steel fence wire \u2014 tough, elastic and springy\u2014and will not snap or break under sudden shocks or quick atmospheric changes.fences.We also build Fi NEARLY EVERYWHERE.LIVE AGENTS Our method of galvanizing prevents rust and will not flake, peel or chip off.The joints are securely held with the \u201c'Peerless Lock,\u2019 which will withstand all sudden shocks and j strains, yet Peerless Poultry Fence can be erected on the most hilly and uneven ground without buckling, snapping or kinking.The heavy stay wires we use prevent sagging and require ouly shout balf as many posts aa other arm and Ornamental Fencing and yates, Write for catalog, AGENTS 8 WANTED IN UNASSIGNED TERRITORY.THE BANWELL-HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO., Ltd, Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont, For Aches, Pains, Sores and Bruises use Dr.DOW'S Sturgeon Oil Liniment + the old reliable remedy for Rheumatism, Lumbago, Neuralgia, Sprains, Cramps, and Ulcers.It is Burns, Frost Bites, Bruises to cure.THE BRAYLEY DRUG CO, Dr Wilson's Herbine Bitters is the best Spring Medicine known.quick to relieve and sure 8% 25¢ EVERYWHERE.LIMITED, ST.JOHN, N.B.21 NH Mirvaacy Rooting Curren 09 cut Roi of peromstt Rov MADE IN CANADA trials.\u2014you'll like it, A roof should be so good that once iaid you can forget all about it, Once you and your farm-help have laid Paroid according to the simple instructions, your roof is weather-proof and fire-resisting.Paroid ROOFING Paroid is water proof, because it is saturated through and through with asphalt.curled up, split or cracked in 18 years\u2019 strenuous .It positively resists fire.genuine\u2014DParoid Roofing.Look for the Paroid roll, and you will find one of the 2,000 Neponset dealers throughout Canada.Paroid is made in 3 colors\u2014Grey, Red and Green.Write for useful book, \u2018\u2018Repairing and Building\u201d\u2014 sent upon request\u2014 FREE, Try Neponset Wall Board in place of lumber, or laths and plaster cree The Importance of the Roof You can do this with a Paroid Roof.NEPONSET ° It has not dried out, Insist on the BIRD & SON Dep J 70 King St., Hamilton, Ont.Warehouses in Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, Montreal, Halifax, St, John, Edmonton, The Largest Manufacturers of Roofings, Wall 107 Board and Roofing Felts in Canada PES RDN 92 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE NN v - J 7e 4 F O.B.OSHAWA.forward and reverse.\u2014\u2014 TTT 0 Selective Sliding Gear Transmission with Three Speeds Cares one ny AN ANAR NUN AN AMT A TANT 7 The quality of the Chevrolet appeals to people of wealth\u2014the price permits ownership for those of moderate means.Auto- Lite Two Unit Electric Starting and Lighting System; Valve-in-head Motor; Centre Control; Speedometer ; Cantilever Springs; Nonskid Tires on rear wheels.a + - UF UF T] () \u201cAN ANA NASA NAN NAN ANA NAN AN NAS 0 0 0 VV NIV NIV Ny NV NYY LY NJ Va Qu AN ANANANANAS AN AN UV NY NH 0 & « CHEVROLET MOTOR CO.98647; || OSHAWA, ONTARIO.\u20ac LEGARE GADBOIS, MONTREAL, Que.5 P.T.LEGARE, LIMITED, QUEBEC, Que.> » 0 ONTARIO BUSINESS COLLEGE BELLEVILLE, ONT.(50th year) The result of the thorough training at Ontario Business College is, that graduates step without delay into responsible positions and become immediately self supporting.Write for catalogue to the principal.J.W.JOHNSON, F.C.A.Ontario Business College, Belleville, Ont.Munro\u2019s Pest-Killers Pure Paris Green.Arsenate of lead in powder and in paste Superior in quality according to the exigency of law.Ask for them from your dealer.Storekeepers of country, buy them from your wholesale dealer or directly from THE ALLAN MUNRO COLOR COMPANY, Limited.41-45 BRITANNIA, ST., MONTREAL.Fruit Trees For Sale ARE you going to plant an orchard next spring ?A well kept apple orchard will give a profit of $300 to $500 an acre after a fews years and healthy apple trees will live from 50 to 100 years.We have in our nurseries, at Rougemont, the best paying varietties of Apple, Plum, Pear trees, etc.Those very hardy trees are five to seven feet high and ready to bear.- Also, Ornemental Trees : Carolina Poplars, Norway Spruces, Austrian Pines, Snow Balls, etc.Price list sent on request.Apply to EMILE GADBOIS & SONS, Rougemont, Que. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE The 1917 Ford Touring Car THE old, reliable Ford Chassis \u2014 Stream line effect \u2014 crown fenders \u2014 tapered hood \u2014 new radiator with increased cooling surface Chassis.$450 Couplet.$695 Runabout .*475 TownCar .780 Touring Car .495 Sedan .890 .f.o.b.Ford, Ontario Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited FORD, ONTARIO Assembly and Service Branches at St.John, N.B.; Montreal, Que.; Toronto, Ont.; Hamilton, Ont.; London, Ont.; Winnipeg, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask.; Calgary, Alta.; Vancouver, B.C.Because this steel will take a temper to hold a cutting edge longer than any ordinary saw\u2014 the Simonds Saw, Crescent Ground, will eut 10 per cent, more timber with the same expenditure of time and labor, than any other brand of saw made to-day.No saw has ever been returned owing to the above warranty not being fulfilled.Because Simonds Crescent Ground Cross-Cut Saws do away with all binding in the kerf, and enable the oper- WHY YOU SHOULD BUY SIMONDS SAWS The New 3a BROWNIE An efficient, yet simple camera for pie- tures of the popular post-card size.Fully equipped for snap-shots and time exposures and has the autographic feature whereby you can date and title the negative, instantly at the time of exposure.Exceedingly compact, well made in every detail, handsomely finished\u2014a typical product of the Kodak factorics where honest workmanship has become a habit.Priced at $10.00 with the meniscus achromatic lens and at $12.00 with a Rapid Rectilinear lens the new 3A Brownie is one of the cameras that is helping to make photography by the Kodak system both simple and inexpensive.Ask your dealer to show you the new 8A Autographic Brownie, or write us for catalogue of Kodaks and Brownies.CANADIAN KODAK CO., Limited 604 King St, W.Toronto.FOR SALE AYRSHIRE Cattle all ages Bred from 1st prize Because they cost no more than unmarked, inferior brands.Because the name *\u2018Simonds\u201d on a saw means that the saw is guaranteed.Because all steel used in Simonds Saws is made in our own Crucible Steel Mill.ator to push as well as pull the saw.These are some of the reasons why you should insist upon having the Simonds Saws with the name \u2018Simonds\u2019 stamped on them.The illustration shows a one-man cross-cut-saw, and is known to your hardware dealer as No.237.Ask for it.Write direct to the factory for any other particulars.Vancouver, B.C., Simonds Canada Saw Company, Limited, Montreal, Que.st John, N.B.Always buy a saw with a sharp cutting edge\u2014not a soft saw\u2014because the former lasts longer and keeps its edge better.Stock and good producers.Yorkshire Pigs Registered when 5 to 6 weeks old.Oxford down Rams from ewes averaging over eleven Ibs wool each.All Stock Registered.Apply to ROBERT SINTON, Manager or to HON.W.OWENS, Proprietor, Riverside Farm, Montebello, Que.IY VIII THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE i Hm > wi The Fast Load for Ducks When the good shot of the day comes\u2014after _\u2014 your long wait in the blind\u2014you need shot \u2014\u2014\u2014 shells that can be depended upon.You want to \u2014 Plums be confident that they are reliable\u2014that they will \u2014_\u2014 back up your aimand do their part to fill your game bag.Canuck \u2014the speediest of all shot shells-\u2014gives you real confidence and eliminates all ammunition worries.The sensitive primer, the powerful load and the response to the trigger-pull guarantee = Lanti shooting satisfaction.\u2014\u2014\u2014 antic There is no \u2018\u2018might have been\u2019\u2019 with Dominion Shells.= The fast Imperial, Canuck, Sovereign, Regal and Sugar have aspicy zest which makes them a favorite preserving fruit,and several excellent varieties are plentiful this year.Preserve all you can with _\u2014\" J Crown are all carefully tested and of known worth\u2014 the only Canadian- Made Shot Shells.Write today for our free hanger, \u2018A Chip of the Old Block\u2019, for the sake of economical Dominion Cartridge Co., Get Real Pleasure and wholesome dessertsnext Limited Out of Your Trip winter.Lanticsugar comesin 824 Building Montreal.If you have a Dominion 2 and 5-1b Cartons 15 Hand Trap along your 10 and 20-1b Bags \u2014\u2014 hunting trip will be complete.meta ae \u2014\u2014 All the shooting enjoyment is Purecane.FINE granulation -& : Nes then possible whether game \u201cThe All-Purpose Sugar\u201d Là SP is plentiful or not.Easily carried ; always ready.Costs PRESERVING LABELS FREE $4.85.Write us today for | Ep pr pif | descriptive booklet.) Atlantic Sugar Refineries Ltd.Power Bldg., Mentreal 68 EEN LR CA Ep Pre has à Bear © We doubt if there isany person in Canada who is not interested in Furs, and who does not admire their beauty, softness and warmth; but how many have ever thought of the great number of hairs required to cover a skin to produce this warmth and softness ?The actual number of hairs on any given skin can beactually determined by mathematics and an abundance of patience, We have cut a piece out of a black bear skin, one inch square in size\u2014have sealed and deposited it with the bank and are giving \u201c300% IN PRIZES ; to the 64 persons who are nearest correct in their estimate of , the actual number of hairs on that one square inch of black bear skin.This contest is entirely free to every one who complies with the conditions, and we might frankly state that the sole object of this contest is to familiarize as many people in Canada as possible with the wonderful bargains they can secure in stylish guaranteed Furs and Fur garments, through Hallam's system of dealing direct ** From Trapper to Wearer' Just send today for a copy of the 1916-17 Edition of HALLAM'S FUR 9 : A STYLE BOOK \u2018 RAW FURS on the back cover of which are full particulars of this Zoo- L st ogical contest.~~ Nevers ot Raw fees Sash This 1916-17 edition is a handsomely printed 32 page book from Trappers In Canada\u2014 \u2014fully illustrates the latest styles and models of Fur Coats Our Raw Fur Quotations and Sets and will show you how you can save many dollars sent Froe.on furs.It will pay you to read it.Don't fail to send for it to-day and have a free chance of sharing this $300.00.GUNS Be sure to address as follows: Traps\u2014 Animal Bait, Fish .Nets, Tackle, and complete 520 HALL À dainty Solid Chocolate Never PRE efohn ffallam AM BLDG catalog free.Limited T 0 R 0 NT Ô A-51 How many hairs 9 vu My Birthday Party \u2014 ee A To-morrow, Daddy! Watch the extra sparkle in the eyes of wes Children\u2014the clapping of the hands and the delighted laughter when Maple Buds are served at the party.Let them eat plenty\u2014they are not harmful in any way; in fact they contain the finest and most expensive cocoa beans, rich, creamy milk, and the best selected sugar blended skilfully.Grown-ups relish them too \u2014you know that yourself, Name Reg.\u2014Design Pat. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE IX = CEE SRE fl FIN pi a ro} di ger Ces} \u2014 [7 Ii \u2014 \u2014\u2014 5 Xe ÉTÉ Smoothly and quickly-the PAGE ENGINE cleatis up the farm work Hitch a Page to your farm \u2014 and keep track of the saving it enables you to make.Low in price, it is at the same time the most satisfactory of engines.Compared to a hired man\u2014 Well, there just isn\u2019t any comparison.Because the Page engine never complains, no matter how much work you pile on to it.With a Page engine on your farm you can get more NOTE THE PAGE PRICES 1% h.p.Battery Equipment 5 in.Pulley.$50.00 13% h.p.Battery Equipment 7 in.Pulley.$58.00 3 h.p.Battery Equipment 10 in.Pulley.$82.50 3 h.p.Magneto Equipment.$95.00 5 h.p.Battery Equipment 16 in.Pulley.$135.00 5 h.p.Magneto Equipment.$147.50 6 hp.Magneto Equipment 20 in.Pulley.$200.00 work out of one hired man than you could with three men working without its aid.And you can operate a Page for less money per week than you would pay a half efficient farm hand.- The Page stands out \u2014 the undisputed leader among engines \u2014yet its price is low.That is partly because we sell huge quantities of our engines ; partly because we are satisfied with a reasonable profit on each one we sell.MONTREAL The PAGE WIRE FENCE COMPANY Limited, 5° NOTRE DAME STREET WEST, orlamein the barn,\u2018\u2018eating their heads off\u201d\u2019?One means profit\u2014the other means loss.When a horse goes lame \u2014develops a Spavin, Curb, Splint, Ringhone\u2014don\u2019t risk losing him through neglect\u2014don\u2019t run just as great a risk by experimenting with unknown \u2018\u2018cures\u2019\u2019.Get the old reliable standby\u2014 KENDALL\u2019S SPAVIN CURE Mr.David Yerex, Sonya, Ont., writes\u2014*I have used your Spavin Cure for fifteen years, and know it to be a good cure\u201d, Be ready for emergencies, keep a bottle of Kendall's in the barn.Then, if a horse goes lame, you have the remedy on hand to cure the trouble quickly, $1.a bottle\u20146 for $5.at druggists\u2019.Ask your dealer for free copy of book\u2014'* Treatise On The Horse''\u2014or write us direct.Dr.B.J.KENDALL CO.,, .ENOSBURG FALLS, VERMONT, U.S.A, 1108 MANURE SPREADER has been paid $140.a vear ago.I will sell it for $75.00; almost new.Apply to J.O.PROTEAU, Mont Rolland, Que.TAYLOR \"85 Trapping pays big If you sell where you get the most money.St.Louis Is world\u2019s greatest fur market and F.C.TAYLOR FUR CO.is oldest and largest house here.It will pay you to join the happy family of Taylor shippers.TRAPPERS TEE RO FREE BOOK \u2018Our catalog-Booklet entitled \u2018\u2019Opportunities for pleasure and profit in trapping'\u201d Is different: you will say so when you get your copy.It\u2019s FREE if you mail a postal to-day.Our trappers supply department will help you get started.Write Today.SHIP YOUR FURS TO F.C.TAYIOR FUr Co.805 FUR EXCHANGE BLDG.ST.LOUIS, M0, FARMERS ! Make Your Acres Yield More By Using Our FINELY PULVERIZED LIMESTONE Write For Particulars.The Dominion Lime Co.Sherbrooke, Que.» | 157$ Shippers and Trappers (474 Eriie We Buy for Cash and Pay are i AY Highest Prices forall kinds of FU RS AY J Send today for our Free : pb Price List and let us prove to you that we actually pay more than any other house for Fine Fox, Mink, Marten, Rat, Lynx, i Wolf and all other Furs, Hides and Ginseng.We offer you best facilities in America for handling all i your furs.Send for Free Price List and Shippers\u2019 Tags.No commission charged.i ROGERS FUR COMPANY, Dept.282 St.Louis, Mo.DAIRY MEAL A Milk Producer It supplies not only the protein but the other necessary ingredients required\u2014in a balanced ration\u2014for high milk production.Feed it the year around for best results.PALATABLE, NUTRITIOUS CALDWELL'\u2019S Dairy Meal, is not only balanced, but easily digested and assimilated.It contains a variety of pure high-class material, including our Cane Molasses Meal.Analysis\u2014Protein 20%, Fat 6.3%, Fibre 10% Secure Caldwell\u2019s Dairy Meal at your feed store, or write A us and we will supply you promptly.Booklet and prices on request.THE CALDWELL FEED AND CEREAL CO., LIMITED DUNDAS \u2014 ONTARIO Makers also of Mo'asses Meal, te Calf Meal, Molasses Horse Feed, Poultry Feeds.= x .THE OF A G RICULTURE AN D HO ULTU RE 2 Pi Ei 2 ; ailes ge, Lind il A WC ax, Fu : Th Qk 3 çà i tong * woe \" ae and pe gort pS mec! The They scemes go AVS pisen out © t Le e got on poard we Were gv avy for ouf wet ones, * | was 2 Godsend: wart?§ = O a.* \u201c g were 1% \u2018 nderinE | pefors we reached gngpt- \u2018 ' dO about naif ane\" - as never émished- Ther¢ was a sound of When we \u20ac ina nd glass wend Lorenches and Jothes n © change sy THE pands of à giant oo \\a cup of hot Bouts The Bout the arts of the right drove?m! ke th personel d {| am su most every (ro che 0 chat ame! ; ce M THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE SVT a Highest prices paid\u2014prompt returns, ! correct grading.Oursuccess\u201444 years of fair dealing in America\u2019s greatest fur arket.Means more money for your furs.fore you send a shipment to anyone get our reliable fur report and price list Supply Catalog and shipping tags absolutely tree\u2014Summerfield\u2019s Animal Baits are guaranteed\u2014 $1.00 per bottle.Traps and supplies at lowest prices.SIMON SUMMERFIELD & CO., ST.LOUIS, MO.U.S.A.Dept, 315 \u201cOne Reliable Fur House\" Write Todav Fight-38 $1185 % Four-38 $975 The Car with the Half Million Dollar Molo BOB LONG UNION MADE B GLOVES*-OVERALLS ; The Half Million Dollar Motor at Toronto Exhibition 4 um \u2018The 105-inch Wheel Base, Floating Type Rear Axle, Full Elliptic Springs and deep Upholstery insure the utmost ease and comfort, when motoring.Built on beautiful lines, with 5 passenger Touring or 4 passenger Roadster bodies.Splitdorf electric Starting and Lighting, fully equipped throughout.You are interested, of course.You want complete details?Well, send for a copy of Mr.Lriscoe\u2019s own story of \u201cThe Half Million Dollar Motor\u201d.Its a big man\u2019s narrative of a big achievement.À ,ascinaling pen picture of pluck, virility and romance\u2014of old- The latest Briscoe beauty has taken Canada by storm.At the Toronto Exhibition, the crowds who thronged the Automobile Section were enthusiastic in their praise of Benjamin Briscoe\u2019s masterpiece\u2014the Briscoe 4-24\u2014the car with the Half Million Dollar Motor.It is the Car that all Canada has been waiting for \u2014 a beautiful car\u2014 a luxuriously comfortable car \u2014a powerful car\u2014at a price that is within easy reach of the man of every-day income.Such a car for $825 is possible because of Mr.Briscoe\u2019s success in perfecting the Half Million Dollar Motor\u2014the longest long-stroke Motor in the world.374\u201d bore to 574\u201d world pathos and new-world success.stroke\u2014a motor that made 32 miles on a Mailed free.Write to-day for it.gallon of gasoline.27 i 4u b The Canadian Briscoe Motor Co.Limited, Brockville, Ont.Fe2=3 R.G.LONG 2 CO.LimiTeD i BRISCOE Come where QUALITY is the slogan and VALUE - the leading characteristic.Legare Sleighs \u201cModel 1917\" Surpass all Previous Values.BL dae ON 5 X «tar 25 Sa PRET 1 eee Aad The LEGARE line is all of this and more.FREE CATALOGUE The ingenuity of our designers, the art of our workmanship and the skill of our If you are unable to visit our finishers, have been directed to the manu- It has a standing record of nearly half a century success.It represents to-day the greatest intrinsic value in Winter vehicles offered a discriminating public.P.T.LEGAREK LIMITED QUEBEC MONTREAL \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 180 Amherst SHERBROOKE \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 195 Wellington show room display, LEGARE\u2019S descriptive literature and the new Catalogue will be sent at your request.Write for it to day.facture of the new 1917 Models, that in perfection truly represent the LEGARE ideal.Write for New Catalogue showing specifications and styles that are unequalled. XII THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE | x = Announcing (LE Jr \u2014 eee - The New Four- Cylinder, 3 pas: ger Reo Roadster, 8122 Je The New Reo the Fifth,\u201c The Incomparable Four,\u201d 81225 ~ 2-ton Reo Truck (Chassis only, with Driver's Seat and Cab), $2150 FIRST LET US SAY, since it fs relevant at this time, that Reo has not, is not now, and will not be concerned in, or a part of, any merger, combination or consolidation with other automobile concerns.THE AIR HAS BEEN FULL of rumors of proposed plans for the uniting of several rival concerns for weeks past.The wildest rumors have gained currency and some credence.ANY CONCERN THAT COULD by its financial standing lend strength, by its organization and experience lend confidence; or by its reputation lend respectability to such a plan, has been mentioned in the gossip.AND SO REO, THE PIONEER\u2014financially one of the strongest in the world\u2014has been much discussed, much coveted by promoters.THAT'S WHY WE SAY at this time\u2014and we desire to make it as strong and clear as words can convey\u2014Reo is not and will not be one of these.REO WILL CONTINUE to do business at the old stand in the old Reo way, striving from day to day to give to Reo buyers just as much of value as our experience and facilities will permit\u2014and that, as you already know, has always been just a little more than you could obtain elsewhere.WE HAVE NOTHING TO SELL, we Reo folk.Nothing save the legitimate product of our factories.WE ARE MANUFACTURERS\u2014not promoters.Merchan- disers\u2014not stock manipulators.THAT WHICH WE HAVE we prize so highly none other could see the value we'd put on it.WE HAVE A PERMANENT business\u2014of how many other automobile concerns can that be truly said.That asset\u2014 who can inventory\u2014who appraise?NO; WE HAVE NOTHING TO SAY against such combinations, nor against those who make or who join them.Undoubtedly they are good\u2014for those on the inside.WE WILL SAY THIS THOUGH\u2014that the spirit of *'I've got mine, so I don't care,\u201d which is invariably preceded by \u201cWhen I get mine, etc.\u2019\u2014has, in our opinion, seriously retarded this great industry and lowered the general standard of the product.TOO FEW HAVE BUILT for permanency\u2014too many, alas, for the quick clean-up.GROOMING A BUSINESS for such a coup involves forcing production to the limit to show paper profits\u2014and the result is a product of mediocre quality at best.THE REO POLICY IS SUCH; the Reo product is such; Reo reputation fs such; that this business is as sound, as permanent, as sure as any other business in the world\u2014in or out of the automobile industry\u2014bar none.It is so regarded by bankers and business men the world over.\"ASK YOUR OWN BANKER\u2014he will tell you.SO WHAT COULD WE GET in return for this business (honestly get, of course) that would be a fair exchange.THIS BUSINESS WAS CONCEIVED IN PRIDE\u2014and that pride of achievement is its greatest guarantee of quality in the product to you\u2014and of its permanence to us.THEN THERE'S THAT OTHER ANGLE that some might call foolish sentiment but which we, old fashioned Reo folk, regard most seriously\u2014namely, the obligations we have assumed toward distributors and dealers and buyers of Reo Motor Cars and Motor Trucks.COULD WE, IN BONOR, entrust to any other the fulfillment of those obligations\u2014and enjoy the money we had received?YOU SEE, WE ARE OLD FASHIONED\u2014very old fashioned, we've been told.BUT THIS IS AN AD and we should talk business\u2014\u2018hard cold business\u2019 inanad.So we'll say no more on that subject.Leave it to those who are interested in such things-\u2014those who have a price.YOU WANT TO KNOW-\u2014everybody always wants to know \u2014what models Keo will make the coming year, and the price of each, OF COURSE THERE ARE NO NEW MODELS\u2014new chassis models we mean.You do not look for, do not expect, do not want new chassis models from Reo.THAT ISN'T THE REO WAY.Refinements\u2014of course.Detail improvements\u2014wherever and whenever we can find a place or a way to make them.NEW BODY TYPES\u2014YES\u2014and some that put Reo in the highest class of cars in looks as well as in performance and longevity.We'll trcat of each in turn.REO THE FIFTH COMES FIRST, of course.First not only among Reos, but among motor cars.FOR THIS IS THE GREATEST automobile ever built, we verily believe, All prices are, duty paid, f.0.b.Lansing, Michigan REO MOTOR CAR COMPANY REO MOTOR TRUCK COMPANY Factories: Lansing, Mich., U.S.A.The Reo Models and Prices Two Important Price Reductions\u2014Two Interesting New Models Prefaced by a Few Pertinent Paragraphs , Pertaining to the Reo Policy and Program THIS IS THE SEVENTH SEASON that Reo the Fifth has been standard in practically its present form.NO; THE PRICE WILL NOT BE CHANGED this season.We will not increase\u2014we cannot lower it.ACTUAL COST OF MAKING is now more ($50 more) than when the present price, $1225, was set a year ago.And we had made this model so long; had so refined and perfected manufacturing processes; had reached such an high state of efficiency in production; and cut dealer's discounts so low that we had, then, reached rock bottom.TODAY YOU SEE OTHERS increasing prices all along the line.They must do so.They have no choice.ORDINARY BUSINESS RULES dictate that we also *'tilt' the price of Reo the Fifth $50 at least.BUT REO PRIDE PROMPTS that we absorb the extra cost, as we have for months past, and keep the price where it is until conditions will, happily, return to normal.THE FOUR-CYLINDER ROADSTER\u2014same wonderful chassis, same price, is the smartest thing on wheels\u2014the most popular car in the world among physicians, and all professional and business men.Also $1225.TO SUPPLY A GROWING DEMAND for an enclosed body on Reo the Fifth chassis, we have planned to build a limited number.The quality will be Reo\u2014which is to say, excellent.The top is rigidly supported at front and rear.Removable glass panels convert it into a.veritable limousine for winter and these discarded and with Jiffy curtains (which are also furnished) it is an ideal summer touring car.The price is $1400.THE NEW REO SIX will continue in its present popular forms\u2014the 7-passenger touring car and the classy 4-passen- ger roadster; and we will make a limited number with Sedan bodies to supply an insistent demand for this type of body on this splendid chassis.THE PRICE IS REDUCED 8100 on the 7-passenger and roadster models.Now $1600.NOW YOU WONDER, and naturally, how we can reduce the price of the Reo Six models and not the Four\u2014especially after what we have just told you about the increased cost of production.THIS POPULAR REO SIX is now in its third season.It has passed thesame stages through which its great four- cylinder namesake went\u2014initial costs have been absorbed, charged off.And in accordance with that unswerving Reo policy we give the buyer the benefit and set the price at $1600, duty paid, f.o.b.Lansing, Michigan.WE WILL MAKE A LOT MORE of those 4-passenger Six Roadsters the coming season.We underestimated the appeal and the demand for this model.It proved one of the most popular Reos ever built.THE SIX SEDAN speaks for itself, though, truth to tell, an illustration does it scant justice.YOU MUST SEE IT where you can study its artistic lines and faultless finish to fully appreciate this latest Reo which we price at $2350.NOW A WORD ABOUT THE TRUCKS since 90 per cent of all Reo automobile distributors also handle Reo motor trucks.PRICE OF THE 1500-POUND REO \u2018Speed Wagon'' has been reduced to $1425, duty paid, f.o.b.factory.SAME REASON\u2014SAME POLICY\u2014reduced cost of manufacture despite higher present cost of materials\u2014as enunciated in speaking of the Reo Six.AND THAT TWO-TON REO.What shall we say?What need we gay?We submit, it is the greatest 2-Ton motor truck in existence, Has been standard for longer.Has given greater proof of its sturdiness and efficiency and low cost of upkeep.IF WE ARE TO JUDGE by that over-demand, we may well assume that we could sell all that we could make were the price $3500 instead of $2150.AND FINALLY A WORD about the big general plan\u2014a brief reiteration of the Reo policy.WE STILL ADHERE to our determination never to make more Reo cars or trucks than we can make and make every one good.TEMPTATION IS GREAT of course.Dealers protesting, buyers begging for more Reos.But we know\u2014we know \u2014on what solid foundation this Reo success was built; and we'll jealously guard that policy to the last.RATHER THAN INCREASE the quantity we shall strive always to improve the quality so that, as the art advances and cars generally improve, still Reo will continue to be known as\u2014''The Gold Standard of Values.\" DS TTT Let RII JUCCOCLEE EE OC CE ECC ECC CCC EC EE CEE EEE OO OO ROCCO TETE OO TEE EEE ETITETOT "]