The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 août 1914, samedi 1 août 1914

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$ bet I ni» ee Sd 2 B® ie FH & 9 = 2 = 8 \u20ac LA iy ; \u201c.4 Li 0 Ek 2 2 be ; 7x os ik 2 a a i Number N = se pa 25 sus SE 5 US LIURE DE JOURNAL 2 \u2018 H - Par al II THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE LAST YEAR THERE WERE À lot of farmers who said they were going to put up a silo but who didn\u2019t because they waited so long that before they realized it harvest was upon them and they couldn\u2019t get the time.THEN THERE WERE A NUMber of others who didn't get their orders in until late and of course they all wanted silos at once and they had to wait until after the first frost had come before they could get their silos up and ready to fill, THE REASON WE TELL YOU this is because we don\u2019t want you to be disappointed if you are planning to erect a silo this season.THIS IS GOING TO BE OUR biggest silo year.We have almost twice as many silo orders on our books now as we had at this time last year.It seems as if everybody was planning to erect a silo and they all want \u201cIdeals.\u201d We don\u2019t want to disappoint any one so if you are planning to put up an Ideal Green Feed Silo this - season we would suggest that you get your order in promptly.THERE IS A BIG ADVANTAGE in getting an early silo delivery.It gives you an opportunity to get your silo foundation ready and put the silo up in the slack spell between haying and harvest.If you wait until the last minute before ordering your silo you will run a big chance of not being able to get delivery at all; or if you do get late delivery, of having to hire extra help to assist you in putting it up.REMEMBER THAT YOU WILL never begin to make the profit you ought to from your cows until you start to feed them silage.No cow owner or stock raiser can afford to get along a single year without a silo.Don\u2019t slip up on that silo you are planning to erect this summer Get your order placed now for an IDEAL.GREEN FEED SILO WHATEVER YOU DO, DON'T let the matter of cost of the silo stand in your way.It has repeatedly been stated by some of the best posted authorities on farm economies and by the most successful dairymen that even if a cow owner had to buy a silo every year he would still be money ahead.When you take into consideration that an Ideal Green Feed Silo if properly erected and given reasonable care will last from twenty to thirty years, you can sce it would be a very profitable investment for you.AS TO WHAT SILO TO BUY\u2014 If you get an Ideal Green Feed Silo you can be sure that nowhere can you buy a reliable and serviceable silo cheaper and that no matter how much more you pay you cannot buy a better silo than the Ideal.THERE IS PROBABLY A DE Laval agent in your town who will be glad to quote you prices, terms, ete.If not, an inquiry sent to the nearest De Laval office will receive prompt attention.Be sure to send for FREE SILO BOOK De Laval Dairy Supply Co, Limited Montreal Peterboro Winnipeg Vancouver LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF DAIRY SUPPLIES IN CANADA Everywhere on the Farm there are fascinating subjects for your Kodak\u2014the narvest scene, old \u201cShep\u201d driving home the cows, the calf butting his pail of milk, the intimate home scenes of everyday life and the good times with the children and even home portraits\u2014all of these have a value that cannot be estimated.Every picture tells a story that you will always be glad to recall.Kodaks $7.00 and up.Brownies $1.00 to $12.00, Ask your dealer for illustrated catalogue, or we will mail it free.CANADIAN KODAK LTD, 604 King St.W, - TORONTO.te Are you anxious to save Time and Money on the Work you are doing on your Farm at present and to get Larger Crops from your Farm or Orchard?If so, let us send you Free of Charge our Pamphlets on the use of UMPING POWDERS USED FOR\u2014\u2014- REMOVING STUMPS AND BOULDERS DIGGING WELLS AND DITCHES PLANTING and CULTIVATING ORCHARDS BREAKING HARD PAN, SHALE or CLAY SUBSOILS, Etc., Etc.Figure yourself what Clearing your Farm is costing now or what you are losing in crops through not clearing Write Us About Arranging Demonstrations.CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, Limited MONTREAL, P.(.VICTORIA, B.C.for your spare time.Watches gua ranteed, highly Goisbed, stem set and wind, neat sizes, engraved gold es space seen to be appreciated No money required until goods are sold.Boy watch free for se ling 24 of our dainty finndkerchirfs at 10 cents Ladies\u201d watch free for aclling 36.CHIEF MFG.CO., 100 Chic?BMg.BEEBE PLAIN, VT.51 Chief Bldg., Beebe, Que.Canada\u2019s GreatEastern Exhibition SHERBROOKE, Que.Thirtieth Annual Fair.Sept.5th to 12th Large increase in Prizes 1914 Write for Prize List Last distribution of the Automatic Stitcher of \u201cLe Canada\u201d.Dont delay for there is only few dozen to spare.FI eT Ta Ths o pe 1 wade right \u2014 from high JB AY grade material.In th struction of our PEERLESS FENCING we us vil.Ty tho con By this process imparities are removed from the metal, thus ! causes for th d PEERLESS is guaranteed to give you satisfaction.\" hr cot fonce oe Agents wanted in open ter THE BANWEL L-HOXIE WIRE FENCE \u2018co, Led Winnipeg, wire.SE minating « vie of the chie nearly everyw ZX Ned \u201c Send for catalog.Agencies Man.\u2014Hamiiton, Ont.| © teed 2% B.A Wm THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE III ROOFING The roofing that needs no painting A handsome, mineral-surfaced pitch-and-felt roofing that comes in rolls ready and easy to lay.Needs no painting.Amatite is the most economical ready roofing made, and we can prove it.Fire-resisting.Send for free sample.THE PATERSON MFG.CO., Ltd.a Montreal Toronto AES Winnipeg Vancouver = N St.John, N.B.Halifax, N.S.ES ENCRES N tv Sydney, N.S.We N y 2 | HIGH POWER REPEATING, PED LE mama ea?om olld Breech © 4 } NOTE the performance of Remington-UMC High Power Repeating Rifles, and the class of Sportsmen who use them\u2014and you see the reasons why leading sportsmen of the world are more and more shooting Remington-UMC, - Accuracy.sure fire, speed, hitting power, ease and simplicity of operation, dependability such as you\u2019ve wanted all your life.Go see the dealer who displays the Red Ball Mark of Remington-UMC\u2014the Sign of Sportsmen\u2019s Headquarters.Let him show you the Remington-UMC Slide Action Repeaters.He has these Remington-UMC rifles in stock now, or can get them for you.REMINGTON ARMS-UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE COMPANY, Windsor, Ontario Last distribution of the Automatic Stitcher of \u201cLe Canada\u2019.Dont delay for there is only few dozen to spare.(Fe ME HE SEND es ERGERS \u2014 a 5 ; ni rates RE SORA Sn, .PER 5 5 Na Sis A Concrete \u2018.= Rcot Cellar à IHIET, î 1s one of the farmer\u2019s greatest money %:2 makers.It makes money by keep- = ing produce in good condition until it can be taken £ to market, or until better prices can be obtained.It &# maintains a cool, even temperature that Keeps Produce Perfect | A concrete root cellar is always dry, clean and sanitary.It is es wi Se) 9 lady ù NE: 1 : proof against heat, cold, water, fire and rats.Although the 52 RE greater part of it is underground, it cannot crumble or rot a NS: away.It is permanent and needs no repairs.od he Tell us to send you this handsomely illustrated free book ga pe \u201c\u2018What the Farmer can do with Concrete.\u201d It contains the a.TRE fullest information about concrete root cellars and other farm pe be buildings that never wear out and shows how you can build 2258 them at small cost.Farmer's Information Bureau eB a Canada Cement Company Limited fe.$84 Herald Building, Montreal a.SAN Ya epi eA iy A) Vad NE css IE XO NOCH AYE Lod INTs Ry EAE Lz UL \\ H EVERY FARMER SHOULD KNOW how to make the most money out of his land.If your Fall Wheat crops have been diseased and poor, there is a seed dressing that will ensure you a better field at trifling cost.prevents ground rot, assists germinationand is anexcellent smut dressing.Corvusine is NOT poisonous, birds and animals will not touch it, and it has none of the dangerous features of bluestone and other obnoxious chemicals.1 WRITE FOR PARTICULARS OF THIS WONDERFUL SEED DRESSING TO McArthur, Irwin, Limited ~ Montreal, P.Q.\u201cThat\u2019s what saves 1 ton in 7\u201d LITTLE flanges of steel-quick- cooling steel-to tear the heat from the coal and fling it freely to all corners of the house.{Do you understand why a cool fire- pot gives you the most heat?(It\u2019s explained in \u201cComfort and Health\u201d and because that\u2019s the secret of fuel economy, we have been asked for thousands of these little books.One is here for you-ask for it.the {When you want to go into the heating question seriously-not oN HE necessarily to buy-but to get J at facts and figures, our La heating engineers are ready to help you.Their advice costs you nothing -and it is so good that we will be respon- , sible for any heating job installed according to \u2014 s y Y/N 7 -~ J A NV > \\ fe their plans.{Write to- |= day for information.H y CLARE BROS.& CO.CLARE BROS.A LIMITED & CO., Limited.PRESTON, - ONT.Send Free Booklet PRESTON, ONT.ITN TL BRT TRE ven AIBC à oe a £m 7 ORE STUN.WC AIRE A AT S41 You\u2019Il be prouder than ever of your & woodwork when you clean it with # GOLD DUST It quickly dissolves and removes 5 all dirt and grease, and cleans | everything.; 5c and larger packages.[Fer FAIRBANK hea] MONTREAL \u2018Lot the GOLD DUST TWINS do your work'\u2019 : eme: 2eme rer coran LE EE SE ES \u201cSTA-RITE\u201d GASOLINE ENGINES Every \u2018\u2018Sta-rite\u2019\u2019 engine is built # to live up to its name.It\u2019s not an easy job to build an engine that will always \u2018\u2018Sta-rite,\u201d\u2019 but we think we have succeeded.| By painstaking attention to every detail of construction we have eliminated the troubles usually incident to carburetion, ignition, cooling and the other things that keep many an engine from \u2018\u2018staying right\u201d on the job.The \u2018\u2018Sta-rite\u2019\u2019 starts right and finishes right\u2014does any task you set it to quickly and economically, without a kick.Clip the coupon and send for the \u2018\u2018Sta-rite\u2019\u2019 book\u2014it tells how we took the trouble out of gasoline engines.If you are interested in a Separator ask for the book on Empire Disc Separators or Baltic Separators\u2014the Baltic is a machine for small dairies\u2014the smallest size selling at $15.00.We have some unoccupied territory in which we would like to hear from reliable agents.58 THE EMPIRE CREAM SEPARATOR COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED.TORONTO & WINNIPEG $180.00 This threshing outfit at the price is an unbeatable value.This Complete Outfit At a Special Price $180.00 Mail this coupon to-day.5.It means money for you.farm.P.T.Legare Limited, QUEBEC.Gents : - Please send me complete particulars on your line of threshing machines Name .24 22 Le LL LL 12, Address .1.21 LL LA 22 LA LA LL LL A LL J.d\u2019A.8-14 FREIGHT PREPAID TO ANY STATION IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.If you have not yet a threshing machine, you cannot miss this opportunity, for, at the price of $180.00 you save a BIG AMOUNT on the purchase of the two machines.+ This combined-outfit is furnished complete, ready to work; the engine is of general use on the i) WRITE AT ONCE for more particulars.The \u201cGENUINE AMERICAN CHAMPION\u201d, offered in this combination is the best thresher money can buy.The outfit is FULLY GUARANTEED for making a perfect job.WE BUILD THE MOST COMPLETE LINE of threshers of all capacities for gasoline engine, one horse or two horse-power.Our machines, prices and terms are the best in every respect.P.T.LEGARE Limited QUEBEC.= poy EN TOES IRR ly PO et > = Re stunt Tr ps pe ge pere mm D at ER ee sn FY RN A + ment \u2014\u2014 ; ic - 7 a ge rept ; \u2014\u2014 4) ee gs.J o po SL All matters relating to the reading columns must be addressed to Prof.W.ISSUED FOR RATES MONTHLY ; OF ADVERTISEMENTS, BY THE 4 ETC., ADDRESS DEPARTMENT OF ( , THE CANADA AGRICULTURE PUBLISHING CO.PR OVINCE Limited, OF 73 St-Jacques, QUEBEC.Montréal.JAGRICULTURE Circulation - 101,360 ee Bo Bg aot AND HORTICULTURE ENGLISH, 9.760 Volume 18 AUGUST 1st 1914 Number 2 EDITORIAL THE SHERBROOKE FAIR E have received a copy of the prize-list of the thirtieth annual exhibition of the Eastern Townships Agricultural Association to be held in Sherbrooke, September 5th to 12th.The Association has, as usual, received donations for special prizes from a number of the live stock associations and from the banks, as well as some from local agricultural societies and from private individuals.The prizes, particularly in the live stock classes, are generous and will no doubt attract exhibits of the high class characteristic of the Sherbrooke Fair.There will be the usual .dairy, butter-making, and judging competitions and a competition in seed oats for farmers\u2019 sons and academy boys.Poultry entries must be made on or before Saturday, August 29th, live stock entries on or before Monday, August 31st, and entries in other classes on or before Wednesday, September 2nd.Entry fees must accompany applications.Intending exhibitors should secure a copy of the prize-list from the Secretary-Treasurer, Mr.H.B.Miller, Sherbrooke.GOOD-LOOKING FARMS HERE is nothing more beautiful and attractive on God\u2019s green earth than a farm with shade trees and flowers, with well-trimmed lawns, neat fences and painted barns, and with a house that looks like a home.As we travel through the country we frequently come across such good-looking farms, and we find ourselves congratulating the young people who have the good fortune to grow up under such pleasant and inspiring surroundings.Victor Hugo, the great French novelist, once said, \u2014 \u201cThe beautiful is as useful as the useful\u2019\u2019.There is a world of truth in this statement.Youth is responsive to the beautiful that is in harmony with nature and craves for the satisfactions which beautiful things afford.The impulses that are called forth through contact with pleasant country scenes are of great value in the up- building of character.It often happens that the whirr and bustle of city life are sufficient to pull away many of our young people from the country, but sooner or later these attractions lose their force and the call of the pleasant country life hecomes irresistible.Good-looking farms are valuable assets to any community.From a commercial standpoint the expenditure of money in keeping the buildings painted and the fences in good repair, and in planting shade trees about the farm is a good investment.Just why so many of our farms present a hare appearance when the presence of trees, for example, would increase their value greatly is hard to understand.Farmers\u2019 Clubs woul : doing a most valuahle work if they could induce their members to begin planting trees and beautifying their farms.iB - la AES A\u2014\u2014 A AD w= - a MAPLE SUGAR SCHOOLS HE appropriation to the maple industry out of the Federal Grant for the Encouragement of Agriculutre was devoted by the Quebec Department of Agriculture to the establishment of three sugar-making schools.That the success of these schools surpassed the expectations of the most sanguine is apparent from the official figures.published: below.The school at Beauceville was under the superintendence of Mr.Alexander Bolduc, and its season extended from March 29th to May 5th.Mr.L.J.A.Dupuis, Provincial Lecturer on Maple Syrup and Sugar, had charge of the school at Ste.Louise, which was in operation from April 2nd to April 20th.At Minerve, in Labelle county, Mr.J.H.Lefebvre of Waterloo, the gecretary of the Sugarmakers\u2019 Co-operative Association, was in charge and the season iasted from March 26th to April 4th.Statistics of the Sugar-making Schools.Beauce- Ste.Mi- ville Louise nerve Total Attendance.Students .5 5 7 17 Visitors ., .1132 368 73 1,573 Products.Syrup, gallons .512 335 345 1,192 Sugar, pounds .145 410 555 Sugar wax, pounds .600 a.600 Trees.3000 5000 3100 11,100 It will be observed that large scale operations were conducted at all the schools, and this was no doubt a factor in the attraction of visitors.In all, nearly 1600 persons visited the schools, and there can be no doubt that most of those who were producers went away with new knowledge or with a new determination to improve their methods.The number of pupils enrolled, although not large, is gratifying when one considers the novelty of the enterprise and the difficulty of sparing the young men from the home farms in the sugaring season.In a recently circulated letter of the co-opera- tive association the hope is expressed that two or three additional schools will be opened next year.FARM ADVERTISING HERE is a striking difference between a city or town business man and a farmer, in the fact that the former goes to a great deal of trouble and expense to advertise his business while the latter seldom spends money on printers\u2019 ink and painters\u2019 signs.Just why there should be this difference in business methods it is hard to make out.This thing is certain, however, \u2014 the wide-awake farmer who has something good to sell would be amply rewarded if he made the public aware of the excellence of his wares.In the first place, he would take a greater pride in his farm and in the production of his butter, honey, or whatever he may have to sell; and in the second place he would be able to secure a higher price than his neighbor who does not advertise.Every farmer should see that a plain, neat sign-board is placed at his front gate, giving not only his own name but the name of the farm.If he is specializing in stock or dairy produce or any other industry he should state the fact on the sign-board.Moreover, every farmer should use good printed stationery in his correspondence.It is wonderful what an impression this makes upon the city man, in fact, it frequently means dollars and cents.It adds dignity and increased respect to the farming profession.If we wish others to treat us with dignity and respect we must take ourselves more seriously and do things in a manner which carries dignity and respect.THROUGH NEW ENGLAND HE editor took advantage of a few days holidays in early July to visit some af the agricultural colleges of New England, with the object of comparing the courses of study given there with those in Canadian colleges, and of finding out the agricultural conditions in New England.The Agricultural College in Vermont is situated at Burlington and occupies a prominent site overlooking the city and Lake Champlain.As is the case in many state universities the Agricultural College is overshadowed to some extent by the other colleges of Medicine, Engineering and Arts, and as a result the course offered to.agricultural students seemed to us not sufficiently differentiated.In other words, scientists are developed rather than agriculturists.New England is a beautiful country; its hills and valleys are romantic.It is no wonder that a New Englander, no matter how far he may roam, has a very tender regard for the rural scenes of his boyhood days., Dairying is a prominent industry in Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut, and considerable attention is given to the training of students along this line at the agricultural colleges.At Amherst, Massachusetts, the college farm has been made an important educational agent.As with our colleges, experiments have been conducted for many years, testing out the best varieties of grains and fodder crops for Massachusetts conditions.At Storrs Agricultural College, Connecticut, in addition to dairying, much attention is being given to the development of the poultry industry.We saw the hillside with its rows of colony houses where the International Egg- laying contest is being waged, and we heard the bacteriologist .discuss the \u2018\u2018white diarrhoea\u2019 problem and its cure. 24 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE CONTENTS DITORIAL.\u2014The Sherbrooke Fair; Good-look- ing farms; Maple sugar schools; Farm advertising; Through New England; An agricultural college education for the farmer\u2019s son: Professor Klinck leaves Macdonald College; The Ontario Agricultural College; A big problem and a novel suggestion; General price level unchanged.RCHARD AND GARDEN \u2014Fruit Growers\u2019 Convention ; À visit to some Quebec apple sections; I'loriculture notes for August and September; A trip to Massachusetts Agricultural College; The Pure Maple Sugar and Syrup Co-oper- ative Agricultural Association; Orange rust on raspberry leaves.ARM AND FARM CROPS.\u2014The Cairnside picnic; In the root field; Notes on the cereal husbandry department, Macdonald College; Impressions of a trip through Western Ontario; Among the Howick Ayrshire breeders.IVE STOCK.\u2014Flies in the stable; Sheepkil- ling dogs; Green crops for sheep and lambs; The dairy Shorthorn in Canada; Official records of Holstein-Iriesian cows; Auction sale of sheep, swine and cattle.AIDY.\u2014What the public wants; Bacteria and dairy farming; What makes milk and butter yellow; A big difference; Cows that wear well; Men well satisfied.pron Quali in eggs; American Association of Instructors and Investigators in Poultry Husbandry; Swat the rooster; notes; Chicken thieves.Poultry Vyouans WORLD.\u2014Homemaker\u2019s Club at Lennoxville; Foods and Food Preparation ; The Children\u2019s Homer; Takes the bakache out of housework.ENERAL INTEREST.\u2014Third Year results at Macdonald College; Hunting spirit in the air; Quebec Fairs, 1914; Canadian engineers inspect concrete roads; Destroying quack grass; Care of the machinery; Silage the best succulent fodder for winter; Estimating the Value of a Cow.NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscribers and members of agricultural societies, of farmers\u2019 clubs and of the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association, who do not regularly receive either the English or the French Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture are requested to address their complaints to the Secretaries of their respective Societies, who will transmit them to the Secretary of the Council of Agriculture at Quebec.New England farming pays because markets are good and very close at hand.But, as a prominent agriculturist told me, \u2014 \u201cThe farmers have done well, but they have robbed the soil by poor farming.The problem now is to get them to farm better, and this is the real purpose of the Lever-Smith Bill recently passed by Congress which provides for extension lecturers and demonstrators in each state of the Union\u2019.After this casual survey of agricultural conditions we come to the conclusion that our agricultural colleges prepare our young men more effectively for farming than do those of New England, but that, perhaps, their young men are trained better for professional work ; that agriculturally Quebec is as far advanced as New England and possesses larger stretches of arable land; but that the proximity of the many large markets of New England gives the farmer over the line a slight advantage.Ww.LAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EDUCATION FOR THE FARMER'S SON OT long ago a well-to-do-farmer stated at a farmers\u2019 picnic that he was not in favour of sendirig young men to the Agricultural College.The reasons he gave were not very clear, but he claimed that if college-trained young men were placed in charge of many farms in the neighborhood they could not make them pay.Just what experience he had with such men he did not state, but we are of the opinion that it was very limited indeed.In every section of the province may be found farmers who see little use in à college education.Moreover, instances may actually be found where educated young men were failures as farmers, but were these instances even more numerous than they are a college education for the farmer\u2019s son should not be denied him.A lawyer or a surgeon does not become expert in his profession at college, but in the exercise and practice of many years.So a young college graduate in agriculture is not an expert farmer, but gradually acquires the expertness by practice after many years.The college training permits him, as it does the lawyer or the surgeon, to become expert in a much shorter time than is the case with the man without such a training.The expert farmer is the result of the combination of three factors \u2014 the boy, the training, and the opportunity.Some boys are natural born farmers, while others are otherwise, and no amount of college training will make them successful farmers.| Then again, opportunity plays an important part in the making of a good farmer.A father may readily mar his boy\u2019s career by \u2018\u2018pouring cold water'\u2019 on all the visions of his boy who is attending college, and by refusing to allow the boy to try out the new ideas he has brought home.The training at an agricultural college, while to a certain extent practical, deals largely with principles and how they may be applied.The real \u2018value of the training lies in the ability to do more efficient work and service.In other words \u2018\u2018to make men and women of greater usefulness to themselves and to their fellows; to make it possible to do more and better work, and to use their energies and their influence so that they will leave this good old world better than they found it\u201d.A farmer should also be a citizen and take his part in the development of his community.Experience tells us that the men who are the real leaders in this work are College graduates who know how to do things.No, we cannot advise our farmers\u2019 boys to stay away from the Agricultural College.On the other hand we believe that the best investment a father can make for his son would be to send him for two or three years to college.As our old friend, Dr.Mills ex-president of the O.A.C., used to tell the farmers; \u2014 \u2018\u2018So long as you educate some of your sons for the medical, the legal, or the business profession and give the hard-working son on the old farm nothing more than the elementary school training, he will be a hewer of wood and a drawer of water to his educated brothers as long as he lives\u201d.PROFESSOR KLINCK LEAVES MACDONALD COLLEGE HE Province of Quebec loses a valuable agriculturist in Professor L.S.Klinck who resigned his position as Professor of Cereal Husbandry in Macdonald College on August 1st, to become Dean of the new Agricultural College of the University of British Columbia near Vancouver.But Quebec\u2019s loss is British Columbia\u2019s gain.Professor Klinck is a strong man in his particular field, perhaps the strongest in Canada and among the foremost in America.He came to Macdonald College on the invitation of Dr.Robertson.in 1905 when building operations were just beginning, and by the fall of 1907 when the College opened its doors to students for the first time Professor Klinck had his field experiments well organized and fairly under way.Since that time he has developed the experimental side along many lines and has been ahle to isolate by selection several valuable strains of grains.Two years ago he published (see Journal of Agriculture, July 1st, 1912) the results of five years experiments with grains for Quebec.These results should be of great value to the practical farmer, as they indicate at a glance the best varieties of grains for conditions such as prevail in this Province.Considerable work has been done also with al- falfas and clovers, with timothy strains, with corn, and with roots and soiling crops.Result of great practical importance have already been obtained which will no doubt be published in due time.Professor Klinck is an excellent class instructor, being clear, concise, deliberate and methodical, and as a public speaker on farm crops he is in demand at conventions of farmers.Professor Klinck was born on a farm a short distance north of Toronto, and grew up on the farm.He taught a country school for two or three years, then went to the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, from which he graduated with the degree of B.S.A., specializing in Biology, but having much practical experience in the Cereal Husbandry or Agronomy department.After this he went to the Iowa Agricultural College for post graduate work in Farm Crops.There he secured the degree of M.S.A.and was placed on the staff.In 1905 he came to Macdonald College.While we regret the departure of Professor Klinck and his family we cannot help but feel that Quebec was fortunate in having secured his services for so long a period as nine years.Several classes of bright young men have been trained by him for carrying on the work which he originated in this Province.We wish Professor Klinck every success in his new position in the West.THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE HE report of the Ontario Agricultural College for 1913 contains much information of general interest.The total number of students in attendance was 1560, of whom 1060 were studying agriculture and 500 were enrolled at the Macdonald Institute, studying domestic science or taking teachers\u2019 courses in nature study and elementary agriculture and horticulture.Of the a eS À Professor L.S.Klinck, head of the Cereal Husbandry Dept.Macdonald College, recently appointed Dean of the College of Agriculture, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.students in agriculture, 609 were enrolled in the general course (two-year and four-year students) ; the remainder were taking short courses, varying in length from two weeks to three months.The expense of running the college for the year amounted to $265,750.The revenue from fees, sale of produce, etc., was $82,600.The expense to the province was, therefore, $183,150, an average of about $120 per student.It is true that some of the students are at the college for only a few weeks.But on the other hand the services of the College to the Province are by no means confined to the training of students.On pp.141 to 142 in the midst of the report of the Professor of Field Husbandry we find this interesting item \u2018A knowledge of the history of barley, growing in Ontario as influenced by the Ontario Agricultural College furnishes a strong argument for the existence of the College from merely a financial standpoint.The entire cost of the institution has been far more than paid back to the province by À \u2014\u2014\u2014 pu the increase in the barley crop as the direct result of the improvement in the yield of barley through selection.As near as we can ascertain at the present time from 94 to 96 per cent.of all the barley which is now grown in the province belongs to the Mandscheuri and to the 0.A.C., No.21, varieties.According to the report of the Bureau of Industries for Ontario the yield of, barley per acre for the past fifteen years as compared with the fifteen years previous has had an increase of between 22 and 23 per cent.in yield.per acre.The market value of the barley crop in Ontario in 1911, which is the last year for which we have a financial record, was $12,000,154.00.Twenty-two per cent.of this amount would be $2,640,033.00.This represents the annual increase in money value of the barley crop, owing almost entirely to the increase in yield per acre of the crop.The dmproved varieties of barley introduced have had a very marked influence in bringing about this increase.Two and one half million dollars per annum is a very large amount and represents THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 25 about fifteen times the cost of maintenance of the College.\u2019\u2019 When we read, farther on, that there is a good prospect of a similar increase in the oat crop of the province as the result of the experiments conducted at the farm, and when we reflect upon the influence of the College in the improvement of the live stock of the province, its work in promoting underdrainage and the intelligent use of fertilizers, its part in building up the dairy, poultry and beekeeping industries and in improving the conditions of rural life in the home and school, we realize that Ontario's expenditure upon the Agricultural College is without exception the best paying investment the province could possibly make.If any mistake has been made it has been in the way of penny-wise economy.The College could undoubtedly spend more money to equally good profit.Items of interest are to be found in all the sections of the report.The Professor of Physics, for example, writes entertainingly about drainage demonstrations and experiments with cement tiles; the Professor of Dairy Hushandry describes a combined test for casein and fat which will enable the dairyman to make a fairer comparison of the values of different lots of milk for cheese-making than is possible with the Babcock test alone; the Professor of Animal Husbandry gives the records of the College cows (chiefly Holsteins and Ayr- shires) and describes experiments with swine; and the Professor of Field Husbandry writes upon scores of subjects of direct interest to the practical farmer.We commend this report to the attention of all interested in education and in agricultural experimentation.A BIG PROBLEM AND A NOVEL SUGGESTION Loss of Soil by Erosion.Tree Crops as a Remedy A topic which receives much less attention in our agricultural discussions than it deserves is brought into prominence by two brief articles recently published in \u2018\u2018Science\u2019\u2019.The authors of the articles are both members of a committee of the Social and Economic Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, appointed to study the question of soil erosion, and it is to this question of vast importance that their contributions refer.The chairman of the committee, Mr.Judson G.Wall, estimates that in addition to many lives the United States loses annually one hundred million dollars in property by the destructive action of floods.But this loss of property by destruction, serious as it is, is not by any means the only loss incidental to the recurrent floods.Mr.Wall estimates that the caving in of the levees which are built along the banks of the lower Mississippi results in the annual loss of nearly ten thousand acres of the best land in the world, and that two and a half times as much silt is annually deposited in the Mississippi channel as was excavated in digging the Panama canal, and great annual expense is entailed in dredging out the channel.The overflow of the flooding rivers drowns the rich lowlands, destroying or vastly decreasing their productive power, and in addition the high land not only loses by erosion of soil but is robbed of moisture that is greatly needed in growing crops.The amount of water required by the average soil for full productivity is sixty inches each year.The average annual precipitation (rain and melted snow) in eastern North America is forty-eight inches and it is estimated that 30 per cent.of this is allowed to run to waste.In other words, the soil receives little over half the quantity of water necessary for a full crop and little over two-thirds of what it is possible for it to have under the actual climatic conditions. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE FRUIT-GROWERS\u2019 CONVENTION HE Quebec Pomological and Fruit-growers Society will hold its summer meeting at Ab- botsford, county of Rouville, on September 9th and 10th next.Discussions will take place upon the work accomplished by the Dominion lecturers who will have just terminated their series of lectures upon horticulture.They will deal with marketing, packing, the selection of fruits and all subjects of interest to fruit-growers.It is hoped that all those who are interested in fruit-growing will be present at this meeting.They should meet there not only farmers but also professional men, merchants and newspaper men, whose influence and advertising have helped to spread among the farmers the knowledge necessary to profitable fruit-growing.A VISIT TO SOME QUEBEC APPLE SECTIONS HE writer had the pleasure of enjoying re- T cently an automobile trip with Mr.Peter Reid, secretary, and Mr.Norman Jack, director, both of the Quebec Pomological Society.THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD This trip was taken with a view to visiting several of the orchards at Covey Hill and intervening points.The party left early in the morning from Chateauguay and arrived at Covey Hill at noon.We later continued to Huntingdon and then returned to Chateauguay in the evening.A number of the better orchards were visited and a large number of others were noted as we passed by.It was very easy to pick out the orchards that were being properly cared for, and unfortunately for the apple industry of the Province, these well cared for orchards are not in the majority.In the past much has been written and said in regard to apple orcharding, and that this work has not been in vain is evidenced by some very fine orchards that were seen during the day's trip.However, it seems that most of the apple growers, wherever they may be, are \u2018\u2018from Missouri\u2019\u2019, in that they must be shown before they will believe, and this no doubt accounts to a large extent for the apparent slowness with which spraying and other practices in the orchard are taken up.One can hardly plead that it is a lack of information, for there are now so many reliable sources to which one may turn.To handle an orchard successfully requires a great fund of knowledge, including that of spraying materials, insecte and diseases.That there is still a great lack of spraying in the Province is apparent by the large number of apple trees that have been defoliated by caterpillars and it was a pleasure to see the well sprayed orchards that were noticeable hy their full quota of apples, while the defoliated trees had no crop.Sometimes a man may get discouraged with spraying \u2014 partly because he expects results too soon, or in some cases he might not give these sprayings at the proper time, or they might be improperly made, as is frequently the case.Troubles with the spraying pumps are unavoidable, but to he successful all such troubles must be overcome promptly in order that the work may be done efficiently.At Chateauguay there are some good orchards, and it is easy to see that many of the apple growers have mastered the art of caring for their trees and are well pleased with their results in spraying.They are using their first power-sprayers in this locality, although the majority are still using hand-pumps.Where many trees are to be.sprayed, the power-sprayers are rapidly replacing the hand- pumps, as with these the work can be more thor- Col.Freeman Thorpe, who owns a large experimental farm in Minnesota near the headwaters of the Mississippi, has so managed his land that no water has run off it for seventeen years.His farm consists of forest, pasture and cultivated land, and he estimates that the annual growth both of trees and of grass has been doubled by his system and the productivity of the cultivated land greatly increased at the sume time.His methods are said to be exceedingly simple and inexpensive.The United States Department of Agriculture has undertaken to study them and make them more generally known.Prof.J.Russell Smith, who contributes the other article to Science, was appointed a subcommittee to study the relation of tree crops to the erosion problem.His investigations have led him to make comparisons of American agriculture \u2014 particulariy that of the central! and southern states \u2014 with that of southern Europe.He points out that the agricultural experience of the Teutonic races obtained in northern Europe does not apply well to American conditions.The European grows mainly grains, grasses and clovers, crops which cover the whole surface of the ground, and hold it with a root mass.In America, three of the greatest crops \u2014 corn, cotton and tobacco \u2014 are bare-ground crops.The heavy summer thundershowers characteristic of the American climate work havoc upon these open soils, and erosion becomes a factor of most serious importance.The remedial measures advocated by Prof.Smith are terracing and tree-crops.Terracing has been practised to some extent in the Southern States and 4 new svstem known as the \u2018Mangum terrace\u2019 has been invented there, which is said to be a great improvement upon any of the systems previously used.It consists of wide gentle ridges plowed up along the face of the slope so that the water flows slowly and harmlessly along it, Its wide gentle slope permits the planting and harvesting of crops by machinery and at the same time prevents loss of water and the washing away of the soil.The planting of trees in forest form for timber only, while effective in controlling the water-sup- ply, {involves too long-term investment for the ordinary farm land owner.However, trees exist which give good returns in annual crops without too long a period of waiting.In fact the land that is in harvest-producing trees is usually tbe heaviest yielding and most valuable land.Witness the orchards everywhere.Prof.Smith states that the king of all crops as measured by the amount of food produced and the value of the land is the date.Fruits, however, that is to say, succulent fruits such as are most familiar to us, constitute only a portion of the tree-crops.Southern Europe produces human food from trees in abundance in the form of olives and nuts and also derives a considerable portion of its animal feeds from tree crops.Among the tree-produced forage crops of Kurope are the carob bean, the acorn, the chestnut and the fig.Among the American trees capable of producing similar forage, Prof.Smith mentions the honey locust, the oak, the chestnut, the pecan, the persimmon and the mulberry.In addition we have trees capable of producing human food other than succulent fruit, \u2014 such nut trees as the hickory, the hazelnut, the walnut and even the oak; such fruit trees as the olive, the date and the fig.To the list we would venture to add the sugar maple as a tree yielding an annual crop of valuable human food, as well as a wood of great usefulness.Now, planting such trees in wood-lots is not the only way of growing the tree-crop.In a popular article in the July number of the Century magazine, Prof.Smith advocates what he calls \u2018\u2018two- story\u2019 farming, that is to say growing trees and cultivated crops in the same field.\u2018\u2019Approximately nine-tenths of the arable area of Majorca, one of the Spanish islands in the Mediterranean\u2019\u2019, he tells us, \u2018\u2018is planted out to crop-yielding trees.That makes one-story agriculture, Then.beneath the trees grain is grown.That makes the second story\u2019\u2019.Ordinarily the grain crop yields the farmers a living, and the tree-crop furnishes the profits.It is rare for both crops to fail.\u2018\u2018The farmers of south-western France annually send to this country millions of pounds of choice Persian (so-called English) walnuts, and yet there are not ten orchards in the whole region.\u201d The trees are grown in the wheat fields.The Italian farmers follow the same system with the mulberry trees upon which they cultivate the silk-worm.The mulberry trees are planted across the wheat fields in widely separated rows so as not to shade the wheat.Then they carry the principle one step farther and plant grapevines heside the mulberry trees.Thus the same field yields bread, wine and silk \u2014 food, drink and clothing.With us in Canada neither flooding nor soil- erosion is so vital a problem as in the southern States.Our summer thunderstorms are less severe and our agriculture bears a closer resemblance to that of northern Europe than theirs; we have less of our land in bare-ground crops.Nevertheless the losses we suffer both from the flooding of low lands and from the washing away of hillsides are very considerable, and in common with our neighbours to the south we suffer from droughts due to the too rapid flowing-off of the rain and melted snow.It is generally conceded that the primeval forests retarded and regulated the off-flow of the precipitated water, and it is quite possible that tne decreased yields of grain obtained in our eastern lands result quite as much from the removal of this regulation of water-supply as from actual depletion of the plant-food of the soil.At any rate the want of regulation of water supply contributes to the loss of plant food by leaching.If we retained upon the land all the water that falls upon it, or only allowed so much of it to run off as had percolated through the soil, it is possible that we might repeat Col.Thorpe's experience of increased crops.At any rate, for those who have hilly farms, the possibilities of the mangum terrace and the tree-crop are well worth thinking over.GENERAL PRICE LEVEL UNCHANGED HE Department of Labour\u2019s index number of Wholesale Prices stood at 136.2 fofr June as compared with 136.2 in May and 136.4 in June, 1913.Advances in oats, barley, corn, flax- seed, cattle, beef, lamb, dairy products, sugar, glucose, wool, cotton, hides and tallow, lead, and anthracite coal, were offset by declines in, wheat, hogs, iron, brass, tin, silver, spruce, miscellaneous building materials, furs and raw rubber.In Retail Prices the features of the month were a general advance in potatoes and the continued decline in butter.Several declines in mutton, lard and fish occurred but eggs were higher in many localities and sugar began to advance. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 27 Spraying orchard with lime-sulphur oughly done and, in addition, it is economy in orchards of five or more acres.From Chateauguay to Covey Hill some small plantings have been made and these were doing fairly well, although some of the trees were struggling along in a hay or oat field.The old orchards were, for the most part, neglected, but judging from their size, freedom from winter injury and their general appearance, apple trees should do well, provided proper varieties are planted and reasonably good care taken of the trees.At Covey Hill, one of the finest orchards in the Province was seen.This orchard belongs to Mr.Waddell and is one of the demonstration orchards under the control of the Quebec Government and the Pomological Society.The trees in this orchard were quite large and Very vigorous, with clean, healthy foliage and all are carrying a very fine crop of fruit, many trees of which will have from five to eight barrels of apples this year.Considerable! spraying has been done in other orchards in this neighbourhood and a few are practising cultivation with a summer-sown cover-crop.From Covey Hill the road led to Huntingdon via Franklin Centre and Rockburn, through a country well adapted to apple growing, but unfortunately there is little done in the care of the orchards.Too mahy varieties, many of which are inferior, distance from market, and caterpillars are some of the more serious difficulties.Through this district there are many orchards, some of which are quite extensive, but in only some half a dozen is there any attempt to handle the orchards satisfactorily.This is a district that with better railroad facilities.should be a valuable apple-pro- ducing centre, as the trees grow well and with proper care should produce profitable crops.From Huntingdon back to Chateauguay only a few apple trees were seen; these consisted of small groups of trees planted around some of the farm homes and it was the exception to see any that had not been defoliated.It was evident during the day\u2019s trip that those growers who were spraying effectually and giving attention to pruning and other orchard practices were reaping results in better crops of good fruit.These good orchards are already having their effect in causing an increased interest to be taken in adjoining apple orchards, and no doubt the next few years will see a marked improvement throughout the many sections where apples are grown.The trip proved a Very enjoyable one, as some old friends were met on the way, and an opportunity was taken to inspect more closely some of the orchards where the growers are taking care of them along proper lines.T.G.BUNTING.by means of a gas-motor engine.FLORICULTURE NOTES FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER Starting House Plants for the Winter.Summer Management of Sweet Peas and Asters OWARDS success in maintaining a continuous display of flowers during the fall, winter and spring months, a few hints at this time will be very helpful to many lovers of flowers who are just feeling their way in this branch of horticulture.The average amateur has not the facilities nor the experience necessary to grow many of the pretty objects which gardeners and florists have throughout the season; no, he has to be content with such plants as are more or less easily grown.No class of plants is so easily grown as the bulbous variety.This class includes freesias, calla or arum lily, hyacinths, tulips and narcissus.Freesia bulbs can be obtained in August from any seedsman and should be potted up right away; the bulbs are small and in order to have a well- furnished pot several bulbs are required to each pot.In potting, sink bulbs just underneath surface, water thoroughly and treat as cool as weather conditions will permit, and expose to the full sunlight after growth has commenced.As growth advances place a few stakes round the pot and use crdinary black cotton thread around the stakes, This supports the stalks which otherwise would fall down with their own weight.This p:ant can be had in flower by the end of January.It lasts in flower for some time; then by having a few pots and keeping some of them very cool a succession of flowers can be maintained covering quite a period.Calla lily.\u2014This is a plant that should be in every amateur\u2019s collection as it is so easily grown and flowers from fall until the end of May.Bulbs of this plant can be had any time now from any seedsman.Pot bulbs singly in 6 or 7 inch pots, water thoroughly and grow slowly, keeping them as cool as possible while at the same time exposing them to the full sun.Roman hyacinths and narcissus (Paper white) are two classes of bulbs which can be had in flower as early as December, and a succession may be kept up by treating a number of pots in different temperatures, some very cool, others moderately warm, and still others warmer.Bulbs of these can be had early in September.To further extend the season and lend variety, Dutch bulbs are employed, such as hyacinths, tulips and narcissus in their various types.These bulbs usually can be procured by the end of September, and if handled properly a succession of flowers of each can be kept up till quite late in the spring.The bulbs should be potted up without delay in good garden loam into which sufficient sand has been worked to thoroughly drain the soil and keep it open.Large hyacinth bulbs may be potted up singly, but tulips and narcissus require several bulbs in each pot to make a satisfactory show.Sink bulbs deep enough so.that no part of the bulb shows up above the finished surface of soil.The potting finished, place the pots in some corner out of doors, thoroughly soak them with water, then cover over to the depth of six inches with cinders or sand.giving this a good soaking also.No more attention need be given them for six weeks.During this period the bulbs, buried as they are, are getting cooler conditions than it would be possible to give them in any other situation and this is very necessary if best results are expected, the aim being to build up a good root-system without encouraging top growth.Then when the bulbs are introduced to more heat and growth is rapid, there is an abundance of roots to take care of the growth, whereas if both root and top growth move together unsatisfactory results are obtained.After six weeks remove pots from this covering, select a few of the most forward ones and grow along in a warm, sunny window; place the remainder in a cold, damp cellar or other such place where the temperature is quite low but where they will not fr:eze.Under such treatment growth is very slow, and by picking out the most forward ones from time to time to replace the ones that are going out of flower a succession is maintained till quite late in spring.In order to further extend the season for these bulbs it is necessary to place the pots out of doors in some corner after the six wees treatment already referred to and cover over as soon as severe weather sets in with from two to three feet of dry leaves or strawy manure.Primulas and cyclamen, favorite winter -blos- soming rlants, should be making a good growth now and should receive their final potting, using 6 in.pots, this size being large enough unless plants are of unusual size.Grow these along as cocl as possible out-of-doors in frame, and shade from the strong sun.Hydrangea Otaksa or Four Seasons is an exceedingly popular and useful plant of simple cultivation when allowed to flower in its natural season during August.Many nice specimens may be seen from time to time, but as a rule, with the amateur, quite large plants very often show no flowers or very few.The reason for this is that the plant is not properly treated either the whole or part of the season.This plant requires full sunlight, more especially so during the period when finishing its growth, in order to thoroughly ripen the growth the plant has made.Tcward the latter part of September protection from early frosts has to be given; the average amateur knows this, but the protection he affords is not conducive to the welfare of the plant.Protect from early frost by any means you like, but as soon as the temperature rises above the freezing point expose plant to the full sun.Give water sparingly to induce the ripening down of the plant.: The hydrangea is a deciduous shrub, as the maple is a deciduous tree.You see all around you in autumn leaves dropping continually from the maples.What does that mean?It means that the tree has finished its growth, ripened its wood, the leaves have performed their functions and dropped to the ground, and the tree is at rest until called upon by nature to resume its growth.The hydrangea therefore must ripen down gradually and shed its leaves before it is at rest.In order to accomplish this, keep the plant as cool as possible and allow soil to dry out before giving water.When all the leaves have dropped give plants a thorough soaking with cold water and place in a damp cold cellar whera the temperature does not rise above 40 degrees.If the cellar is damp and pots are resting on an earth floor no further watering will be necessary; otherwise see that soil is kept moist. 28 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Another winter flowering plant of merit seldom seen in the home is the carnation.This plant flowers the entire winter and spring; it requires to be grown fairly cool to obtain best results.The plants may be obtained during August or early in September from any florist who grows them for cut flowers.Sweet peas during the early part of the summer did not make a satisfactory growth owing to the lack of moisture in both soil and atmosphere.Frequent cultivation with a thorough soaking twice a week during dry weather will help them along.If grown entirely for cut flowers keep picking daily.If, however, the intention is to allow flowers to fully develop on the plant, remove flower stalk as soon as petals have dropped.Pay strict attention to this, as if seed pods are allowed to develop there is a big drain on the resources of the plant in reproducing itself.If flowers are wanted for show purposes, allow but few growths to a plant and also but few spikes to each growth.Asters, despite the dry spell in the early part of the season, have made rapid growth since the recent rain-falls.Keep well cultivated to conserve moisture, and with cooler weather ahead there is no reason why fairly good flowers should not be obtained.If intended for show purposes only the large central bud should be allowed to develop; remove all- others.A.H.WALKER.A TRIP TO MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Editor, Journal of Agriculture: \u2014 HIS is certainly a beautiful setting for a college.The narrow valley formed by the Connecticut river with its surrounding mount- covered with timber make as beautiful a setting as one could wish for.Rainy weather has made working unpleasant, but after the long dry spell one can well afford to take a rest.The rainy season shows us the value of our clean steady cultivation.There are no weeds to grow and the plants can go ahead by leaps and bounds.Last week I took my class in gardening over to Springfield to see two large market gardens.1 wished them to get an idea of gardening under real commercial conditions.We went from here by trolley through as pretty a country as one could wish to see.The main crops of this section are tobacco and onions.Thousands of acres are devoted to these crops all through Massachusetts and Connecticut in the Connecticut River valley.I never before saw tobacco shaded.They make a sort of tent of cheesecloth strung on poles.One firm has over two hundred acres under one stretch of cheesecloth.It is certainly an expensive method, but as the price paid for the tobacco is five or six times as much as is ordinarily paid it should give a good return.Each of the farms we visited was over one hundred acres in extent, practically all of which was under vegetable crops.The greenhouse space was not as large as one would expect on such a farm, but I imagine with the outside work they could not very easily handle it.I never before saw intensive cultivation used on such a scale.One would find rows of celery 5 ft.apart (seed sown directly in the row), between being four rows of seed onions each twelve inches apart.These onions were beginning to bunch.As soon as the onions were cleaned out radish or spinach was sown.One field was set to horse-radish.Between each set in the row had been planted cabbages which were then being harvested.In one place I saw celery with carrots in between, and every second row of celery had Golden Bantam corn planted next it.Every means is taken to produce crops quickly and steadily.Companion and intercropping are ains used to the utmost.The celery was being thinned and the thinnings sold to other growers throughout the East.; Skinner's irrigation system is in use in many places and is giving good satisfaction.Some have.it on stakes in the ordinary way; others have it suspended from a cable.Le Taken every way it was probably as sample of extensive intensive \u2018gardening as one could find.7\u201d : i A.Hi MCLENNAN.THE PURE MAPLE SUGAR AND SYR ; CO-OPERATIVE \"AGRICULTURAL; ~ ASSOCIATION or Circular issued to members on July 1st, 1914 E are pleased: to inform you \u2018that in 14 months we have succeeded in obtaining what individuals have tried to get and fought for over ten years to secure, and that is an amendment to the Adulteration Act to prevent any one from using the word \u2018\u2018Maple\u2019\u2019 on labels of packages not containing the genuine maple sugar or Syrup.We have asked the Directors of the Provincial Exhibitions at Quebec and Sherbrooke to offer larger and a greater number of prizes than they were offering in the past on maple products and they have kindly consented.Below you will find a list of these prizes and we earnestly solicit you and every member of our Association to become a competitor at one or the other of these Exhibitions.All you need do is to send by express to the Exhibition Company the quantity of the sugar or syrup called for in the class you wish to compete in, and some one will receive the articles which will be returned to you in the same way, if you do not wish to attend the Exhibition yourself.Please correspond with olir Secretary in advance in regard to your intention to do so.THE PRIZES OFFERED ARE AS FOLLOWS: AT QUEBEC lo.Maple Sugar in Cakes, not less than ten pounds, 5 Prizes, $5, $4, $3, $2 and $1.20.Soft Sugar in pails, not less than 10 pounds, 4 Prizes, $4, $3, $2, and $1.30.Maple Syrup, not less than 2 gallons in glass, 6 Prizes, $10, $8, $6, $3, $2 and $1.40.Artistic Display of Sugar and Syrup made by the exhibitor, not less than 5 gallons of Syrup and 50 pounds of Sugar, 3 Prizes, $15, $10 and $5.AT SHERBROOKE lo.Producers\u2019 Display opened to goods produced by the exhibitor only.Not less than 5 gallons of Syrup and 50 lbs.of Sugar, 3 Prizes, $15, $10 and $5.20.Cake Bugar, not less than 10 lbs, 3 Prizes, $5, $4 and $3.30.Soft Sugar in jars or pails, not less than 20 1bs., 3 Prizes, $4, $3 and $2.40.Syrup, not less than 2 gallons in glass, 3 Prizes, $8, $5 and $4.OPEN TO MANUFACTURERS lo.Maple Sugar, not less than 50 lbs, 2 Prizes, $10 and $5.20.Maple glass, 2 Prizes, Syrup, not less than 10 gallons, in $10 and $5.The work of our Association is now turned toward securing a better market for our members.The checking of the adulteration and the lowering of the tariff by the United States Government ought to tend towards enlarging the field of demand.The Provincial Government has inaugurated the first day of July as \u2018\u2019Maple Day\u2019, and has dis- fine a.: their respective tributed throughout the breadth of Canada, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and in England, 28,000 free samples of our products and pamphlets to ad- : Vertise-\u2019 the same and make them known to the class of people who wish to buy a genuine article.A syndicate has been formed in London, England, to \u2018handle maple goods and has secured, to start with, a capital of $10,000.00, which will be increased as the trade may demand.The Dominion Government has promised to exhibit and advertise our maple sugar and syrup at the Panama Exhibition at San Francisco next year ; ats) .With all this bright prospect before us we hope 0 \u201cDe in a position to handle every bit of the roducts of our members\u2019 next sugar season.~The\" sugar schools opened last spring have done \u201cgreat deal towards showing to the farmers in localities 'the ways of making \u2018sugar, and two or three more will be located during the present year for: next season's work.Our membership is now over 400, but it looks small.when.we think that we have over 35,000 sugar: makers in Quebec alone.We cannot impress too much upon you the importance of having a large membership, and hope you will strive to induce your neighbor to join us.The report of the proceedings of the second annual meeting of our shareholders, held at Hunt- ingdon last January, is being prepared and will be mailed as soon as ready.Yours respectfully, THE ASSOCIATION, per JOS.H.LEFEBVRE, Sec\u2019'y-Treas., Waterloo, Que.ORANGE RUST ON RASPBERRY LEAVES Editor, Journal of Agriculture: NCLOSED please find a few leaves of garden raspberries that have been turning that way the last two years.What can I do with them and what is the cause ?J.W.Stanstead, Que.Ans.\u2014The leaves of your garden raspberries are attacked by a fungus called the Orange Rust.Blackberries as well as raspberries are affected by this disease and are frequently seriously damaged.The affected leaves first turn yellowish, but finally become bright red with an abundant coating of the spores of the fungus.These spores are readily scattered by the wind, and may thus affect previously healthy plants.A very important character of this fungus is this,\u2014that the threads of the fungus live year after year in the affected plants, so that when once the plants become affected there is no remedy, or rather, the only remedy is to dig up and destroy infested plants as soon as they show symptoms of disease: no other plan will rid the plantation of Orange Rust.Applications of Bordeaux as soon as the Orange Rust spores appear will prevent the spread of the disease to healthy plants, but a plant once attacked seldom or never recovers; it gradually loses vitality, which condition is shown by the number of weak canes that arise from it.Ww.L. + \u2018THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 29 THE FARM AND FARM CROPS THE CAIRNSIDE PICNIC N July 1st the farmers of the Beauharnois District held their usual Dominion Day picnic in the mganificent maple grove of Mr.Robert Greig at Cairnside.Music was provided by the Ormstown brass band, and the ladies of the district spread the tables with characteristic liberality.There were races for the young people and grave addresses for the older ones.Among the speakers were Messrs.Jas.Morris, M.P., D.McCormick, K.C., and Robert Sellar, Prof.J.F.Snell of Macdonald College and the Revs.Sinclair of St.Louis de Gonzague, Georgetown and Stewart A.Woods of Riverfield.Mr.Morris apologized for the lack of addresses in the French language; the Hon.Honore Mercier was expected but had found it impossible to be Present.Mr.Morris referred to the prosperity of the farmers of the district and to the power which they could exert in the affairs of the country by co-operation.Mr.McCormick briefly outlined the progress of the Dominion since Confederation, emphasizing the part which the transeontin- ental railways have played and are playing in the development of the West.Prof.Snell, the clergymen and Mr.Sellar urged the farmers to devel- OD Co-operation and to re-organize rural cduca- tion in such a way as to emphasize training for agriculture and rural life.Mr.Sellar also referred to the scarcity of labour and predicted eventual relief through the use of electrical power on the farm.Of the greatest importance, in his opinion, was the preservation of the rural home.The highest type of home life was to be found in the farm homes of our country.The day was a beautiful one and although, on account of the state of the roads, the attendance was smaller than usual, it was generally agreed that the picnic had again been a success and the holiday a profitable and enjoyable one.IN THE ROOT FIELD A Conversation overheard 66 OU have got some splendid roots, John, and they certainly are big for this time of year, Man, but you must have a mascot to help you, or else you must have been born with all kinds of good luck\u201d.,\u2014\u2018\u201cOh, I don\u2019t know about that.To be sure, Bill, if due allowance is only made for their requirements in regard to cultivation, plant food and time of seeding the roots Very seldom fail.In Result of harrowing a close stand of swedes \u2014 four days after.On the left it was not harrowed.Note too many plants, difficult to handle with the hoe.On the right it was harrowed.Note right number of plants, easy to single by hand or with hoe.George Whillams of Harrowing Roots before thinning.The harrowing not only reduces the stand where this is too thick, but it also produces a mulch both between the rows and between the plants in the row.fact, 1 count them as being one of my most reliable crops\u2019\u2019.\u2014\u201cYou don't say.As for me, I have found them to be just about as unreliable as everything else under the sun.This year, at home, the seed not even germinated, at least not in time.Most of it never came up until after the last rain, and under such conditions neither cultivation nor manure help very much.\u2014I got started rather late with the seeding, and, do you believe me! the drills were just as dry as dust a couple of days after seeding, and much of the seed actually blew away in that terrific wind we had the first days of June\u2019\u2019.\u2014\u2018\u2018Say, Bill, but you are a regular old timer.Now I begin to understand why you call the roots unreliable.You hauled the manure out this spring ?\u201d \u2014*\u2018\u201cWell, yes, I didn't have time in the winter\u2019.\u2014\u2018\u2018And you .never harrowed the land, I suppose\u2019\u2019.\u2014Of course I did.Do you think I would seed without harrowing, as some farmers do?No sin, not for me.I don\u2019t believe in that method, I plowed down the manure, disced my land twice and harrowed and rolled it before drilling, and rolled it again before I started to seed.\u2019 \u2014*Yes.But did you never touch it at all until close upon seeding time ?Did you not put on a light harrow as soon as the land could carry the horses?\u2019\u2019 \u2014Of course not.You can\u2019t jump over the whole farm at once.You have to do everything in turn.But say, John, what are you driving at ?\u2014*It is only this, Bill, and excuse me for saying so, that you have sinned against the first commandment in soil management, to wit: \u2018\u201cThou shalt not dry out thy land.\u201d \u2014 In the first place you omitted to give your land a stroke with a peg-tooth harrow early in spring, and consequently did not prevent the capillary and evaporative pumps from working at full speed from the very beginning of the season.Secondly, you plowed down manure in the spring which, you may be as careful as you like, always means loss of moisture.And, finally, you laid up the land in drills, increased the soil surface and consequently gave the evaporative pump an excellent lubrication.I will admit that it is advisable to use drills in exceptional cases, but as a rule the flat land method is better under our dry summer conditions.It at least saved my roots this year.By harrowing early in spring I prevented evaporation to a very great extent, and there was sufficient moisture in the ground at seeding time to ensure perfect germination of the seed.The roots got a good start, and after seeding I created a good surface mulch with the aid of a harrow\u2019.\u2014\u201cDo you mean to say, that you actually harrowed the roots after seeding?\u2019\u2019 \u2014\u2018\u2018Why, certainly.I not only harrowed them immediately after seeding, but I also gave them two strokes of the harrow across the rows before thinning.© You can see the result on the swedes which have not yet been singled out to their proper distance.I use plenty of seed in order to get a\u2019 good catch, and under favourable conditions there are of course far too many plants.However after the harrows have done their work thinning is mere play\u2019.,\u2014'\u2018Well, judging from the results there must be something in your method.And I almost believe that I will try it next year\u201d. 3 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE -\u2014\u201cAll right, Bill, but don't forget to prepare and clean your land this fall by double ploughing and repeated topworking between the two plough- ings.\u201d P.A.BOVING.NOTES ON THE CEREAL HUSBANDRY DEPARTMENT, MACDONALD COLLEGE, 1914 HE spring of 1914 at Macdonald College and in the immediate vicinity was a most peculiar one.For quite eight weeks, from the middle of April till the middle of June, no rain fell in sufficient quantity to be of any use to the crops.Such weather furnished excellent conditions for seeding but a poor opportunity for germination and growth.Largely as a result of these circumstances, problems have ar.gen which may well receive brief attention here.Necessity for Roliing or Packing: The practise of rolling the land has been in vogue for a very long time.If it was for nothing else than to level the land, making it easier to harvest the crop, some form of roller was usually employed.While the roller is good for this purpose, it undoubtedly has a more important function in dry weather \u2014 that of inducing a better germination.This is brought about by a two-fold action \u2014 drawing the moisture from below and firming the soil about the seed.Better than the roller, however, is the soil packer.This consists of a series of heavy iron wheels set closely together to revolve on a central axle.This machine is in general use in the West and giving the best of satisfaction.If droughts continue to occur frequently in the East a soil packer and pulverizer will soon become a necessity.Drilling vs.Broadcasting : There are few men, who have ever had the experience, but will agree that drilled grain will almost invariably give better results than broadcasted.This is particularly marked with such grains as wheat and peas, which are extremely hard to cover when seeded broadcast.The reason for this fact is not far to seek.Drilled grain is placed down at a uniform depth and far enough below the surface to insure good moisture conditions.The vast superiority of the drilled is very well brought out in an experiment in the Cereal Department this year.The accompanying photographs bring out very clearly the very great difference in drilled vs.broadcast peas.One curious fact, which is very hard to explain, is that drilled grain will almost invariably give a higher \u201cGolden Vine'' Peas, Drilled.\u201c\u2018Golden Vine\u2019' Peas, Broadcast percentage of smut than will broadcast.Under average conditions, however, there is no doubt as to the wisdom of drilling in small grains.Dutes of Seeding: Just at this season of the year the experiments in Dates of Seeding furnish a very valuable object lesson.This year the first seeding was planted on the sixth of May and the last or sixth seeding, on June 10th.Thus each date of seeding is planted just one week later than the succeeding one.The plots now show very distinctly the great advantage which the early sown grain has over the late.Farmers generally should learn to appreciate this and aim to have their land ready early in the spring by following the practice of under- drainage and fall cultivation.Peas: Wherever one goes throughout the Province one finds a very general contention, held by some of the best farmers, that common field peas will not grow as well as they formerly did.It seems unfortunate that such an idea should exist with so little foundation in fact.Fppm our experience in the Cereal Department this contention is not borne out.This year our stand of peas is as good as one could well wish for.Peas do best on a moderately rich loam.One of the best varieties under our conditions is the Prussian Blue.This has given the best yield as an average of a five years test.Smut: Few people appreciate to what an extent smut depletes the yield of the small grain crops, particularly in oats.Frequently one {finds fields through the province in which at least 20% of the heads are smutted.The year of 1914 seems to be very favorable for the growth of this fungus.The smut of oats, which is always the worst, is very easy to combat.A thorough treatment with Formalin (1 pint to forty gallons of water) will entirely rid the crop of this disease.The smuts of barley and wheat are of an entirely different character and call for a different method of treatment.It should be mentioned here that Success (beardless) barley which is recommended as a nurse crop for alfalfa is very subject to attacks of loose smut.Cateh of Clover Seed: Contrary to what one might expect the catch of clover has been, for the most part, fairly good.Wherever the seed was put in early and the soil given proper preparation it has come along remarkably well in spite of the dry weather.Last year\u2019s clover is in fair condition.In some of the more exposed locations it has been killed out more or less.The dry weather made conditions such that the cutting of hay was decidedly short.However, the first crop was taken off about a fortnight earlier than usual and since the rain has now come prospects are that the second crop will be decidedly heavier.Many people have made the mistake of allowing their first cutting to go so long that they not only spoiled the quality of the hay but seriously curtailed their chances of getting a second cutting.Clover, like alfalfa, must be cut at the right stage both for the sake of the hay and also for the succeeding crop.Alfalfa: Alfalfa has received more attention in the Cereal Department than any of the other forage crops.From eight to ten acres are devoted exclusively to the culture of alfalfa, either sown singly or in a mixture with grasses.The miscellaneous collection of alfalfa numbering about eighty-eight strains still affords an excellent example of variation in hardiness.The feature of greatest interest is the outstanding hardiness of the rows of Grimm and strains of Grimm.Experiments are being conducted to determine the best method of producing alfalfa seed.Looking to this end quite a large block -has been seeded in rows.At date of writing prospects look good for a much heavier set of seed than on a similar broadcast area.Owing to the general complaint that it is very hard to get a catch with alfalfa, some different mixtures are being experimented with.The most promising combination, up to date, is one, of Orchard Grass, Tall Oat and Alfalfa.These two- grasses are both very early in maturing and consequently mix well with alfalfa as they mature at the same time as the first cutting.Another distinct advantage of the mixture is that should the alfalfa become killed out we shall still have the grasses to fall back on for a crop._ Hardy conditions develop a hardy race.So it is with plants.Unless unfavorable conditions occur it is impossible to isolate the strongest plants.Frost, drought and disease save the experimental- ist untold work with weak types and by a process of selection enable him to isolate the more fit.L.C.RAYMOND.IMPRESSIONS OF A TRIP THROUGH WESTERN ONTARIO (First article) O persons interested in agriculture and its progress, nothing can be more encouraging than a trip through parts of Western Ontario.It was my good fortune to be able to make such a trip during the month of June and it was one from which much profit and pleasure were derived.Like every other country, it has its faults, but since these \u2018\u2018faults\u2019\u2019 are chiefly those which can be remedied by improved methods of farming, the outlook is indeed bright for the future welfare of that great \u2018\u2018Garden of Canada\u2019\u2019.The country visited was chiefly of two types, the one rolling, the other almost perfectly flat.The former class cf land was seen north and west of Guelph, around Berlin and Waterloo, and near London and St.Thomas.In the rolling country farming of the mixed type prevails.The frequency of the silo bore evidence of this.It was here that the best crops, out-buildings, barns, and houses were found, the latter being for the most part structures of modern type, comfortable in every way.In fact those communities where cattle were kept, either for production of milk or beef, and where the silo stood as the trademark of the farmers, seemed to be the most wealthy, properous, and up-to-date of all the farms seen.° | \u2014 ay re \u2014 ee ~~~ \u2014 Chm TH gti wn.; | THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 31.One thing which was !very noticeable in these districts, was the freedom of the fields from weeds of a serious nature.We need not look far for the reasons.The land for the most part bore eloquent testimony of intense cultivation, seen in the beautiful well-worked soil in which the grain was just nicely started.The other chief reason is the heavy pasturing of live stock which helps to exterminate the weeds.These evidences of prosperity and progress coupled with the high condition of the land should encourage those in this province who are endeavouring to build .up the dairy industry in our communities.- On the flat land a different class of farming is carried on in most sections.This applies chiefly to the district of Chatham where a great deal of corn is grown, the crop being as a rule either sold as grain or fed on the ear to the \u2018\u2018money-raising\u2019\u2019 hog.Many of the farmers have eighty to ninety hogs feeding for the market, to which they are mostly sent alive.This corn industry would seem to be one which would produce clean fields, but as a rule the fields are not nearly so clear of weeds or in so high a state of cultivation as where mixed farming is the rule.Two or three probable reasons for this might be suggested.Firstly, the land is so fertile that the farmer is careless, since in most ordinary years he is sure of an average crop, even without cultivation.Secondly, there are no cattle to help in the subjection .of the weeds.Thirdly, the land requires, in very many instances, drainage of an extensive character, The latter reason can be amplified by stating that very often rains may render the land so wet after the crop has been Planted that cultivation cannct be attempted and so the weeds obtain a strong foothold.The farmers are however mostly awake to some of the needs of the situation, especially the last, as is proven by the presence of perhaps a dozen ditching machines in that vicinity, all laying tile in order to provide a better outlet for the surface water and to lower the water table.The large tiles, about 7 in., cost $45 per 1000, while the machine works at a cost of 25 cts, per rod.Another industry, \u2018steadily gaining ground among the farmers of that section, is the growing of sugar heets for sugar manufacturers.One of the largest factories in Canada is to be'found at Wal- laceburg.The company operating the factory keeps an expert who goes around visiting the farmers, advising them when and how to plant, how to thin, etc.Some farmers make as much as $2,500 off a crop of beets in one season.Still another crop of importance is that of beans, which are grown in fields of twenty-five acres and upwards.The growing of this class of crops cannot help but be hard on the land, and probably more mixed farming will be taken up as the necessity for it grows more apparent.Drainage and mixed farming will surely work wonders in what is even now a wonderful country, full of possibilities.Orchards of medium size are abundant in both sections mentioned, and the development of the fruit industry in some districts promises to be a large one, for conditions are very suitable.One pest of which we have heard so much and seen so little has ravaged the orchards of Kent county.We refer to the work of the much dreaded San José scale; whole orchards stand dead to-day as results of their work.It is almost too.late now to save the situation in some of the affected districts, but intelligent spraying would have exterminated it in the beginning.There are orchards to-day surrounded by the scale, which having been intelligently sprayed, are free of the dread pest.This fact only serves to add another strong link to the chain of evidence with regard to the efficiency of spraying.Space will not permit of discussing the crops at any further length, but even at the risk of being irksome we must restate that silos, mixed farming and prosperity seem strongly linked together.The public conveniences of the farmer are many and efficient.Practically all the farmers have the phone, and a section without rural mail delivery is the exception.These two advantages, coupled with good train or trolley service to the large towns found so plentifully in Ontario, serve to make farm life much more profitable and enjoyable.\u2018The coming of the hydro-electric power to the farms is also serving as a great factor in solving the labour problem, and thus lightening the burdens of the farmer and his family.Very many of the rural schools are of the highest type, well furnished and comfortable, carrying on work for the betterment of the community.There are some of these schools undertaking the teaching of Agriculture in the school by means of the school garden and the teaching of lessons along agricultural lines in the class réom.These efforts are being attended with no small measure of success and merit an article by themselves, so they will not be dealt with at present.No attempt has been made to outline any of the more detailed incidents of the visit, but an effort has been made to show in a Very general way the impressions which were received in making a hurried trip through the sections just described, and also to show that Ontario and its possibilities are just about as great as its inhabitants say they are,\u2014and that is very great indeed.J.E.M.AMONG THE HOWICK AYRSHIRE BREEDERS A Visit to Some of the Farms of a Famous Breeding Centre HE neighbourhood of Howick in the county of Chateauguay has a continental and almost world-wide fame as an Ayrshire breeding centre.The original settlers were of Scottish origin and their natural preference for the cattle of their native land has found full justification in the adaptability of the Ayrshire breed to Canadian conditions.The Ayrshire breed has taken strong root in the soil of Western Quebec and Eastern Ontario, and although Howick has now to compete with other important centres of breeding, its fame as the home of high-class stock has by no means faded with the lapse of time.The Ness Farms.\u2014The name of Ness is the most famous among those of Howick breeders of Ayrshires.The family reputation established by Mr.Robert Ness, sr., has been well sustained at home by the sons, R.R.Ness and D.T.Ness, and in other parts of this continent by other sons.A representative of the Journal was the guest of Mr.R.R.Ness at Burnside Farm for a day at, the beginning of July and had the pleasure of a drive through the neighbourhood with this genial prince of Ayrshiremen, who, with characteristic generosity, showed the journalist more of the good things on his neighbours\u2019 farms than of those on his own.The Burnside farm was the gold medal farm of the 1906 Agricultural Merit Competition, and also the winner of the great Farm and Dairy competition open to Ontario and Quebec.The farm itself comprises 180 acres, although Mr.Ness works more than that area.It is very regularly divided, each field comprising twenty acres.A regular rotation of crops is followed, the large area in corn each year being a conspicuous feature.Mr.Ness\u2019s great live stock interests render the growing of feed the great object of his farm management, and everything is directed towards that end.Ensilage plays a prominent part in the ration and roots and commercial feeding stuffs are used to a considerable extent.Both in his cow stables, built several years ago, and in his new horse stable, Mr.Ness has the animals in two rows facing one another with liberal space allowance between them for feeding purposes, and equally liberal space behind each row.This provides ample air and not only facilitates working both in front of and behind the animals but also provides for the comfortable passing of visitors through the stables.Good light is obtained upon the back parts of the beasts.Ventilation is provided by air shafts 4 ft.square running up to cupolas at the top of the buildings.Doors into these ventilating shafts in the lofts permit of their being used also as hay chutes.No litter carriers are used, as Mr.Ness prefers to remove the manure by driving through the stable with a cart or sleigh \u2014 a point upon which he differs from the majority of his neighbours, who, we noticed, were supplied with litter carriers.Mr.Ness ships his milk to a Montreal company.At the head of the Burnside herd is the magni- ficient four-year-cld bull, Hobsland Masterpiece (Imp.8795 - 36717) \u2014 well known to all our exhibition visitors of recent years.In the stable we noticed a number of the cows Mr.Ness is preparing for the show ring this fall.Among them were Auchenbrain Fanny, the Ottawa champion of last year; Beulah Spottie and Broomhill Flora; the three-year-olds, Burnside Denty and Burnside Maggie, and the two-year-old, Burnside Lucky Girl.A number of calves of similar high quality are being fitted for exhibition.x; HL rar avs © FOR FEU\" ~~ R.R.NESS \u2018 \u2019 re TS Mr.R.R.Ness\u2019s Farm Buildings. 32 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Group of Ayrshires on Burnside Stock Farm, Howick, Que.Mr.D.T.Ness has a farm of less than one hundred acres on the opposite side of the road from the Burnside farm.Towards the front of the farm is a stony ridge upon which the original forest has heen very wisely allowed to stand.This forms an excellent little sugar-bush of about four hundred trees.The head of Mr.D.T.Ness's herd is White Heather.Mr.Ness dis re modelling his cattle stable and erecting a new horse stable.Mr.Albert Ness, whose farm adjoins that of Mr.RR.R.Ness, also keeps Ayrshires, but, as is well-known, horse breeding is his specialty.His partner in the horse business, Mr.Robert Ness, sr., was in Scotland at the time of our visit selecting stock for their annual importation.Sir Spencer, the well-known Clydesdale stallion, is as vigorous as ever.Up to July first he had served about 100 mares.His record last year was 125 mares, yielding over 100 colts.At the time of our visit there were mares in the stable from as distant a point as Magog.In addition to Sir Spencer, two other Clydesdale stallions are being used in the Ness stables this year \u2014 the four-year-old Bladnock by Everlasting, dam by Montrove Ronald, and the three- year-old Bombie Pride by Mendel, dam by Baron's Pride.The handsome Standard-bred Prince Par- lam, which won the carriage,championship at the Ormstown Spring Show, is also standing for service.Stonehouse Stock Farm.\u2014Mr.Hector Gordon is reputed to he one of the hest farmers of the district, and his prominence in the show ring is well established.His farm, comprising 188 acres is worked upon the six-year rotation commonly followed in the district, viz., (1) hoed crops, (2) grain, (3) clover, (4) timothy, (5) pasture, (6) pasture.His grain and hay crops were conspicuously good at the time of our visit.He has a herd of sixty Ayrshires., The present herd of the herd is the yearling Netherhall Lochinvar by Torr\u2019s Annual, dam Torr's Lochmaben, but most of the young stuff of the herd is from the bull White Heather, now owned by Mr.D.T.Ness.Mr.Gordon is handicapped by the lack of modern stables, but we understand that he contemplates rebuilding in the near future.Sunnyside Stock Farm.\u2014Sunnyside Stock Farm on the right bank of the Chateauguay river, between Allan's Corner and La Fourche d\u2019Howick, has won a silver medal in the Agricultural Merit competitions of 1906 and 1911.In the former year the farm was still owned by the late Mr.William Logan.In 1911 it was the property of his son, the present owner, Mr.John W.Logan, who has combined it with his own farm, also a silver medal farm in the competition of 1901.This repeated success in the Agricultural Merit competitions is indicative of the perseverance of the Logan family in good farming.The combined farms cover 250 acres of land, upon which are kept 50 to 60 head of pure-bred Ayrshires.Winter dairying is practised, the number of cows in milk in the height of the season being about thirty.Mr.Logan separates his milk and {finds the sale of cream in Montreal more profitable than the shipping of milk.His stock bull is the five-year-old {Netherhall Sir Douglas, imp., winner of the championship at Sherbrooke, both as a two and as a three-year-old, and of that at Orms- town as a three-year-old.Among the famous cows of the Sunnyside herd are Ardyne Kintyre, winner of the two championships and the dairy test at Sherbrooke and of several first prizes for cow and two of her progeny, and Morton Mains Belle, last year\u2019s champion at Sherbrooke.Mr.Logan's remodelled farm house deserves an article by itseif.In the report of the Agricultural Merit judges for 1911 it is recorded that \u2018\u2018Mr, Logan\u2019s house is not in accordance with the fashion of the day, but is nevertheless of pleasing appearance and provided with all that can procure comfort to its inmates\u2019.Since that report was made the house has heen enlarged, thoroughly modernized and made even more comfortable than it was then reported to be.Cherrybank Stock Farm.\u2014Although a comparatively young man, Mr.P.D.McArthur has attained an enviable standing among the Ayrshire breeders of the country.His farm of 135 acres carries a herd of {ifty or more, headed by the excellent four-year-old bull, Whitehill Free Trader, by Whitehill Envy Meé, dam Whitehill Mary.He has also a strong two-year-old bull in White Chieftain of Cottage Hill, sired by Auchenbrain Albert.Among his tested cows is Buttercup with a daily record of 76 lbs.of milk.Mr.McArthur has nearly completed a new stable, 100 x 42 feet, arranged like that of Mr.R.R.Ness with the two rows of cattle facing and with roomy passages between and behind.Mr.McArthur is departing from the custom of the majority: of his neighbours in dispensing with drinking cups for the cattle.He uses the same trough for feed and water.Terrace Bank Farm.\u2014Mr.J.D.Duncan is well- known as a large scale milk dealer in Montreal as well as in the capacity of farmer and breeder.His farm, known as the Terrace Bank Farm, stood first among the silver medal farms in the competition of 1906 and third among the competitors for the gold medal in 1911, This farm of 160 acres carries a herd of 66 Ayrshires.Of the 28 cows milking at the time of our visit, 18 had recently heen tested.The herd of eighteen showed an average of 4.9 per cent of milk fat, only one cow falling below 4.1, while one showed a fat content of no less than 5.6 per cent.Mr.Duncan has imported about 100 head during the last three years.About 45 of his cows have been bred to Mr.P.D.McArthur\u2019s bull, Jupiter of Hickory Hill.Elm Grove Farm.The farm of Mr.James McKell and Son of Riverfield offers rather more diversity of products than that of the majority of White Chieftain of Cottage Hill, \u2014 33872 \u2014 Property of Mr.P.D.McArthur, Howick, Que.Several cows by the same sire have qualified with over 5 per cent of butter fat. - 400 acres, THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 33 LIVE STOCK FLIES IN THE STABLE T is not difficult to keep a stable free from flies.Many a tired horse is brought to his meals and tied in a stable swarming with flies, and has to take his food as best he can while his main energies are devoted to fighting off his tormentors.Horses fed under such conditions cannot thrive well.They not only waste their food, but there has been a great waste of energy as well in fighting their tormentors.In order to keep flies out of a stable it is only necessary to put on fly screens or mosquito netting over the windows and doors.When the horses are taken out in the morning a dark blind of some sort should be drawn over each window and the doors shut, which will ensure darkness.À couple of pails of water sprinkled on the floor in the morning will create a moisture which is also objectionable to flies and which will tend to keep the stable cool.A horse brought in to dinner in a stable such as this will enjoy his food.It will do him more good, and he will have had at least one hour of the day free from the tormenting flies.While at work fly nets or sheets should be used.The nets are better, the sheets being somewhat hot.Most horses are much irritated by gadflies striking them in the region of the throat and between the arms of the lower jaw.A piece of cloth tied from the throat latch extending downwards and fastened to the lower outside of the bridle or bit will protect the parts very effectually from the attacks of this fly.Any method that a farmer can adapt to afford protection to his stock during the fly season will amply repay him for his trouble.SHEEP-KILLING DOGS Sir :\u2014 would like to say a few words on the much discussed question of sheep-killing dogs.To my mind a good dog is as valuable as any animal on the farm.I like the black and tan collie trained to obedience from youth.The buff collies are too sensitive for ordinary mortals to handle.If farmers would castrate their male puppies it would \u2018in a great \u2018neasure prevent banding, which is a sure cause of the sheep-killing habit.I have never known a lone dog to kill sheep.I have a woolly dog which delights to be with the sheep; acts as a protector and will allow no scrapping among any of the stogk on the farm.I have been handling sheep all my life.At \u2018present I have a flock that averages 12 1bs.of wool to the fleece; have 25 lambs Irom 14 sheep thus far and more to hear from.I had one set of triplets that weighed when born 27 lbs, I keep a few small team bells on my sheep, one to every 4 or 5 sheep and have never known: them to be even chased by dogs.R.W.FINDLAY, Danville, \u2018Quebec.(Census Monthly) ç GREEN CROPS FOR SHEEP AND LAMBS Save the Pasture.\u2014Increase the Earning Powers of the Farm IDSUMMER is here.The spring pastures which sprang forth so luxuriantly are now beginning to show signs of the continued grazing of stock, The hilly and more barren parts are already closely cropped and in some places browned with the sun.In a month or six weeks.if the usual hot dry summer weather prevails, a shortage of pasture will be general, especially on those farms that are stocked up to their full capacity.It is at this time of the year that we hear so many complaints about the evils of sheep pasturing with other stock.It is not uncommon to Mr.J.Duncan\u2019s barns.the Ayrshire breeders of the Howick group.In addition to pure-bred Ayrshires and their milk, the Messrs.McKell sell steers, hogs, poultry, maple syrup and sugar, and even hay .and grain.Their farming is on a larger scale than that of the other Ayrshires breeders.The farm comprises 300 being under cultivation.Last year they threshed 2000 bushels of grain, their wheat crop yielding 25 bushels to the acre.They sold 1000 bushels of oats and 50 tons of hay.This year their 1300 maple trees have yielded 420 gallons of syrup.In the Agricultural Merit competition of 1911, this farm stood fifth among the winners of the silver medal.Other breeders upon whom we were able to make only the briefest call are Mr.William Brown, who has a herd of about 25 Ayrshires, and the Macfarlanés, father and two sons, who are noted for the general excellence of their farming.Mr.D.Macfarlane has a model stable, abundantly lighted and thoroughly ventilated.His stables have over them only a small loft, which is used for cut straw.The hay is kept in a barn adjoining the stables.The feeding alley between the two rows of cattle is five feet wide and there is a space of seven feet behind each row.The intake ventilation shafts open in the feeding alley at a height of about four feet from the floor.The ventilating outlet is partly through the ceiling, partly through the silo room.One notes with pleasure the feeling of good-fel- lowship gnd neighborliness which exists among the Ayrshiremen at Howick.They appear to be ever ready to help one another.And judging from the general appearance of prosperity among them, there can be no doubt that this kind of goodhearted co-operation is of financial advantage to them.They are not only happier but also more prosperous on account of the absence of petty jealousies.J.F.8.hear a group of farmers say that \u2018\u2018you can chase a louse over a sheep pasture in August\u2019, and in driving through the country one has to admit that pastures are often very scanty where sheep are grazing with a herd of dairy cows or other stock.Yet when you come to analyse the situation, in all probability the farmer who pastures twelve ewes and as many lambs with his other stock has not allowed an acre more than his neighbor who does \u2018not keep sheep.There can only be one result where such is the case.Go out into such a pasture early in the morning and the sheep and lambs are busy at work.They will bite twice or three times while the other stock are getting one mouthful, They are to be found feeding om the shorter herbage, and if you take the trouble to examine the part of the pas- \"ture that they have.grazed over it will be cropped very short.Go again to where the cows or horses have been feeding and they will have taken only the stronger part, of the plants, leaving that part which the sheep relishes most.This would indicate that the most economical returns are got from a pasture where sheep are kept with other stock, especially where sufficient area is allowed for both.In the summer season however, when the pastures make slow growth there is no doubt that the sheep has every advantage over other classes of stock both on account of its activity and on account of its close-grazing habits.This being the case some provision should be made whereby sheep and lambs can be removed, part of the time at least, from pastures where other stock are grazing.As already indicated sheep show a decided preference for fresh green herbage, and this has led to the practice of sowing green crops for use during the late summer and fall months when other pastures are short.These crops must be rapid growers and furnish a crop of green foliage of a highly nutritious nature.A number of such crops are recommended, including rape, vetch, peas, oats, rye, fall turnips, cabbage, clover and alfalfa.Rape is perhaps the most widely used, being a rapid grower and much relished.It may be seeded with the spring crop between the rows of corn or separately.When sown with barley or oats it is sometimes troublesome at harvest time, as in a favorable season the leaves are cut and bound with the other grain thus delaying harvesting.Perhaps the better way, especially with barley, is to disc immediately after harvesting and reseed to rape.Oats are usually harvested too late, for this practice.When seeded between the rows of corn the seed may be sown just previous to the last cultivation.As soon as the corn is harvested the rape will make rapid growth providing abundance of fall pasture, with a tendency to keep down weeds.Aside from these crops rape may be seeded alone either in drills or broadcast, the usual time of seeding being from April until the middle of July.By seeding on different dates a succession of crops may be secured for use over a long period.Rape is usually ready for pasture in eight to.ten weeks after seeding.When sown broadcast from 6 to 8 lbs.of seed per acre is required.When sown in drills twenty-eight to thirty inches apart 2 lbs.is sufficient.Seeding in drills gives an opportunity for cultivation which is often valuable in cleaning up a dirty piece of ground.Rape grown in drills is much stronger in growth and the rows provide a path for grazing, thus eliminating to a certain extent loss from tramping.On the other hand, rape grown broadcast is perhaps more tender, especially for lambs, and less labor is required.Care must be taken in getting sheep accustomed to rape.The afternoon is the best time to 34 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE A GROUP OF EASTERN TOWNSHIP SHEEP.(Photo drive sheep or lambs into a rape field as then they are not so hungry as early in the morning.Sheep and lambs are subject to bloat if turned into a rape field after a rain or early in the morning.Severe frosts are also likely to set up acute indigestion.The best results are obtained from feeding rape in conjunction with a good pasture field.Vetches are healthy for sheep and provile a variety.Oats and peas are especially valuable for sheep either as a pasture or for green feed.Rye may be used for early spring or late fall pasture.Fall turnips have mich the sanie Vaiue &=s rape and may be sown either in drills er broadcast.Cabbage is especially relished by sheep and affords a large amount of the best feel.Owing to scarcity of labor this crop is not likely to be cultivated except in a small way.Clover and alfalfa make excellent supplements to other pastures and are highly nutritious.There are always a few acres aroute! every farm that can easily be utilized for the growing of green crops.Mauv .f our fielde are uvergrown with weeds in the fall which c .uld be profitably producing a green crop for sheep, thereby increasing the earning power of the farm anl at the same time maintaining the fertility of the soil.Many farmers under present conditions arc forced to sell their lambs early in September owing to shortage of pasture, whereas a little foresight and outlay would enable them to carry their lambs over for the top price.Now is the time to take steps to avert this difficulty.A.A.MacMILLAN.THE DAIRY SHORT-HORN IN CANADA (An Address by Prof.G.E.Day at the Guelph Winter Fair last winter) NY person who has visited England and has studied at first hand the live stock and the methods of farming in that country, will very readily admit that there is such a thing as a Dairy Short-horn, hecause we find more Shorthorns than anything else in the dairy herds of that country.The largest dairy herd which I visited in England belongs to Messrs.J.& H.by courtesy of \u2018\u2018The Sherbrooke Record\u2019).Robinson, in Sussex.These people have a contract to supply the city of Brighton with five hundred gallons of milk per day, and they have nothing but Short-horn cattle in their herd.Of course, they are not all pedigreed cattle, but they are essentially Short-horns.In fact it is rather an exception to see anything but Short-horn cattle on English dairy farms.Such being the case, there is no room to doubt that there is such a thing: as a Dairy Short-horn.ITS ORIGIN It is rather interesting to study the origin of the Dairy Short-horn.Many of them are what we eall \u2018\u2018short pedigreed\u2019\u2019 cattle, that is to say, the first recorded cow has been admitted to registration since Volume 40 of Coate\u2019's Herd Book was published.Many of the largest producers belong to this class, and of course, according to the rules of the Dominion Short-horn Herd Book, they are not eligible for registration in our Herd Book, A purchaser of Dairy Short-horns, therefore, must be on his guard, and will find that he must leave behind many excellent cows if he wishes to record his cattle in the Canadian or Amrican Shorthorn Herd Books.Many Dairy Short-horns, however, and many excellent producers, have as long pedigrees as any Short-horn cattle in existence, and it is very interesting to note that the most popular Short-horn cattle among English breeders of Dairy Short-horns almost invariably trace to the herd of Thomas Bates.It is a remarkable fact that the milking qualities so highly prized by Thomas Bates and scoffed at by many of his rivals should, after all these years, come once more to the front and make Bates's cattle the most popular cattle in England to-day.In many of the dairy families we find cows to-day of practically straight Bates breeding, and it seems somewhat strange to see wealthy men again spending money lavishly to secure representatives of some of these old, old tribes such as the Barrington, Cambridge Rose, Darlington, Duchess, Furbelow, Fogga- thorpe, Oxford, Waterloo, Wild Eyes, and many others whose fame for years was apparently ob- gcured, but which has once more come to the front.ITS APPEARANCE In appearance the Dairy Short-horn is likely to disappoint those who are familiar only with the beef type.People are apt to forget that a deep- milking cow will usually become thin before the end of her milking period, and they expect a heavy milker to look like a cow that does not give enough milk to properly nourish her calf.All cattle which are very thin look very much alike so far as conformation is concerned.You may take one of the fattest and smoothest cattle in any show and allow it to become very thin, and you will be surprised how angular it will become; how the broad back becomes narrow and sharp, and the wide shoulder top contracts to less than half of its present width, how the full neck vein will shrink and disappear and thus add to the length of the neck, and how the animal will approach in general angularity of appearance to the conformation of the dairy cow.The casual observer, therefore, is liable to jump to the conclusion that the Dairy Short-horn is an undesirable type of Short-horn simply because he sees her shorn largely of the fat which covers up and smoothes over the angularities of her beef sister.If we were to take one of these same angular and thin cows, allow her to go dry and feed her liberally, we should be surprised to see how closely, after all, she would eventually approach the beef type.Generally speaking, however, there is a difference between the general type of the Dairy Short-horn and that of the approved beef type in Short-horn cattle.The Dairy Short-horn is usually a little longer in the face, a little longer in the neck, slightly longer in the leg, and rather more angular in her general conformation than the approved beef standard would permit.In other words, she is a little more nearly like the old- fashioned Bates cattle than the present Scotch type.While this is true, no person can deny that the old-fashioned Bates cow was an extremely useful animal for beef purposes in spite of the fact that she did not exactly conform to the ideal beef form as we regard it to-day.RECORDS Unfortunately, I have been unable to procure any satisfactory records regarding the steers from Dairy Short-horn cows, though it has been my privilege to see quite a number of steers which the purchaser of feeders in this country would be delighted to secure, although they might not make show animals.As to milk production, it is easier to obtain records, though even this side of the question has been more or less neglected in some herds.Being what we call a \u2018\u2018dual purpose\u201d breed, we would not expect to gind any world's records in this breed, but we would naturally expect to find such records as would qualify the breed to be classed as a profitable dairy breed.Of individual cow records, one of the best, if not the best, is that of the cow known as,Darlington Cranford 5th.Her highest yearly record was 12,567 lbs., a record which has been beaten by a number of other cows for the best one year's production, but this remarkable cow produced over 100,000 pounds of milk in ten consecutive years, a record which places her among the really high-class dairy cows.The Tring Park herd of Short-horns, owned by Lord Rothschild, is one of the prominent herds in England to-day, and in this herd very careful records are kept of each cow\u2019s production.The latest yearly record for this herd which I have been able to secure is that for the year 1911.In that year 74 Short-horn cows were in the herd during the whole year, and their records and averages are given apart from those which were in the herd only for a portion of the year.The highest record was made by a cow called Dorothy, which produced 12,851 pounds of milk, and the average yearly record of the 74 cows was 6,058 pounds per cow.When we consider the number of cows included in this test, we must admit that it is a fairly good showing even from a dairy standpoint.The cow Dorothy previously mentioned has an average yearly production of 9,722 pounds of milk for eight years.Another cow THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 35 has an average record for seven years of 8,675 be the ultimate position taken by the Dairy Short- possibilities provided they see fit to do so.The pounds per year, and still another cow has an horn in this country remains to be seen, but the average record for eleven years of 7,124 pounds of breeders of Short-horn cattle have it in their milk per annum.It would be possible to go on power to develop a dual-purpose breed of great Short-horn breeders.and give records of many other herds, some of which are considerably higher than the ones just whole matter now.rests in the hands of the mentioned.For example, in the herd of the late OFFICIAL RECORDS OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS.George Taylor there were 32 cows which averaged over 10,000 pounds of milk each per annum, a re- : From June 15th, to June 30th, 1914 cord of which any dairy breed might be proud, MATURE CLASS but perhaps enough has been said to give an idea of the possibilities of the Short-horn as a AGE Milk Fat Buiter Lbs dairy cow, and the persistence with which the No.and Name of Cow y.m.d.Lbs.Lbs.80% Fat OWNER tenant farmers in England appear to cling to ; .this breed is pretty conclusive evidence of its 1.Inka Mercedes DeKol 6th 12249 5 219 535.2 21.16 26.45 J + W.Richardson, Caledonia, Ont.utility.2.Patricia 2nd 3970 .12 2 4 607.18.91 23.64 Geo.E.Sherwood, Brockville, Ont.HAS IT A AGE IN CANADA ?3.Oakland Queen 17144 .8 1117 703.9 18.78 23.47 PL a Twenty-one day record .8 11 17 2064.54.36 67.95 Dr.L.de L.Harwood,Vaudreuil,Que.We have discussed the Dairy Short-horn from 4.Pearl Lilliedale 14686 .5 5 13 487.5 18.45 23.06 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.various points of view, but there is still one 5.Alberta Teaks 8658 .7 1 1 4781 15.13 18,92 J.H.Chalk, Calton, Ont.other point to be considered, and that is : \u2018\u2018Is 6.Tolsti Goheen 12087 .5 325 538.2 14.35 17.93 J.H.Chalk, Calton, Ont.there a place in Canadian agriculture for a cow 7.Cobequid Orne Belle 13144 .5 8 25 453.0 14.04 17.55 Colony Farm, Essondale, B.C.of this kind ?\u2019\u2019 It seems to me that she proba- 8.Madam Posch Pauline 10291.a ,\u2019 ( bly does not come directly into competition for Thirty-day record .511 8 2937.3 94.26 117.82 public favor with the recognized dairy breeds, 120 day record .511 8 12479.1 406.39 507.98 Colony Farm, Coquitlam, B.C.for the reason that the Dairy Short-horn is not 9.Boon Homestead Burke 26257.regarded as a special dairy breed, and conse- Twenty-one-day record .6 415 1796.65.63 82.04 Dr.L.de L.Harwood, Vaudreuil, Que.quently cannot be reasonably expected to give us a maximum production of milk or butter.While SENIOR FOUR YEAR OLD CLASS this is true, there are many farmers in tbis coun- 1.Lulu Posch Rose 16509 .\u2026 \u2026 4 1126 435.0 21.46 26.83 W.E.Mason, Simcoe, Ont.try who do not wish, or who do not find it 2.Johanna Hengerveld Jewel practicable to make a specialty of dairying, and 15029 .p 4 8 5 451.2 15.59 19.49 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.it is to this class of farmers that the Dairy 3.Oakvale Elsie Johanna 18027 .: \u2019 Short-horn will especially appeal, for the reason Thirty-day record .4 727 2595.92.07 115.09 Dr.L.de L.Harwood,Vaudreuil,Que.that she will pay her way in milk and produce a calf which it is profitable to raise for beef pur- JUNIOR FOUR YEAR OLD CLASS poses.The greatest difficulty in the way of the L.Beauty Tensen 15713 .4 024 480.8 15.79 19.74 W.H.Mason, Simcoe, Ont.spread of Dairy Short-horns is their comparative 2.Madolyn Netherland DeKol 27703 .4 023 386.5 13.48 16.85 J.H.Chalk, Calton, Ont.scarcity.It is true that they exist in rather large numbers in England, but the demand from other countries as well as the demand at home far exceeds the supply, and the result is that these cattle cannot be bought in England to-day for what they are worth.Such being the case, a SENIOR THREE YEAR OLD CLASS person will naturally ask: \u201cHow then is the Dai- 3.Lizzie Wayne Sarcastic 15399 4 328 435.4 13.40 16.76 D.Caughell, St.Thomas, Ont.4.Zarilda Clothilde 3rd DeKol 14887.Thirty-day record .4 2 2 3301.1 91.20 114.0 Sixty-day record .4 2 2 6605.9 183.23 229.0 Colony Farm, Essondale, B.C.ry Short-horn to find a place in Canada if it 1.Aggie Johanna 16138 .311 1 474.6 13.29 16.62 D.Caughell, St.Thomas, Ont.cannot be bought for what it is worth ?\u2019\u2019 It 2.Ina Woodcrest Pietje 26259 .seems to me that, in the meantime at least, Thirty-day record .311 20 2060.60.99 76.24 Dr.L.de L.Harwood, Vaudreuil, Que.there is only one thing to do, and that is to JUNIOR THREE YEAR OLD CLASS : make the best cf what we have.There are many 1 excellent milking Short-horns in this country al- 1.Woodcrest Cornelia Pietje 26146 3 1 17 382.1 20.28 25.35 À ready if they could only be sifted out and have Fourteen-day record .3 117 775.2 39.42 49.28 A, C.Hardy, Brockville, Ont.él their merit recognized.2.Princess Stella Segiz 17539 .3 0 9 374.16.11 20.14 A.C.Hardy, Brockville, Ont.NOT CONFINED TO BATES STRAIN 3.Woodcrest Ormsby DeKol 18322 3 4 20 542.5 15.16 17.95 J.H.Chalk, Calton, Ont.j I have mentioned the fact that Bates blood is 4.Princess of Wellesley 2nd 20167 3 1 11 422.0 13.29 16.61 iy very popular among the breeders of Dairy Short- Fourteen-day record .3 111 824.25.45 31.81 N.H.McConkey,Straffordville, Ont.| horns in England, but deep milking qualities are 5.Elmwood Pontiac Mina 17409.3 127 426.3 13.25 16.56 | | not confined to cattle of this breeding by any Fourteen-day record .oo 3 127 812, 25.29 31.61 N.H.McConkey,Straffordville, Ont.= i means, and it is possible to find cows of prac- 6.Netherland Beauty Sophia 4 | tically straight Scotch breeding which make pro- 24025 .«woe.30 6 353.1 11.82 14.77 a ! fitable dairy cows if the owner saw fit to develop Fourteen- -day record .\u2026 \u2026 .3 0 6 701.23.14 27.93 N.H.McConkey,Straffordville, Ont.them along that line.À few years ago the College 7.Lassie Ormsby 18321 .3 4 9 303.2 11.26 14.08 J.H.Chalk, Calton, Ont.\u2018à owned an imported Scotch bred cow belonging SENIOR TWO YEAR OLD CLASS LE to the Roan Lady family.This cow nursed her adi.first two calves, which every person will admit 1.Sara Jewel Hengerveld 2nd C.: was Very bad training for a heifer in the way of 20928 .ee ee er ev .\u2026 \u2026\u2026 210 28 334.4.12.72 15.91 developing her milking qualities.With her third Thirty-day, record .ev ov .\u2026 .21028 1331.1 49.92 62.40 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.calf she was milxed, and a record kept of her 2.Mary Dorliska 18820 ee ev ee .\u2026 21112 314.7 10.03 12.54 D.Caughell, St.Thomas, Ont.A production.In the year she produced over 6,000 3.Woodcrest Pietje Friesland : lbs.of milk, and there is little doubt that if 25559.Thirty-day record .2 9 26 2001.7 57.25 71.57 Donat Raymond, Montreal, Que.: this cow had been milked from the start she JUNIOR TWO YEAR OLD CLASS would have made a really profitable dairy cow.This is only one case, but cows of this kind are 1.Pietje Car Born DeKol 22877 .2 0 8 436.0 15.41 19.24 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.numerous throughout Ontario if we would only 2.Colony Meta Korndyke 20613 .2 1 22 445.9 14.37 17.96 take the trouble to find them out.Thirty-day record .2 122 1082.1 59.16 73.95 Colony Farm, .Essondale, B.C.It will no doubt take years to bring the Dairy 3.Pietje Inka Josephine 22876 \u2026 2 0 5 408.3 13.39 16.74 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.Short-horn into prominence in this country, 4, Hetta Tosco Wayne 24021 .110 11 367.13.36 16.70 D.Caughell, St.Thomas, Ont.especially since it is difficult to make importa- 5.Toitilla DeKol Beauty 21468 .2 117 328.1 12.96 16.21 J.W.Richardson, Caledonia, Ont.tions at a reasonable cost, but the persistent 6.Pontiac Sarcastic Lass 21470 .2 0 0 325.5 12.50 15.62 J.W.Richardson, Caledonia, Ont.Bh usa of sires from deep-milking dams and the 7.Bell Wayne of Riverside 21465 2 1 24 314.6 12.41 15.52 Matt.Richardson, Caledonia, Ont.careful selection of breeding stock will work 8.Pontiac Jesse Hengerveld 22872 2 1 14 361.3 12.34 15.42 Brown Bros., Lyn, Ont.wonders in the development of dairy qualities in 9.Pontiac Inka Jewel 22873 .2 0 14 313.6 11.99 14.99 the Short-horn cattle in this country.What will (To be continued at page 37) 36 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE AUCTION SALE 200 SHEEP, 100 SWINE AND 75 CATTLE (Males and Females) All Pure Bred and Registered ORGANIZED BY THE GENERAL STOCK BREEDERS\u2019 ASSOCIATION OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC UNDER THE PATRONAGE AND WITH THE FINANCIAL HELP OF THE Hon.J.E.CARON, Minister of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec AT MONTREAL At the East End Cattle Market (CORNER OF FRONTENAC AND IBERVILLE STREETS) Xt 10 Xx.M.Thursday, 8th October, 1911 AT QUEBEC On Exhibition Ground, At 10 A M.WEDNESDAY, 14 OCTOBER, 1914 The animals offered for sale will be registered in the Can- CONDITIONS :\u2014Cash, except to Farmers\u2019 Club and Agri- adian National Records.There will be some Canadian, Ayr- cultural Societies which will be allowed time on terms that shire and Holstein cattle; some Leicester, Cotswold, Lincoln, Will be Sos by the Department of Sgriculture of Quebec.Shropshire, Hampshire and Oxford sheep and some Yorkshire, urchasers assume al responsibility from the moment the animals have been adjudged to them.For further part- Berkshire, Chester and Tamworth swine.iculars apply to:\u2014 J.A.COUTURE, Secretary of Stock Breeders\u2019 Association 49, GARDEN STREET, QUEBEC. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 37 THE DAIRY WHAT THE PUBLIC WANTS N no branch of farming is there such scope for individuality and original lines of pursuit as in that branch known as dairying.The man who embraces dairy farming as his profession would actually make money and increase his bank account to no small degree if he would take his cue from the princes of the drama, and, before launching out, ask himself in the words of the playwright \u2014 what is it that the public wants?If he reads his crystal aright, he will see that \u201cMilt, milk, milk!\u2019 is the great cry of the populace; he will hear the call for butter, and he will feel the demands for cheese.Milk and Butter are subjects with which we may deal at some other time; but for the present let us consider the question of Cheese.It is particularly in the manufacture and purveying of cheese that money is made by thinking.Give a man a sufficient amount of milk of the right quality, and provided he is expert in the art of manufacture he can turn out and put on the market what is called cheese.But too many cheesemakers become proficient in the art of manufacture without at the same time paying proper and due attention to the psychology of the public taste.Speaking broadly, we may say that there are two main classes of cheesemakers.\u2014 There are those who make cheese and, having done so, lean back in their chairs and speak with an air of aloofness and authority: \u2018\u201cWe have bent the bow we have shot the arrow, behold the product of our art! In other words \u2014 here is the cheese, this is our prescription, eat and be tankful.\u201d Such have their day.The other class of cheesemakers ask themselves, wkat do the public want?They recognize that those who can provide what is wanted have a much stronger hold than those who provide what they think should be wanted.The first class is a highly successful mechanical contrivance; the second class is a human device for tickling the palate and supplying the needs of those who are pleased to call themselves consumers.In the curriculum of the course which is pursued by the student in dairying, the subject which receives the least attention, and requires the most, is the study of the public taste and the market demand.The consumer pays; and the one who pays the piper has certainly some right to call the tune.Cheddar cheese is our staple product as far as cheesemaking goes \u2014 in this country; but the main reason, I am inclined to believe, is just because Cheddar has heen made and Cheddar has been sold in the past.That is one of the best of reasons; but something is wrong when we have such a comparatively small consumption of cheese right at our very doors.It suggests, at any rate, that what the public wants is something else, or something different.Just simply that a cheese is called Cheddar does not for a moment say that it is good Cheddar; the cheese market suffers too much from the same disease as the milk market-\u2014milk is milk and cheese is cheese.How much does the average .consumer know about the different individualistic qualities of the specific varieties of cheese?.Just about as much ar a poet knows of underdrainage.And how is the position going to be remedied?Not by the systematic turning out of cheese of the same stereotyped variety as has been produced for the last quarter of a century, but by a determined attempt to find what the public wants.By making an effort to put on the market something that the public will eat, and will eat with relish.Hand in hand, therefore, with the study on the part of the maker of the cheese of the public taste, we want a cultivation on the part of the consumers themselves of a taste for cheese.As a nutritious food, cheese is beyond compare; and yet comparatively few avail themselves of the opportunity afforded them of partaking of this nutriment.Why shall we not practise the art of palate tickling and see if we cannot find out what the public wants?From the same type of milk the varieties of cheese which may be made are almost legion; so that it is simply a question of adaptation; and if we can, coincident with our study of the public taste, cultivate judiciously a demand for cheese of some variety or other, we shall make money, stimulate the industry, and enlarge the field of possibilities for the dairy farmer.WILFRID SADLER.BACTERIA AND DAIRY FARMING HE important position which the dairy farmer holds in the community at large is so well established and so readily admitted, that any arguments brought forward to emphasize the fact would be an affront to the discriminating perception of the reader, and an ohvious waste of valuable space in this Journal.If in speaking of the dairy farmer one includes all those who are connected with, and engaged in, the dairy industry, then it is permissible to say Thirty-day record .2 014 1301.5 10.Korndyke Natoye 24346 .2 322 3189 11.Pontiac Winona Pauline 22879.111 2 265.7 12.Ruby DeKol Staple 22777 .2 2 4 338.4 13.Blanche Lyons Segis 21758 .1 11 28 331.2 14.Forest Ridge Segis Nancy 22609 2 1 9 274.15.Pietje Inka Pietertie 22881 Fifteen-day record 1 7 0 793.1 48.78 60.97 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.11.91 14.89 J.W.Stewart, Lyn, Ont.11.03 13.79 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.10.98 13.72 W.H.Mason, Simcoe, Ont.10.25 12.57 J.H.Chalk, Calton, Ont.9,99 12.49 L.H.Lipsit, Straffordville, Ont.28.01 35.02 W.W.Brown, Lyn, Ont.During the last half of June the official records of 43 cows and heifers were received and accepted for entry in the Record of Merit.No records the mature class is Inka Mercedes DeKol 6th with 26.46 lbs.butter The leader in Madam Posch were broken for fat production.in seven days.Pauline makes another thirty-day record of 117.82 lbs.butter, making her total for 120 consecutive days 12479.1 lbs.milk and 507.98 lbs.butter.Lulu Posch Rose in the Senior four-year-old class with 26.83 lbs.butter and in this class, Oakvale H'siec Johanna makes a 30-day record of 115.09 \u2018hs.rut- ter.In the Junior four-year-old class Zarilda Clothilde 3rd DeKol makes another 30-day record Of 114 lbs.butter, making her total for 60 consecutive days 6605.9 1bs.milk and 229.0 lbs.butter.The Junior three-year-olds are led by Woodcrest Cornelia Pietje with 25.35 lbs.butter in 7 days and 49 28 1bs.in 14 days.Sara Jewel Hengerveld 2nd C.is first in the Senior two-year-old class with 15.91 1bs.butter in 7 days and 62.40 lbs.in 30 days.Of the 14 in the junior two-year-old class Pietje Car Born DeKol comes first with 19.24 lbs.butter in 7 days.that such enjoy an almost unique position in the economics of this country; inasmuch as they are producing and distributing a perishable commodity of food \u2014 a food which is indispensable to the young child, and very largely consumed by those of maturer tears.The broad term, dairying, may be taken as including the more specific term, dairy farming; and this being so, we will define it as that occupation or profession which is concerned with the production and distribution of milk, butter and cheese.It follows that any influence which vitally affects, and is conducive to the success of the dairying industry, must essentially be of great moment and of more than passing interest.In the very front rank of such may safely place those bacteria.How they multiply \u2014While very small, the fact that they reproduce at a remarkably rapid rate constitutes to a great extent their economic importance.Their method of reproduction is that one organism just divides into two; and under good favourable conditions this takes place once every hour; and even at times as rapidly as once every half hour.Taking a conservative estimate \u2014 once every hour \u2014 we find that in twenty-four hours time one organism would become responsible for an army of some sixteen millions.Fortunately for us, the conditions naturally prevailing are by no means alwavs so favourable, and it is largely by management of these conditions that we are able to control the multiplication and growth of bacteria.Like ourselves, they need food, a proper degree of temperature, the required amount of moisture, and the right proportion of air; of the last-named some organisms require much, some ga little, and some no air at all.Hence, by controlling the conditions, food, temperature, moisture and air, those engaged in the handling of milk are provided with a means of determining to a great extent not only the number, but also the types of bacteria which shall people the milk.Varieties of bacteria.\u2014Just as there are tribes and families in the human, so there are in the bacterial world.influences we much-discussed agents, And, as the requirements of some families of bacteria are widely different from the needs of others\u2014this applies particularly to temperature\u2014 \u2014 we at once appreciate the necessity for, say, the cheesemaker having the milk at such temperature as will be favourable to the organisms he requires, and unfavourable to those without which he would prefer to be.Dirt and bacteria.\u2014Speaking generally, it is a sound assumption upon which to go that where there is dirt there will be found bacteria of an undesirable and troublesome nature; the matter thus \u2018resolving itself into a question of cleanliness; and to the practical man this is pretty well the sum and substance of dairy bacteriology.We are instinctively inclined to avoid palpable and obvious dirt; yet how much more important does this become when we consider the close association with such of undesirable bacteria.The value of bacteriology.\u2014 To pursue the study of cleanliness to its logical issue brings us to the recognition of the fact that when this is not observed, and trouble occurs, we should not ke content merely to get rid of the fault.We should endeavour to trace it to its exact source, in order that in the future not only may we ourselves be able to guard against its recurrence, but others by the experience and information gained by us shall find it possible to avoid the necessity inde 38 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE of treading the same path of expensive and disastrous experiment.It may legitimately be claimed that in the study and practice of the essentials of bacteriology we have the chief means whereby an enlightened conception of the problems pertaining to dairying may be realized.Onc may observe that if we are acquainted with the several sources from which undesirable bacteria may arise, our success in the pursuit of dairying will depend upon the effectiveness of the means we adopt in the minimizing of the risks of those marauders; and also upon the manner in which we encourage the development of those types of bacteria so necessary to the maker of butter and cheese.Management of bacteria.\u2014 As far as the milk- selling farmer is concerned, it is desirable for all bacterial growth to be checked \u2014 not by sterilising or pasteurizing \u2014 but by careful filtering and cooling.On the other hand, both the cheesemaker and the buttermaker require the assistance of bacteria in order to produce and perfect their respective commodities; always keeping in mind, however, that only certain types'\u2014 principally the lactic- acid producing class \u2014 are so desired.It is not too much to say that, provided one has the necessary skill, complete success in the management of milk, butter and cheese can only be attained when such knowledge is possessed as will enable the dairyman to, respectively, cultiv- «te or check the various types of bacteria present in the milk, according to the particular use to which that milk is to be put.Sources of bacterial contamination of milk.\u2014 Space does not now permit of a discussion at any length as to the specific sources to which contaminating bacteria that haVe obtained an entrance into the dairy may be traced; briefly, however, we may note: The hairs and external parts of the cow herself.The milker and the manner of milking.The air of the cowshed.The bacteria associated with the foods of the cow.The dirty utensils, and Lack of care in the general treatment of the cows and of the milk.On the appearance of those troubles, chief among which are ropy milk, gassy curd, rancid butter and so on, the cause of the fault may almost invariably be traced to one or more of the ahove-mentioned sources, and the importance of the dairy farmer having what might be termed a working knowledge of bacteriology lies in the fact that such knowledge is a guide as to the particular measures\u2019 to be taken in order that an outbreak may be quickly and effectively checked.WILFRID SADLER.WHAT MAKES MILK AND BUTTER YELLOW?HAT the rich yellow color demanded by the public in dairy products is primarily due to the character of the cow\u2019s feed is demons- strated by recent experiments carried on by the U.S.Department of Agriculture in co-operation with the Missouri State Experiment Station.For some years dairy experts have been studying this question.Their conclusion is that, although to some extent a breed characteristic, the intensity of this yellow color may, within certain limits, be increased or diminished at will by changing the animal's rations.Chemical tests show that the yellow pigment in milk cons\u2019sts of several well-known pigments found in green plants.Of these the principal one is car- otin, so called because it constitutes a large part of the coloring matter of carrots.The other yellow pigments in the milk are known as xantho- phylls.These are found in a number of plants, including grass, but are especially abundant in yellow autumn leaves.These pigments pass directly from the feed into the milk, This explains the well-known fact that fresh green grass and carrots increase the yellowness of butter, the only standard by which the average person judges its richness.On the other hand, a large proportion of these pigments is deposited in the body fat and elsewhere in the cow.When the ration is changed to one containing fewer carotin and xanthophyll constituents, this hoarded store is gradually drawn upon and in consequence \u2018the yellowness of the milk does not diminish so rapidly as it otherwise would.This yellowness.increases, however, the instant the necessary plant pigments are restored to the ration.5 Green grass is probably richer in carotin than any other dairy feed.Cows fed on it will therefore produce the highest colored butter.Green corn, in which xanthophylls constitute the chief pigment, will also produce a highly colored product.On the other hand a ration of bleached clover hay and yellow corn is practically devoid of yellow pigments and the milk from cows fed upon il will gradually lose its color.It is, of course, indisputably true that the breed does influence the color of the milk fat; but vary the ration and there will be a corresponding variation in the color of the milk fat in each breed.In cows of the Jersey and Guernsey breeds the body fai is frequently of such a deep yellow color that some bute hers and consumers look with disfavor upon beef from these hreeds.For this prejudice there is absolutely no justification.The yellowness of the fat springs from the same causes as the yellowness of the milk fat and there is no reason for objecting in'one case to the very thing that is prized in the other.\u2014 U.S.Dept.of Agriculture.A BIG DIFFERENCE factory patron may think and even remarks, \u201cI guess my cows average about as high a test as Brown's, so it doesn\u2019t make any difference whether I have them tested or not.\u201d Let us examine that a moment.If a man is content with only a fair yield per cow, where is general improvement to come in?Surely we are not going to remain satisfied with what a neighbour\u2019s medium cows manage to produce! Will that not kill all ambition?If it is found that in another section the average yield per cow is 150 or 250 pounds of milk higher, should not the endeavour he made to raise the standard of production for each of the poorer cows?Again, the yield of milk may average the same at two different factories, but the average yield of fat may be four or six pounds more.So if there are only 200 cows sending to the factory there would be a difference in the output of over fourteen hundred pounds of butter in one month.So it does make a difference what a patron's cows test.Why view with complacency any \u2018\u2018average\u2019\u2019 herd, some cows of which give only a small yield of milk testing only 2.9 or 3.1 when the herd might quickly be graded up and have each cow give 5 or 6 pounds more fat per month?It makes a big difference to you personally as a live, up-to-date, progressing dairyman, a difference in the capacity and value of your herd, a difference in your support of the factory, and a difference in the possibility of increased output of your factory at a lower cost.It will pay you well to test each cow.C.F.W.COWS THAT WEAR WELL NE of the many advantages reaped from systematic cow testing is the fact that it not only detects cows of indifferent value (saving dairymen the burden of providing for worthless cows, instead of their having good cows to support them) but also it has frequently discovered valuable cows.For instance, a farmer at Ennis- more, Ontario, had a small, undersized \u2018native\u2019 cow which he intended to sell, not placing much value on her.But cow testing showed that she is one of the best in the herd both for milk and fat production.Don't sacrifice good cows.This recalls another cow at Ayer\u2019s Cliff, Quebec, bought at auction for $28.00 because no one knew her value.Indeed she was put in with three others as the four poorest in the herd of the man who was selling out, The present owner believes in cow testing, and has refused $100.00 for her: she gave 322 pounds of fat in seven months.The men who have built up herds that average 8,000 or 9,000 pounds of milk per cow are just those men who know, through having proved it, that cow testing pays.Your cows may be like fancy china, of very fine appearance, but they may not wear well.But the tested cows, that do produce, that do wear well, may bring you in sixty or seventy dollars each during the seven months\u2019 factory season.C.F.W.MEN WELL SATISFIED PEAKING of his experience with cow testing for three years one farmer near St.Hyacinthe, Quebec, recently expressed himself as very well satisfied.He had good reason to be, for in June this year his 9 cows averaged 1,203 pounds of milk each, a total of 10,830 pounds.Three years ago the average was only 823 pounds, the total only 7,411 pounds.In other words, his income from the nine cows was thirty four dollars greater in one month this year.Instances very similar to this may be found in every county where cow testing has been taken up intelligently, Near Listowel, Ontario, is a herd of 16 cows that give on the average 2,700 pounds of milk more per cow than three years ago.The addition of four hundred and thirty two dollars per year to one\u2019s income, without increasing the number of cows, is a substantial and tangible result of intelligent weighing and sampling.Again, at Wooler, Ontario, is a herd now giving 8,307 pounds of milk per cow, an increase of almost 3,000 pounds per cow.Record forms for milk and feed, and a herd record book, will be supplied free on application to the dairy commissioner, Ottawa.C.F.W.| Set a THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 39 QUALITY IN EGGS \u201c HE Payment for Eggs According to Quality\u201d is the subject of pamphlet No.6 of the Poultry Division of the Live Stock Branch, prepared by W.A.Brown, J.H.Hare and W.H.Ault.This pamphlet points out that as a result of the \u2018flat rate\u2019 or \u2018case count\u2019 system of purchasing, Canadian farmers, during the past ten years, have lost annually large sums of money through marketing many bad and inferior eggs.Investigation into this phase of the poultry industry evinced the fact that while the wholesalers were not themselves directly responsible for the losses and shrinkage, they had at their disposal the most effective means for improvement, viz., the making of a difference, not only between the prices paid: for good and bad eggs, but also between the prices paid for the various grades of good eggs.The objects of this pamphlet are to encourage the grading of eggs, which can only be done by the use of an egg tester, the payment of eggs according to quality, thus placing a premium on first class eggs, and the adoption of a uniform system of marketing, which would protect not only the producer and the consumer but also the merchant.Copies of this pamphlet may be obtained free upon application to the Publications Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF INSTRUCTORS AND INVESTIGATORS In Poultry Husbandry Program of meeting to be held at Macdonald College, Quebec, Aug.5, 6 & 7, 1914 WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 5, Morning Address of welcome: Dr F.C.Harrison, Prin.Macdonald College, Quebec.Response: Prof.James E.Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.1.Paper: The Inheritance of the Barred Rock Color and other Characteristics as Seen in.Crossing Black Hamburgs and Barred Plymouth Rocks, also Color of Eggs as Seen in this Crossing.Prof.W.R.Graham, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Can.2.Paper: Inheritance in Cross Breeding (Sex Limitation and the Barring Factor).Prof.H.R.Lewis, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N.J.3.Paper: Inbreeding and its Effect on Vitality and Egg Production.Prof.James Dryden, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore.Afternoon 4.Paper: Recent Findings Concerning the Physiology of Digestion in the Domestic Fowl.Dr.T.P.Shaw, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.5.Paper: The Relative Values of Certain Animal and Vegetable High Protein Feeds for Laying Hens.Prof.J.E.Dougherty, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.6.Paper: Feeding Relative to the Comparison of the Appetites of the Various Birds, and also the Manner in which they Change Their Rations During the Time of Going into Laying.Prof.H, L.Kempster, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 7.Paper: Some Recent Experiments which In- POULTRY dicate the Various Kinds and Quantities of Food Required by the Average Hen.Prof.T.E.Quisenberry, Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station, Mountain Grove, Mo.8.Paper: The Feeding of Sprouted Oats, Cabbages, Mangels and Alfalfa Combined as Green Food with Relation to Egg Production and Hatching Power of Eggs Where the Individuals in the Experiment are Full Sisters.Prof.W.R.Graham, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Can.Evening 9.Paper: Some Interesting Experiments Concerning the Incubation of Eggs.Prof.Horace Atwood and Prof.Charles E.Weakley, ir., West Virginia University, Morgan- town, W.Va.10.Paper: General Status of the Poultry Industry in the South.Prof.Carl H.Kennedy, Agricultural and Mechanical College, of Texas, College Station, Texas.11.Paper: The Distribution of Egg Production, Prof.James E.Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.Discussion led by M.A.Jull, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.THURSDAY, AUGUST 6.Morning 12.Paper: Experiments with Feeding Day-Old Chicks with a Prepared Ration.Prof.M.E.Jaffa, University of Berkeley, Cal.13.Paper: The Value of Sour Milk for Feeding Little Chicks.Roy E.Jones, Assistant, Department of Poultry Husbandry, Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs, Conn.14.Paper: The Controlling Factors in the Feeding of Chicks (Ash and Protein).Willard C.Thompson, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N.J, 15.Paper: The Practical Side of the Agglutination Test.Dr.George S.Gage, California, Veterinary Science Department, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.16.Paper: Preliminary Investigations, Concerning Roup.Prof.A.G.Phillips, Purdue University, La Fayette, Ind.Afternoon 17.\u2014 A visit to the various departments of Macdonald College.A boat trip down the St.Lawrence to Montreal, including shooting the La- chine Rapids.Evening 17.Paper: The Rhythm of Egg Production.Dr.H.D.Goodale, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.18.Paper: A New Method of Measuring the Rate of Fecundity in the Individual Fowl.Dr.Raymond Pearl, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine.19.Paper: The Fertilization of Eggs and the Effects of Previous Fertilization upon Subsequent Matings.Prof.C.T.Patterson, Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station, Mountain Grove, Missouri.20.Paper: The Effect of Mammalian Corpus Lu- teum Extract on Ovulation in the Domestic Fowl.Dr.Raymond Pearl and Frank M.Surface, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine.21.Paper: Artificial Fertilizer and the Determination of Vitality in the Male Bird by the Microscope.Mr.Loyal F.Payne, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma.FRIDAY, AUGUST 7.Morning Business Session.22.Paper: Development of Work in the Poultry Departments of our Agricultural Colleges.Prof.James E.Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.23.Paper: The Management of a College Poultry Plant.Prof.J.C.Graham, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.24.Paper: Housing Problems Arid Climates Such as California.Prof.J.E.Dougherty, University of California, Berkeley, California.25.Paper: The Houses.Prof.James Dryden, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon.as Met with in Use of Curtains in Poultry Afternoon 26.Paper: Plan of Producing a Uniform Product and an Attempt at Stocking the Country with One Breed of Fowl.Prof.W.R.Graham, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada.27.Paper: Extension Work in Rural Schools.W.G.Krum, New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.Paper: Poultry Culture in the Rural Schools.N.E.Chapman, University of Minnesota, University Farm, St.Paul, Minnesota.28.Paper: Effective Extension Methods, Poultry Field Meetings, Poultry Trains, Educational Exhibits, Rural Short Courses, Poultry Institutes, Correspondence Courses as Conducted by the Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station.Ralph H.Searle, Vice Director, Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station, Mountain Grove, Missouri.Paper: Experimental Work and Boys\u2019 and Girls\u2019 Poultry Clubs.Prof.McHerner, Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.30.Paper: Poultry Organization for Educational Purposes.(Historical Sketch.) A.L.Clark, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N.J.Discussion on Extension Work, led by M.A.Jull, Macdonald College.Evening 31.Paper: Ithaca.O.B.Kent, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.32.Paper: The Progress of the Egg Circle Movement in Prince Edward Island.T.A.Benson, Dominion Poultry Representative for Prince Edward Island, Charlottstown, P.E.I.33.Paper: Market Quality of Eggs.E.W.Benjamin, Cornell University, N.Y.34.Paper: Co-operative Extension Work.Prof.J.O.Linton, Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing, Michigan.35.Paper: The Poultry Problems of the Corn Belt, Prof.D.O.Barto, University of Illinois, Urba- na, Ill.A Poultry Survey of the City of Ithaca, SWAT THE ROOSTER OULTRYMEN and farmers are annually losing a large sum of money through the marketing of many bad and inferior eggs.This has been largely the result of the flat rate or \u2018\u2018case-count\u2019\u2019 system whereby eggs have been bought by number without regard to quality. 40 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE OMAN\u2019S WORLD HOMEMAKERS\u2019 CLUB Formed at Lennoxville, Que.meeting of the ladies of the vicinity of Len- noxville was held in the office of the Macdonald College demonstrator at Lennoxville on Friday evening, June thirteenth, at eight o'oclock, for the purpose of forming a Homemakers\u2019 Club.Mrs.True acted as chairman while Mrs.Atto took the minutes of the meeting.Miss Campt-ll from Macdonald College was present and gave a most interesting lecture on the work and aims of clubs of this kind.Considerable discussion followed as to the advisability of forming a club at once.It was moved by Mrs.John L.Robinson and unanimously agreed that a club be immediately inaugurated in Lennoxville.Mrs.George Mitchell was elected president, Mrs.Walter Reid, vice-president, and Mrs Atto, secretary.It was decided to hold the next meeting on the second Thursday in July at Lennoxville when it is hoped that a programme can be mapped out for the following meetings.A hearty vote of thanks was moved by Miss Some years ago when eggs were worth only a third or half as much per dozen there possibly was some excuse for this system.To-day, when eggs represent a very large item in the receipts of the country it is time for a change in «., stem of marketing eggs.It has been found that eggs which have been fertilized constitute the greater portion of the inferior eggs that are unfit for human consumption.It is not necessary that these eggs remain under a broody hen for a time, a tsmperature of seventy degrees being, in itself, sufficient to cause the germ to commence to grow.If the heat is constant the development of the chick will continue, but if it ceases, or ceases only for a time and is again supplied later, putrefaction at once sets in and the egg becomes bad.This is ordinarily called a rotten egg.On the other hand, infertile eggs or eggs that are laid by hens that have no association with the male bird do not, under ordinary conditions, deteriorate very rapidly.There are still too few farmers who make any effort to insure infertility.The impression prevails among many that the presence of the male bird in a flock is essential for a maximum egg yield.This assumption has heen proved beyond a shade of doubt to be without foundation.It has been estimated that Canadian farmers and poultrymen lose from one to two million dollars annually through the presence of partially incubated eggs in the produce that is marketed.All parties selling eggs for market should kill off, dispose of, or remove all male birds from the flock immediately after the breeding season.The fact that the best trade in the cities in Canada now offer a premium of from one to five cents per dozen for non-fertilized eggs suggests a financial consideration that no farmer or poultryman can afford to overlook.S.A.BERGEY.POULTRY NOTES T does not matter whether a hen \u201csets\u201d or \u201csits\u201d, if she lays.Keep the eggs in a cool place, preferably at from 30 to 40 degrees.Collect the eggs frequently during this spell.warm Exposure to the sun quickly deteriorates a new- laid egg.A hen must certainly feel uncomfortable with the hot sun prostrating her during the daytime, and lice sapping her vitality during the night.Provide her with shade and spray with a 10% solution of creolin carbolic or zenoleum solution weekly during the hot weather.{ithe ' August is the month to clean.Don\u2019t forget to thoroughly clean and whitewash your chicken house.Don\u2019t forget the constant supply of water for the hen during the hot spell.Eggs contain about 66 parts of water.CHICKEN THIEVES HERE are at least thirty-two insects that are parasitic on fowls.Some of these, like the red mites, visit their host only to take food, and spend the rest of their time on the under side of the roosts, in cracks and crevices and other places of seclusion.Others, like lice, normally stay on the birds, although occasionally some individuals crawl off, especially into the nest.Some of these parasites live on the surface of the skin and upon the feathers, deriving their nourishment either by sucking the blood, like the red mite, or by chewing the skin and feathers, like lice and some sorts of mites.Others again bore under the skin, causing a skin disease, the most common being scaly leg.The economic importance of these external parasites is very great.Fowls infested with lice cannot prove profitable.The egg yield is considerably reduced, as they are constantly robbed of blood and their rest is disturbed.Sleep is as important to the birds as it is to man.Keeping the plant free from lice\u2014It is not necessary for the poultryman to know and distinguish these thirty-two species of parasites or to know their life history.Neither is it necessary to know and remember their scientific names.It is only necessary to know that some stay on the birds, while others only go on them at night to feed, and spend most of their time on the sides of the roosts, nest boxes, etc.These can best be exterminated by applications of 10% solution of some well-known disinfectant.One application is not enough as some eggs may hatch later on, and hence.it needs at least two or three applications.Method used at Macdonald College.Spray with a 107 solution every week during the warm weather and every two weeks in colder weather.The roosting hoards, nests, floors and walls should be thoroughly sprayed.Should the birds be lousy, dust twice with lice powder, with an interval of a few days.This method keeps the flock free from lice.Once a year we thoroughly white-wash the inside of the building as a special precaution.Lice powder: \u2014 38 parts gasoline, 1 part crude carbolic.Mix together and add by stirring enough plaster of Paris to take up all the moisture.As a general rule it wil take about 4 qts.of plaster of Paris to 1 qt.cf the liquid.When enough plaster has been added the mixture should have a dry pinkish brown colour, with a fairly strong carbolic odor.S.A.BERGEY.Mabel Mitchell to Miss Campbell for her able address and her willing assistance in organizing the club, which was heartily approved.The meeting then adjourned.Among the ladies present were the following: Mrs.Walter 8.Armitage, Mrs.George Mitchell, Mrs.MacDonald, Mrs.True, Mrs.Walter Reid, Mrs.Ed.Reid, Mrs.John L.Robinson, Mrs.Frank R.Mitchell, Mrs.Atto, and Miss Mitchell.FOODS AND FOOD PREPARATION Lesson VII GELATIN UR subject is rather a pleasing one for a summer\u2019s day.One forgets its homely origin in thinking of the number of cool and dainty dishes which may so easily be prepared with it.Source.Gelatin is obtained from the connective tissue of animals.This tissue is largely made up of collagen which on boiling yields gelatin.Any form of connective tissue may be made to yield gelatin and much commercial gelatin is simply a purified glue derived from hide clippings.When buying gelatin care should he taken to get a brand that is made under sanitary conditions, as it can easily become infected with disease bacteria.Gelatin made from calves\u2019 feet is of a high quality.Food value.Food Value.Gelatin belongs to a division of the proteins called \u2018\u2018albuminoids\u2019\u2019, These are not true proteins.They lack certain substances which make up true proteins and therefore cannot of themselves build up the tissues of the body.They can, however, be used for fuel, and prevent the true proteins from being used up for this purpose.For this reason they are often called \u2018\u2018protein sparers\u2019\u2019.Digestibility.Gelatin is easily digested in the stomach and readily absorbed in the intestines.It fixes a good deal of acid in the process of digestion and is useful in cases of acid dyspepsia, if not given in the form of acid jellies.As it melts at body ,temperature it may be classed as a liquid and is useful in cases of fever.Nourishing dishes may be made from gelatin by combining it with eggs and milk.Kinds, There are on the market three kinds of gelatin: (1) powdered, (2) sheet, (3) granulated.The first is sweetened and often adulterated.The second, if of a high quality, is usually considered one of the purest forms, but it is rather inconvenient to use.The third is more convenient to use and if a good brand such as \u2018\u2018Knox\u2019s Sparkling Gelatin\u2019' is selected, the results will be most satisfactory.Classes of Jellies.1.Plain, \u2014 (1) Sweet \u2014 lemon, orange.(2) Savory -\u2014 mint, aspic.2.Sponges \u2014 plain jellies with white of egg folded in.3.Creams \u2014 plain jellies with whipped cream folded in.Proportions.The proportions depend to a certain extent upon the time of setting and the weather.The greater the time allowed the less gelatin may be used.On damp rainy days a little more should be allowed.Avoid using too much gelatin \u2014 a stiff, gluey jel- EE Tl i.REE SZ Se RIOT of RR m0 \u2014__S\u2014 -_ CEST a a + which will keep the shape and yet be of a delicate ing proportions may be generally followed: SCHEDULE FOR GELATIN DISHES Name.Liquid.Gelatin, Flavour.Sugar.Other Ingredients.Lemon.1 c.water, 1 tblsp.1-4 lemon 1 c.juice, Orange.1-2 c.water, 1 tblsp.2 tblsp.1-2 ec.1-2 c.orange lemon juice, juice, Wine.1-2 c.water, 1-2 thlsp.2 tblsp.1-2 ec.orange juice, 1-2 c¢.sherry, 1 tblsp.lemon juice, Fruit.1 e.fruit 1-2 tblsp.1 thlsp.to as juice, lemon juice.taste, desired.Custard 2 c.milk, 1 tblsp.1 teasp.1-3 rd.3 egg volks, vanilla, cup, 1-4 tsp.salt.Custard.2 e.milk, 1 tblsp.1 tsp.1-3rd.2 eggs, Sponge.vanilla, cup, 1-2 tsp.salt.Caramel 1 c.milk, 1 thlsp.1-2 teasp.1-4 c.1-2 c.dates, Bavarian vanilla, caramel, 1-8 ce.almond, Cream.1-2 c.whipped cream.Fruit 1 e.fruit 3-4 tblap.1 thlsp.1-2 c.wbippe Bavarian juice, lemon juice, cream.Cream Tomato 1 c.strained 2-3 tblsp.Celery Salt, 1-2 tsp.1-2 ¢, thick Jelly.tomato, Parsley, cream, 1-2 tsp.salt.\u2014_\u2014 General Rules.1.Soak the gelatin in four times its measure of cold water.2.Dissolve the gelatin and sugar in the boiling water used for the jelly and stir until completely dissolved.3.Cool slightly and pour into cold, wet moulds and put in a cool place or on ice to set.4, If fruit juice, such as lemon, orange or pineapple is used, it must be simmered with the water for three minutes.Fruit juices contain an enzyme or ferment which destroys the jellying power of the gelatin.The enzyme is especially strong in the pineapple.By simmering the juice the enzyme is destroyed.5.To remove a jelly from the mould, dip the mould for a second into hot water.Invert the mould on the serving dish and the jelly will drop out.Sponges.Follow the general rules for plain jellies.Allow to cool to the consistency of honey.Beat with a dover beater until foamy and fold in the stiffly beaten egg white and pour into cold wet moulds.Creams.Follow the general rules for plain jellies.Allow to cool to the consistency of honey.Beat with dover beater until foamy.Fold in the whipped cream and pour into cold wet moulds.To garnish a mould.Various kinds of garnishes may be used according to the nature of the jelly.Candied cherries, angelica, strawberries, lady fingers, bits of sponge cake, bananas, nuts, ete.With a skewer dip the cherries or otner garnish into the jelly and arrange in the bottom or sides of the mould, in the pattern desired.Pour over barely enough jelly to cover the bottom of the dish; when this is set enough to hold the garnish in place, pour over a little more; when this is set, but not too firm, pour in slowly the remainder of the slightly cooled jelly.Bits of left-over cake and jam moulded in the centre of a jelly make a delicious dessert.Cooked apples, rice, dates, etc., may all be used.Gelatin dishes may be served with whipped cream or custard sauce.Custard Sauce.1 cup milk.1 egg or 2 egg yolks.1 tblsp.sugar.1-2 teasp.vanilla.Beat eggs and sugar together until well mixed.Scald milk in double boiler and stir a little of the hot milk into the eggs.Stir this into remainder of milk in boiler and stir constantly until a goat- ing forms on the spoon, Strain at once into a cold bowl and add vanilla, If a thicker sauce is required use only 2-3 cup milk.Whipped cream may be folded into this when cold.F.CAMPBELL.THE CHILDREN\u2019S HOMER VI ERA and Athena, when they saw that the Trojans were driving back the Greeks, put on human form and came down to fight, themselves, turning the tide of victory again in favour of the Greeks.The Trojans were forced back -almost to their walls, when Helenos, one of Priam\u2019s sons, begged Hector to go to the city and bid the women pray to Athena.While Hector was gone the fighting continued, but not so fiercely.Diomede, a famous Greek hero, met Glaukos and asked him who he was, for he would not pre- THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE _ _ 4i eee men memos some ees cos gm ema ly is an abomination.The point is to have a jelly consistency, sparkling and trembling.The follow- sumptuously fight against a god.Glaukos replied, \u2018\u201cWhy do you ask my name and race, for men are as many on the earth as leaves of the forest.And the wind blows and they are gone.What can one man matter among them all?But if you wish, I will tell you who I am.I am descended from B:llerophon, of whom all men have heard, for he slew the terrible Chimaera, the Least of three heads, who breathed fire and smoke.Bellerophon had three children, one of whom was my father.\u201d Then Diomede told Glaukos gladly that his own grandfather had been Bellerophon's friend, and therefore he would not fight with him.The two heroes agreed to avoid each other :in the battle, for the sake cf th: old friendship between their families, and, as a pledge, they exchanged armor, according to the custom of those times.In the city Hector bade the women whom he found at the Scaean gates to go pray the gods for help.He met his mother, Hecuba, and urged her to go also to Athena's shrine.Then he sought for Paris, and found him in Helen's apartment, polishing his armor.Hector reproached Paris for letting others fight his battles for him while he idled in his chamber, and Paris admitted the justice of his reproof, promising to follow him out to battle at, once.As Hector turned away, Helen spoke to him softly, blaming herself for this terrible war, begging his forgiveness for the sorrow she had brought upon Troy, bitterly wishing that Paris, for whom she had left her home, were at least a braver man.Hector answered kindly, but said, \u2018Do not detain me, Helen.My courage must not fail, while the Trojans miss me from the battle.But do you send Paris out, that he may come and bravely do his share.\u201d Then Hector, looking for Andromache his wife, learned that she had gone to the tower of the gates to watch the battle.Following her thither, he met her returning, and the nurse bearing in her arms their little son.Andromache, when she saw him, cried out and ran to him, glad to know him safe.She begged him not to go again to battle, for she and the child could not spare him to be killed.All she loved had died, father, mother, sisters, brothers; Hector was everything in the world to her.But Hector reminded her that Troy depended upon him and he must not cowardly flee from danger.He said, \u2018\u2018Yet such a stormy day shall come (I know it in my heart), when Troy, shall fall and the people of Priam perish.But the thought of that does not grieve me as does the thought of you, a slave in Greece, drawing water for the proud Grecian dames.And I shall be dead, unable to help cor save you; this is the saddest part of all my fate\u2019.Then Hector held out his arms to take his little boy, but the waving black plumes on his father\u2019s helmet frightened the child and he hid his face.So Hector, laughing, set his helmet on the ground and tossed his boy up into the air, and kissed him and prayed that he might grow up to be a mighty warrior.Then he kissed Andromache and went back to fight for Troy.At the gates Paris, splendid in his richest armor, met him, and the brothers went on together.When they had come once more to the field of battle, Helenos urged Hector to challenge the Greeks to send a champion to meet him in single combat, and Hector readily agreed.The Trojan heralds gave the \\signals for a parley; the Trojans all stopped fighting, and then the Greeks, and Hector offered to fight alone with any Greek hero.At first the Greeks were all afraid, for they thought that the only hero they had who was equal to Hector was Achilles, who would not fight.But Menelaos, though he'knew that he could not overcome Hector, was too brave not to try, and offered to meet the challenge.The other kings 42 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE OF GENERAL INTEREST MACDONALD COLLEGE Third Year Examination Results HE following students have completed the Third Year work and are entitled to enter the Fourth Year.(Names in order of merit.) I.\u2014McCormick, Hugh, Barbados, B.W.I.Class II.\u2014xMcOuat, John Hubert, Lachute, Qué.Sadler, Wilfrid, Ste.Anne de Bellevue, Que.King, James Hayes, Sussex, N.B.Class James x Russell, Charles, York, N.Y, Williamson, Harold Freeman, Ste.Anne de Bellevue, Que.Mitchell, Homer Dean, Drummondville, Que.Grove-White, Eric, Kilbyrne, Doneraile, Co.Cork, Iveland.Hicks, Ora Campbell, Petitcodiac, N.B.Boyce, George Coomley, Athelstan, Que.Class III.\u2014x Ricker, Earl Malcolm, 45 Fairmont St., Malden, Mass.500 W.121st street, New- xx McOuat, St.Andrews East, Que.Chute, Clifford F., Waterville, N.S.x Taylor, Andrew Gilmore, Dewittville, Que.Westbrook, Lawrence J., Morganville, N.Y.x Presley, Fred.Young, 356 Ferry St., Malden, Mass.xx Roy, Harold, Bower, Sabrevois, Que.xx McKechnie Richard Edey, Wyman, Que.Acgrotat.\u2014 Harry Isaloy, Hampton, N.B.Leonard Christie, Evans, would not allow that, and finally it was decided that ten heroes should take their chance by lot.The lot fell on Ajax Telamon, the tallest of the Greek heroes, but not the strongest.So Hector and Ajax fought,\u2014and neither could win the victory.They fought till darkness came, and then the heralds separated them.They exchanged gifts, as Hector said, \u201cThat men of Troy and Greece may say, \u2018Thus their high quarrel ends, \u2018\u201c, \u2018Those that, encountering, were such foes, are 1 now, being separate friends!\u2019 Hector gave Ajax a sword, whose handle was driven through with silver studs.And Ajax gave Hector a girdle.Then the armies retired each to their own place.When the Greeks had feasted and were in council, Nestor advised them to build a strong wall around their camp, with gates to allow horses and chariots to pass in and out, and a deep ditch all around, except at the gates, so that the Trojans could not come too near, to burn their ships.This the Greeks did.The Trojans, meanwhile, also were in council, and one old man said: \u2018Send back Helen and her wealth.We have no justice on our side in this quarrel, and we shall be ruined in the end.\u201d But Paris was angry and said: \u2018Send back all the treasure, if you will, all T have besides, but never Helen.\u2019\u2019 Priam decided that they would offer to the Greeks all Helen's treasure and more, and also ask for a truce while both sides might burn the dead who had fallen in the long fight that day.To this offer the Greeks replied that the Trojans must return both Helen and the treasure, but that they would keep the truce.And this they did, both seeking out the dead next day, and burning them with solemn rites.\u201cPriam commanded none should mourn, but in still silence yield their honoured bodies to the fire, and only grieve in heart.\u201d MARGARET GRAY.and TAKES THE BACKACHE OUT OF HOUSEWORK By C.H.SEAVER \u201cJOHN\u201d, said a tired woman at the end of an un- J usually hard day, \u201cwhy can\u2019t I have an engine to help in my work around the house?You seem to have cornered all the labor-saving machinery.\u201d John pushed his chair from the supper table.\u201cFine time you'd have with an engine,\u201d he remarked.\u201cI'd have to start it, and like as not you'd be calling the boys in from the field to stop it for you after it got to going.\u201d \u201cNot at all,\u201d retorted the nettled wife, \u201cand an engine of the right size to run my washing machine, churn, and pump water for me, would take about nine-tenths of the back-ache out of my house work.\u201d This up-to-date woman was right, and the fact Small boy starting an Eclipse Engine.Tennessee Farm.Scene on that her many hard-working sisters have not yet reached her point of view accounts for the few women who know engines\u2014even small ones.Yet these engines deserve as much consideration from the woman on the farm as from her husband.It is as important to save money and labor in the house as outside of it.At the commonest of every-day tasks a powerful little engine soon makes itself a necessity.Imagine a wash-day which consisted of nothing more than putting clothes, soap and hot water in a washer, giving a few quick turns to the wheel of a little engine, and leaving it alone to do its work.An hour or so later the clothes are thoroughly washed, ready to be put through a wringer turned by the same engine.Churning is reduced to the same simplicity, and the hard work of pumping water for the house becomes a thing of the past.One Eclipse Engine at the house supplies running water and does chores, another in the pasture supplies water for the stock.While the little attention needed can be easily given the engine by any housewife, there is another solution that gives her the use of the engine, and at the same time makes another problem easier.The solution is the growing boy, and it is the problem of keeping him on the farm that is at least partially solved.His liking for machinery finds an outlet in caring for a real engine, and it is stimulated by the fact that the engine does useful work.The woman whose son is her \u201cengineer\u201d need have no fear that her power plant will go back on her when she needs it most.Starting and caring for an Eclipse engine is not a hard task, for even such a small boy as the one shown at the wheel in the accompanying illustration.As an educator the engine vi; | has, for the growing boy, an inestimable value.From it he learns the care of machinery, the principle of the internal-combustion engine, and the economy of labor-saving machinery for tiresome chores.It prepares him for the operation and care of larger engines.\u201cOvertopping all other advantages of the small gasoline engine is the all important one of economy.Conservative estimates on an Eclipse engine, made by Fairbanks, Morse & Co., show that by its use upward of $50.00 can be saved in a year; taking into account only chores, and work done by the men.This amount would be considerably increased if woman's work was also made a part of its duties.A few cents worth of gasoline would suffice to do No.1 Eclipse Engine supplies running water and does the washing.the hardest day\u2019s washing, and experience shows that in the work of pumping, two pints of gasoline will supply power to raise 2,000 gallons of water against an 80 foot head, Two sizes of Eclipse engines are now placed on the market, the one referred to above being the Eclipse No.2.The No.1 Eclipse Engine, while built on the same pattern, has approximately one-half the capacity of the larger size, lifting 1,000 gallons of water per hour also against an 80 foot head.Both sizes are of the vertical four-cycle type with jump-spark ignition, and are water cooled.The hopper is cast as an integral part of the cylinder and head, and is so made that no injury can be done to the engine even if the cooling water in the hopper should be frozen solid.In coldest weather the engine starts easily and does its work perfectly with very little attention.Thus, for the woman as well as her husband, gasoline and the internal-combustion engine have opened up the way not only to the enjoyment of more leisure time, but to a more economical accomplishment of her work.It is not an expense, but an investment, as truly as are the machines that manufacturers have put at the disposal of her husband.Seen in this light, the returns not only in money, but in comfort, satisfaction and educational value, are great, compared with the moderate purchase price and small operating expense.The husband who realizes that his wife\u2019s work as well as his own can be put on a more profitable basis, by the use of gasoline engines, has taken an important step forward, THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 43 Xx Failed in one subject.xx Failed in two subjects.HUNTING SPIRIT IN THE AIR How it Affects the Sons of Nimrod\u2014Guns and Dogs and Shooting Togs the Talk of the Day SEE have already appeared \u2014 signs of the » hunting season, which is near at hand.Signs of a good season, too.Over the hills and mountains, at about this time of year, hovers a sort of mist, visible only to the sons of Nimrod.It is not inert, but strangely beckons.By those who have the eyes to see and the gift and grace of understanding it is called \u2018\u2018the spirit of hunting\u2019.If you would smile at this fancy, remember the story that is told of Whistler: the artist.A tourist stood beside the famous painter in a country of lakes and mountains.One was seeing the same sunset that the other was only looking at.\u201cI don\u2019t see anything in a sunset,\u2019\u201d\u201d complained the tourist.\u201cBut don\u2019t you wish you could?\u2019\u2019 said Whistler.The spirit of hunting, perhaps, will some day be embodied in marble \u2014 the masterpiece of a Borglum.The zest and exhilaration of the hunt are not to be known vicariously, by proxy.They are learned only through experience, but it doesn\u2019t take very long.After the first hunting trip there is no cure for the malady that results.Some friend of yours, for example, disappeared into the woods with rifle and camping kit, and when he came back he was a different man.His beard was shocking.He never acted the same again.Like Barkis, however, he was a willin\u2019 victim; and every year when the fever comes and he takes to the hard miles and crooked trails, there is no holding him back.The best thing you can do is to go along with your hunter-friend.You can easily get your doctor to advise it.Now is the hunter\u2019s time of anticipation.It is the time when the office-caged man has hallucinations even in business hours.He looks out of the window and sees a herd of mountain sheep feeding in their sky pastures.His ear catches the far drumming of a partridge.He knows of a happy hunting-ground that he could reach by train.A railroad time tahle, bearing evidence of much use, is locked in a drawer of his desk, and with it lies a copy of the game laws.The boss is similarly affected, so he doesn\u2019t notice that anything is the matter.Go home with either man and you find that some room in the house looks like a sporting-goods store, and all through dinner you know that he is thinking of a camp menu of grouse, trout and venison.Finally, after all the necessary small-talk, he discovers that you belong to the hunting fraternity.That settles it.Big-talk, then, for the rest of the evening, and nothing else.After dinner your host makes you examine his Remington, aim it and look through the shining barrel; he proudly calls your attention to the antlers on the wall (though you had seen them before) and tells you the whole story; and when it has grown late he urges you to stay overnight, apologizing for the bed he offers you by saying he wishes it were a bed of balsam boughs.Your true hunter reckons not the hardships of the trail.He welcomes them.They increase his joy.Even disappointments have a certain fascination.He tells you with great gusto of the deer he didn't kill, and includes the incident in the story he sends to his favorite outdoor magazine.Just notice the conclusion of the fllowing paragraph, taken from an accourit of a bear hunt: \u2018While putting the dogs into the brush at the bottom of a gulch, something attracted my attention up the mountain side on the.rocks.T looked up and beheld a fine little brown bear gazing down upon us.I threw my gun to my shoulder and fired, but an instant late, for just as I pulled the trigger he dropped out of sight behind the rocks.The dogs saw him, however, and the chase was on.Mr.Bear turned into the brush and down the gulch he came, with both dogs close at his heels.Close to the Rancher they crashed through the thick undergrowth \u2014 so thick that it wag difficult to determine which was bear and which was dog.The Rancher got in several shots, but with no effect.Down the mountain we ran, dogs and bear in the lead, everybody yelling to encourage the dogs and in the hope of scaring the bear up a tree.Breathless and weary, we finally got to the dogs, who were lying down under a tree, \u2018all in\u2019 and no bear in sight.His pace had been too hot for our unhardened pups and he had escaped.\u201d\u201d (Now hear the conclusion of the matter.) \u2018\u2018It was the Rancher\u2019s first bear and he was much disappointed not to get him.We were all agreed that it was the best sport that we had had in a long time, hence were pretty well satisfied.\u201d It was \u2018\u201cthe Rancher\u2019s first bear,\u201d\u2019 even though it escaped.There spoke the true hunter.And by the way, that party did not finish their trip emp- ty-handed \u2014 not in a country that abounded in bears, mountain sheep, mountain goats, cougar and deer, as well as the smaller game, like pheasants and rabbits, which any townsman or farmer can find near home.A hunter is as old as he feels, and judged by that standard he has the advantage of old Ponce de Leon, who searched long and vainly for the Fountain of Youth.Though the gift of the trails and tramps and campfires is physical health and strength, one always comes back with a sense that somehow an even richer legaey has been bestowed.QUEBEC FAIRS, 1914 List of Exhibitions to be held in the Province of Quebec by the Agricultural Societies during the year 1914.Society.Place.Date.Secretary.Address.Argenteuil, Lachute, G.J.Walker, Lachute.Arthabaska, Victoriaville, Hon.Ls.Lavergne, Arthabaska.Bagot, St.Liboire, L.A.Brunelle, St.Liboire.Beauce, Div.B.Ste.Martine, Sept.30, Pierre Fortier, Lambton.Beauharnois, W.Martin, St.Ls.de Gonzague.Berthier, Berthierville, Sept.22, G.Allard, Berthierville.Bonaventure, M.LeGallais, Paspebiac, West.Brome, Brome, Sept.1-2-3, G.F.Hall, Brome.Chambly.St.Bruno, Sept.9, A.Charron, St.Hubert.Chateauguay, Ste.Martine, Sept.8, N.Mallette, Ste.Martine.Drummond, J.C.St.Amand, L\u2019Avenir.Gaspe, Div.A, J.J.H.Balleine, Cape Cove.Huntingdon, A, Huntingdon, Sept.10-11, W.F.Stephen, Huntingdon.Huntingdon, B, R.Ellerton, Hemmingford.Iberville, St.Alexander, Sept.8-9, J.E.Boivin, St.Alexander.Jacques Cartier, Strathmore, Sept.2, J.S.A.Ashby, Lachine.Joliette, A, Joliette, J.0.Guilbault, Joliette.| Joliette, B, J.O.Leveillé, Ste.Marthe.L\u2019Assomption, L\u2019Assomption, August 7, I.J.A.Marsan, L\u2019Assomption.Megantic, A, J.B.Campbell, Campbell\u2019s Corner.Laprairie, A.Matte, St.Constant.Laval, J.Gagnon, Ste.Rose.Maskinonge, Louiseville, Sept.10, C.Caron, Louiseville, Mégantic, B, Plessisville, Sept.10, J.B.Vallee, Plessisville.Missisquoi, Bedford, Aug.26-28 (inclusive) , C.O.Jones, Bedford.Montcalm, J.E.E.Marion, St.Jacques.Montmagny, Montmagny, Sept.17, A.Proulx, Montmagny.Montmorency, A, Chateau Richer, Sept.30, J.Cloutier, Riv.aux Chiens.Montmorency, Div.B, E.Letourneau, Ste.Famille, Napierville, A.Collette, St.Remi.Pontiac, À, P.McMahon, Chapeau.Quebec (county), Quebec, J.B.Delage, 54, Bridge St, Quebec.Richelieu, Ste.Victoire, Sept.10, J.Desjardins, Ste.Victoire.Richmond, Richmond, Sept.9-10, A.E.Main, Upper Melbourne.Rouville, Rougemont, Sept.15-16, A.Ares, Rougemont.Shefford, N.O.Rockwell, Waterloo.Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Sept.5-12, H.B.Miller, Sherbrooke.Soulanges, Pont Chateau, Sept.15, G.R.Vernier, Coteau Landing.Stanstead, Ayer\u2019s Cliff, Aug.25-26-27, J.P.Bowen, Hatley.St.Hyacinthe, St.Hyacinthe, Sept.8, R.Morin, ft Hyacinthe.St.Johns, St.Johns, C.M.D.Langlois, St.Johns.St.Maurice, St.Barnabe, Sept.24, E.Bellemare, St.Barnabe.Three Rivers, Three Rivers, Sept.29, M.Pothier, Three Rivers.Two Mountains, Ste.Scholastique Sept.21-24, J.W.Sauve, Cote Double.Vaudreuil, St.Lazare, Sept.17, Jos.Denis, Vaudreuil.Vercheres, Ste.Theodosie, Sept.17, J.H.Gervais, 1489, Papineau str., Montreai Wolfe, No.1, Marbleton , T.E.Evans, Bishop\u2019s Crossing.Wolfe, No.2, North Ham, Sept.15, E.O\u2019Bready, Wotton.Wright, R.K.Edey, Aylmer, Box 114, Yamaska, A.O.Comire, St.François du Lac.Provincial Exhibition at Quebec, Aug.31-Sept.5, Fair at Valleyfield, Aug.18-22, Fair at Three Rivers, Aug.24-29.(Signed) Oscar Lessard, Secretary, Council of Agriculture, Quebec. 44 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE CANADIAN ENGINEERS INSPECT CONCRETE ROADS Party of fourteen visit Wayne County, Michigan, and get first hand facts ECENTLY a party of Canadian Highway Engineers and Municipal Officials interested in good roads, under the guidance of Mr.L.S.Bruner of the Canada Cement Company Limited visited Detroit and Wayne County, Mich., to.learn how this progressive American community is building a comprehensive concrete road system of which it is justly proud.The party included: J.F.Ure, Woodstock, Ont., Engineer for Oxford County; R.H.Spencer, Acting Mayor, Trenton Ont.; G.R.Marston, Simcoe, Ont., Engineer for Norfolk County; F.M.Rutherford, St.Catharines, Ont., Engineer for Lincoln County; W.J.Hollingsworth, Hamilton, Ont., Assistant City Engineer; M.Manigault, Strath- roy, Ont., J.H., Jackson, Brantford, Ont., R.Clarke and W.E.Nesbitt, Merriton, Ont., L.J.Wookey, C.P.Botsford and W.Coles, Toronto; L.8.Bruner and R.8.Muller, Montreal.Wayne County now has nearly one hundred miles of the finest concrete roads in the world, one stretch of which extends in a smooth unbroken surface for a distance of 21 miles, passing through the villages of Wayne and Dearbourne, and it is a noteworthy fact that after much experimenting with every kind of road building material the Board of County Road Commissioners has adopted concrete as its standard.The party covered about eighty miles of highway of every description and in every condition from the worst to the best.The tour proved an exceptionally strong object lesson to everyone of the party and much gratification was expressed at the completeness of the building equipment and the excellent results obtained.Fortunately, the party was enabled to see practically every operation of road building from the grading of the subsoil to the finished road, of which one machine can lay 750 square yards in one day.The method of reinforcing and its advantages was shown and explained.Much interest was shown in the thorough manner in which every operation was carried out, especially the curing of the finished road and the hauling of materials to where the road was heing built.The cars of sand, stone and cement are sidetracked on the railway line nearest the place of operation and unloaded with a steam shovel into a string of 30 small dump cars holding one and a half cubic vards.These cars are hauled, by a \u2018\u2018donkey\u2019\u2019 engine, in some instances a number of miles, ta the spot where the materials are mixed to make the road.The narrow-gauge track over which this miniature train runs is laid in sections that can be easily handled by two men.Properly curing the finished road takes seven days.As soon as the concrete has set, it is covered with two inches of sand and then wet down with a hose daily; this permits the whole mass of concrete to harden uniformly and eliminates surface cracks that would otherwise appear under the heat of the sun.As a whole the methods used by Wayne County Road Commissioners are very simple and undoubtedly the most economical for the construction of an extensive and permanent road system; at any rate they are the result of years of study and experiment by able engineers.However, it is noteworthy that the conditions with which Wayne County has to deal would not be in evidence in most Canadian counties; broken stone, which is usually about one-half of the mixture used, is obtainable within a few miles in every county throughout the Dominion with few exceptions whereas Wayne County hauls its broken stone a long distance, Then again, the special machinery and equipment used across the border is not absolutely necessary, for men and teams could be used in place of most of it.Wayne County began building concrete roads in 1909 and the first stretch laid in that year was carefully inspected by the party at close range and the concensus of opinion was that it is now as good as when put down, and the maintenance cost has been practically nothing during the five years that it has been used.A striking contrast is shown when the condition of this concrete stretch is compared with other stretches of the same road, built at the same time of other materials and at approximately the same cost, but which now resemble the \u2018Rocky Road to Dublin\u2019\u2019 and must be rebuilt in the near future.One of the engineers expressed the opinion that if Wayne County could afford to have such excellent roads, there is no excuse for Canadian communities to delay the building of systems that will be as good as the Wayne County roads, for there are few Canadian counties that are not infinitely richer in natural resources if not in actual capital, and we can greatly benefit by the experiences of the county across the line.The individual and collective opinion voiced was unanimous for concrete as the logical and economical material for permanent good roads in Canada and one that will enable every community to invest its road money so that it will return a dividend instead of being spent to fill up the mud holes.DESTROYING QUACK GRASS It\u2019is Necessary to Attack It Vigorously subscriber writes: \u201cWe have about four or five acres of quack grass on our farm.Can you tell us of some practical way of getting rid of it?We are anxious to get it under control so as to prevent its spreading over the farm.\u2019 If your land is in pasture or meadow, allow the quack grass to grow until nearly ripe.Then cut it for hay and plow the land about three inches deep.Fo low the plow with a sharp disc to cut the sod up.Disc and cross disc and harrow until the patch is quite mellow.Then go over it with a spring-tooth harrow or some other implement that will bring the quack roots to the surface.Rake the roots together with a horse rake, haul them off the ground, dry and burn them.Continue cultivating the field with a spring-tooth or a spike-tooth harrow once every week till late in the fall.Haul off as many of the roots as possible and destroy them.Late in the fall plow the field again and ahout a half inch deeper than the first time.Early next spring again use the disc, spring- tooth harrow or other implement \u2014 anything to get more roots on top where they can he raked together and hauled away.Continue this cultivation at weekly intervals till the latter part of May.Then give the ground a good coat of well rotted barnyard manure and disc it in as well as possible and seed the land to millet, sorghum, or buckwheat\u2014any good smothering crop that can be utilized to advantage for forage or grain and yet be gotten off the ground early in the fall.As soon as the crop is removed plow again if necessary.Then start the disc and keep it going once a week till frost.Early the second spring cultivate again and then plant to corn.If another coat of manure can be given, apply it.If you have a silo, put the corn into it so as to get it off the ground early in the season.If silage cannot be used, cut the corn as soon as it is well glazed and shock it.Then get busy with the disc and seed down to winter wheat.In the spring, sow clover and timothy.Leave the land in grass for two years, using it one year as meadow and the other as pasture.Plow the pasture in the fall and plant to corn.Cultivate the corn thoroughly during the growing season and Mr.Quack will be gone.This is a rather long process, but good crops will be raised while it is in progress and the quack grass will surely vanish in the meantime, provided the seasons are reasonably favorable \u2014 that is, not.too wet.It is diflicult to do much toward destroying quack grass in wet seasons.To exterminate quack grass is no small job.On the other hand, the man who goes at it with a determination to win will succeed, and the extra cultivation he gives the land will pay for itself in larger crops.There is nothing like persistent cultivation to increase the available supply of plant food in the soil, and there is nothing like it for destroying weeds.The reason for allowing the quack grass to form nearly mature seed, is to weaken the underground rootstocks as much as possible before trying to exterminate them.A general would rather attack a half-starved enemy than a well-fed one.While quack.grass is producing seed, it is drawing heavily upon the food stored in its rootstocks and hence they are in a weakened condition at that time.The period between the ripening of the seed and the end of the growing season is used by the quack plant for storing food in its underground rootstocks from which it multiplies the following spring.The stored-up food is always used for early spring growth.The less of this food the rootstocks have stored up within them, the more easily they are destroyed.If you desire to exterminate the quack grass in the field referred to go about it with a determination to win.Half-hearted measures never destroyed this pers'stent weed, which reproduces not only hy seed, but also by its rootstocks.Quack grass is a perennial of the worst kind and vigorous measures must be employed to kill it.The weed has spread over thousands of acres in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa during the past five or six years.The wet seasons have favored its spread, especially since many farmers have paid little attention to it.\u2014 Exchange.CARE OF THE MACHINERY By Maurice Kane, Manager of Experiments, International Harvester Company HIS question is of considerable importance to the farmers of the present day, owing to the large amount of machinery used on the farm.In considering this question we will start with new machines.The important thing to look out for is that the nuts are kept tight so that all the parts will be kept in proper operative relation to each other.Next in importance is the use of good oil for lubricating the moving parts.This matter requires some discretion so as to not waste oil or time.It is quite common for the ordinary operator to squirt oil into all oil holes, especially the ones that are most convenient, regardless \"of whether those parts need frequent oiling or not.As only about half of the parts on binders or mowers need frequent oiling and then only in such quantity as will be retained by the bearing, the overflow does.no good.When a bearing is neglected and the parts get hot, and cutting takes place between the shaft and its bearing, and it is not convenient to take the parts out to smooth them off, a little graphite mixed with the oil will be quite beneficial.When you are through using your machines for the season they should be properly housed.Before putting them away the polished parts should be greased to prevent rust.This would include the knotter and sickle on the binder and the knives on the mower.This would also apply to all other implements used on the farm such as cultivators, disk harrows, ploughs, etc.When the binder 1s put away, the canvases should be removed and hung rh.p\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 to Te \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 k THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 45 up in the tool shed or barn.A very common practice in connection with the canvases is to fold them up.This is not a good plan, as experience has shown, on account of mice making their headquarters there during the winter and in many cases damaging the canvas.After machines have been used for some time they should be gone over carefully and the worn parts adjusted and put in order.This work should be done before starting on next season's work; when the grain is ripe and grass fit to cut, you will not have time to do a good job of repairing.On your mower it is Very important that looseness at both ends of the pitman be taken care of and that the guards be in proper alignment.Those are the most important points in connection with mowing machines.By alignment of guards, we do not mean the points of the guards: we refer to that portion through which the knife sections work.To line up the guards, take a piece of fine string, connect to the inner and outer shoes, letting it bear onthe ledger plates about midway between the front and rear.Draw this spring tight and you can easily see if the guards are in line with the shoe plates.As the guards are made of malleable iron they will stand bending up or down to bring them in proper alignment with the shoe plates.The less attention you pay to matters of this kind the better it is for the manufacturer, as you will need more machines and repairs.SILAGE THE BEST SUCCULENT FODDER FOR WINTER ILAGE is recognized as a good and cheap feed for all farm live stock.Within the last 30 years silage has come into general use throughout Canada and the United States and especially where the dairy industry is flourishing.There are so many good reasons why a farmer should have a silo that a late Farmers\u2019 Bulletin published by the U.S.Department of Agriculture at Washington gives the following reasons: 1.Silage is the best and cheapest form in which succulent feed can be provided for winter use.2.An acre of corn can be placed in the silo at a cost not exceeding that of husking, shocking, grinding and shredding.3.Crops can be put into the silo during weather that would not permit of making and curing hay or corn fodder.4.A given amount of corn in the form of ensilage will produce more milk than the same amount would if shocked and dried.5.There is less waste in feeding silage than in feeding fodder.Good silage properly fed is all consumed.6.Silage is very palatable and has a beneficial effect on the digestive organs.7.More stock can be kept on a given number of acres of land when silage is the basis of the ration.8.On account of the smaller cost for labor, silage can be used for supplementing pastures more economieally than can soiling crops, unless only a small amount of feed is required.9.Converting the corn crop into silage clears the land and leaves it ready for another crop sooner than it would if the corn was shocked and husked.Because of these many advantages it is the general opinion among dairy farmers who have built silos, that the use of silage has increased the milk production per cow and has increased the profits per acre, though it is no doubt true that in certain localities, which are well adapted to the growth of alfalfa or other hays of good quality, the same amount of food nutrients may be produced at less cost in the form of hay than as silage.We would like to add that where a very large number of cows are kept, the extra labor required to handle so much hay is a very large item of expense.As suggested by the reason given in number eight it is very much easier to feed cows ensilage than hay to the same number during the winter season when they are in the barn.SURFACE CULTIVATION It Requires Forty-five Tons of Water to Grow One Bushel of Wheat AT AL college men tell us, that it takes 45 tons of water to grow a bushel of wheat.Thirty bushels will use twelve inches in depth over an acre of land.For very obvious reasons a twelve-inch rainfall would not be enough moisture to mature g thirty bushel crop if there were not some moisture already in the ground.During the hot and windy days of summer the water evaporated might amount to three inches of rainfall or more in a week, if no means were used to prevent it.At this rate the whole year\u2019s precipitation might be lost in a month or two.At the very best, some of the soil moisture is bound to be lost through evaporation.A rainfall of, say, twenty inches during the year does not guarantee that the crop will have that amount upon which to grow.Plow, harrow, and pack as we may, the air will pick up a good deal of the moisture that falls.When this work is done poorly a much larger percentage of the precipitation escapes.The question, then, of conservation of soil moisture is of prime importance.Practical conservation of the precipitation that reaches the soil in one form or another consists of preventing its escape through evaporation by obstructing this process at the soil surface.Surface tillage that forms a dust mulch is the most practicable means of doing this.This movement of soil moisture to the surface, from which point it is evaporated into the air, is accomplished by means of a physical law called capillarity.The disturbing of the soil at the surface breaks up the capillary connection and stops evaporation to a large extent.Hence the value of surface cultivation.Numerous tests have shown that frequent cultivation of the soil in summer will prevent the evaporation of from seven to ten inches of water where the rainfall is not over 13 inches.Thus moisture that otherwise might escape into the air is kept in the soil where it can be used by the seed in hastening germination and in supplying water to the growing plant.HOW TO OBTAIN CONTENTS OF A SILO E are frequently asked for information concerning the amount of silage in a silo at certain depths, how to divide the amount of silage in a silo into two equal parts, ete.The following table compiled from Wisconsin Bulletin No.59 will be useful to our readers when such questions arise.Table showing the computed weight of well- matured corn silage at different distances below the surface, and the total weight to those distances, two days after filling.Weight per Total weight Depth of cubic foot of one square silage-\u2014 silage at foot area to feet different depth given depths\u2014lbs.\u2014Ibs.1 18.7 18.7 2 20.4 39.1 3 22.1 61.2 4 23.7 84.9 5 25.4 110.3 6 27.0 137.3 7 28.5 165.8 8 30.1 195.9 9 31.6 227.5 10 33.1 260.6 11 34.5 295.1 12 35.9 831.0 13 37.3 368.3 14 38.7 407.0 15 40.0 47.0 16 41.3 488.3 17 42.6 530.9 18 43.8 574.3 19 45.0 619.7 20 46.2 665.9 21 47.4 713.3 22 48.5 761.8 23 49.6 811.4 24 50.6 862.0 25 51.7 913.7 26 52.7 966.4 27 53.6 1020.0 28 54.6 1074.6 29 55.5 1130.1 30 56.4 1186.5 31 57.2 1243.7 32 58.0 1301.7 33 58.8 1360.5 34 59.6 1420.1 35 60.3 1480.4 36 61.0 1541.4 HOW TO USE THE TABLE Assume a problem.A silo containing 21 ft.of silage after settling has been fed down until only 8 ft.remain.Silo 16 ft.in diameter.How much remains?The weight of one square foot to a depth of 21 ft.is seen from the table to be 713.3 lbs.If 8 ft.remain 13 ft.have been fed.The weight of 13 ft.is found in the table to be 363.3 lbs.Substracting this from 713.3 leaves 345 lbs.which equals the weight of the 8 remaining feet.Multiplying this weight by the number of square feet in the area will give the number of pounds left in the silo.The area of a 16 ft.silo is 201 sq.ft.; 345 times 201 equals 69345 lbs.or 34.6 tons.Dividing the number of pounds by 2,000 gives the number of tons.To obtain the area of a silo multiply the square of the radius in feet (one-half the diameter) by the factor 3.1416.For example, a silo 18 ft.in diameter has a radius of 9 ft.; 9 squared is 81, Multiply this by 3.1416 and the answer is the number of sq.fit.in the area.\u2014Hoards\u2019 Dairyman.ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF A COW N estimating the value of a cow, the amount of milk she produces and the per cent.of fat it contains, and the amount of feed she consumes must be considered.It is not enough to know how much milk a cow is giving, but the percentage must also be known.A cow that produces 20 pounds of 5 per cent.milk daily, produces as much fat as a cow giving 33 pounds of 3 per cent.milk.Plenty of cows will produce 3 per cent.A good cow will produce from 250 to 350 pounds of fat in a year.Through careful selection, feeding, and good care, we now and then have herds that will average 400 pounds of fat per cow per year.Herds of this character, however, are not plentiful.In view of this, a cow that will produce more than 250 pounds of fat in a year is considered a good cow.But no breeder should be satisfied with this kind of cow.He should aim to have his herd average at least 400 pounds of fat per cow per year.The time may come when this amount will be excelled, but after the 400-pound mark is reached, the process of developing the whole herd to do better than this is slow and painstaking work.There are, of course, cows that will produce better than 1,000 lbs.of fat in a year.These are exceptional animals, but they show the possibilities in the breeding of dairy cattle. | | Send y NV Ht ee eat ris EEE QIN bi HEI: pe fH SARL PR A ett ERA A asd se a tte ee ES der at o OUT 0051 Hin) SHEE EH BEE Ea EH Tr Te o ; Ee EEE EERE EEE EEE ELE HL 1) EF I EE PE LT TS PERTE ESTEE 15 A debit tit tait tisse ppt aan EEE H RRL dS Se Pris = MU aa ei st LE EEE I TRES ETES EE) ER REA BEE PH RE ER ra HH HES 3 SE EE AE TES #; E * rita perp reert ert Er HH EET éd-bté désert sisi dé i 1-4-5551 ci bie EH rien EN FH a HS | Ta while they last Another supply of : The Journal \u201cLe CANADA\u201d Weekly They are given FREE with one year subscription to KITCHEN SETS EEE IEICE IEIEEIDEC EEE3\u20ac30203E3\u20ac6E0C : EE EE0EEEEE3CEEIECIEE EEE EEE EY SEIEIEIEIEICIEIEIEICICIEIEIIE IEE IEE IEEE IEE EE | \u2014\u2014 > & Pare eat-in Spin THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Vv y QUILT PATTERNS Every quilter should have our book of 450 designs, containing the prettiest, queerest, scarcest, most grotesque patterns, from old log cabin to stars and puzzle designs; also crazy stitches and Cat.One set With Our | IN Outfit At BR Loe 2 sets 25c.Don't send $1 2.00 LADIES\u2019 ART CO., Block 153, St.Louis, Mo.Write us to-day, BEWARE | and learn how you Lo .can start a profit- Last distribution of the Auto- able business, dig- matic Stitcher of \u201cLe Canada\u201d.ging wells for Dont delay for there is only few others, on an investment of but dozen to spare.$12.00.Works faster and simpler WwW | N D M | L L S than any other method.100-foot G Ou x Double; eare ea outfits at $25.00.Pumping Wind- \u2014 mill has double strength.If pull- in wire breaks in You Can Dig 40-foot Wells Quickly Through Any Soil PURE BRED SIRES THE LIVE STOCK BRANCH Dominion Department of Agriculture ILL PURCHASE during 1914, a number of CANADIAN BRED Stallions, Bulls, Boars and Rams.Animals must be of right type, in good breeding condition and of the following ages.Stallions, three to five years.Bulls, not under one year.Boars, not under six months.Rams, not under six months.Write us for full All stallions will be purchased subject to veter- information.storm mill a .° ° .ou oO .inary inspection and bulls subject to the tuberculin Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co.Wheel and Vane test.Limited galvanized after Breeders in Eastern Canada having CANADIAN 22 Carlton St., St.Catharines, Ontario made.Our towers are girted every five feet and are double braced, and braces lock- BRED male animals for sale, filling the above requirements and registered or eligible for registration in the Canadian National Live Stock Records, are requested to communicate with the Live Stock VETERINARY DRUG STORE Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.The best and purest veterinary drugs Theo Else where The purchases of stallions and bulls will be made c ou me ile _ prices =.with We can supply ° .onsu ion by letter, free of charge, w ou wl e during the current spring months.The purchases the Company\u2019s VETERINARIAN, for any ost outfit made.of rams and boars will be deferred until the autumn.diseases, write and consult now.TAKE AD- We manufac- Communications must state age and breeding of VANTAGE OF THIS OFFER TO KNOW ture a full line animals offered and price asked.\u201460271.THE DISEASE OF YOUR ANIMAL.of National Stock Food Company, Gasoline Engines, Grain Grinders, OTTAWA, Ont.Saw Frames, Pumps, Tanks, Water Boxes, Concrete Mixers, Etc.If interested send for catalogues.Goold Shapley & Muir Go., LIMITED Brantford, Ont.ie No Need eg ofa Tow if you grease your wheels with Mica Axle Grease It lightens the load and saves wear and tear.\u201cThere\u2019s Mica in it, that\u2019s why.\u2019\u2019 wo.THE IMPERIAL OIL CO., Limited Toronto Heifer Vancouver FOR SALE\u2014Registered Chester White pigs, farrowed in June last, the 17th; fine specimens.Apply to J.E.BELANGER, Secretary of the Farmers\u2019 Club of Sacred-Heart, Ri- mouski Cty.LAST DISTRIBUTION OF PORTRAITS PAPINEAU and RGN GALI AY LAKESIDE AYRSHIRES | A select lot of young bulls, all ages, sired by the following :\u2014 Lever action, loads automatically, gun metal 3 : finished steel, walnut stock, weight 34 ozs., 301ength Barcheskie Cheerful Boy (Imp) 28879 (7731) 313in.FREE for selling 30 fine Mexican Drawnwork Hand.Hobsland Bonnie Boy (Imp) 88275 (8776) kerchiefs at 10c.No mouey required.Morton Maing Planet (Imp) 33279 (8774) CHIEF MFG.CO.5} CHIEF BLDG., BEEBE, QUE Auchenbrain Sea Foam (Imp) 35758 (8865) Imported dams: Record of Performance dams.P ieto M A TREATISE |.00m D a KILLS THEM ALL! on the organ Dies: Pa LAFONTAINE Horse\u2014 WANTED to hear from owner of good farm Sold by all Druggists for sale.Send description and cash price.D.and Grocers all over FREE ?F.BUSH, Minneapolis, Minn.Canada.If you have neglected to secure Se these portraits do not miss this last ff f .this book that telis Horse Owners! Use opportunity.you all about horse diseases and how to cure them, Call for it at your local druggist or write us.KENDALL\u2019S SPAVIN CURE GOMBAULT\u2019 : S Every Canadian should have hung \u201c h \" Caustic Success LINIMENT GENEAU on the wall of his house a picture The only TO- of these men.= A manque 1X i B PS FARRIOVE PIC replacing [| el fe alsai nN No more FLAME with- Aa tg invaluable.It cures Spavin, Curb, Splint, 3 ees out pain nor |, inebone or ey olor Iamensss sickly and safely = SM A Safe, Speedy, and Positive Cure FLAME hair falling.You can get them for the sum of 10 cents at small expense.Read what Leo n, - \u2018osafest, Best BLISTER ever used.Takes \u2014 ick an \u2019 i more, Jobs avai I used your Spavin ure ur the p.ce of all Itnaments for mild or severe action.No more Qu relief of: each (in stamps) in writing to rh dE and Cattle, SUPERSEDES ALL CAUTERE Halting, © CDES LC Kendail's 8pavin Cure ls soldat the uniform price OR FIRING, Impossible to produce scar or biemish DEFECTS.Swan - skins, of 81 a bottle, 6 for \u201c If you cannot get dt or our Every bottle sold is warranted to give satisfaction Sprains, Strains, vessigons, obstruction L E CA N A DA free book at your local druggist's, Price 81.50 per hottle, Sold by druggists.or sent of the lets, Suros, Spavin, etc., etc.by express, ch fo aan Ch ocharses pald, with full directions for \u2018geygay'g pharmacy, 165 8t.Honoré 8t.PARIS.THE LAWRENCE-WILLIAMS CO., Toronto, Ont.Deposit : Rougier Frères, Montréal MONTREAL.Dr.B.J.KENDALL COMPANY Enosburg Falls, Vermont 81 VI THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE THE HOUSSQUEZ FREE Hae Ra mm Everyone Should Read This Nong 7 [ An EATON purchase and Free Delivery means much in these days towards reducing the high cost of living.The full importance of such a statement is best appreciated when vou realize the fact that nol only do you receive approved quality and service, for which the EATON Mail Order Way is justly famous, but, also, you get good goods at a minimum cost.For some time past all EATON orders amounting to ten dollars ($10.00) or over have been shipped charges paid by us.This feature of our service has proven a big success, and the inauguration of the new Parcel Post System, which has been a boon to the Canadian publie, has made it possible for us to go still further in giving our customers the benefit of a greater Free Delivery Offer, and it gives us very great pleasure to make this very interesting announcement\u2014 Commencing Aug.Ist We Pay the Shipping Charges on all orders for any amount large or small on Men\u2019s, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Outer Garments This is no ordinary, everyday event.Neither is it an ordinary Free Delivery offer.Every garment advertised is an acknowledged EATON value, that will stand the closest comparison\u2014and when you read these words, \u2018And we pay the shipping charges,\u201d in our Catalogue, read them over again, so that you may be impressed with their full meaning.\u201cWe\u201d means &T, EATON CQ.Not You.In other words, you can buy any « Our - one of these splendid values of known EATON quality garments delivered to your nearest railway station N F 11 or post office for the price we quote wilhout any additional cost for shipping charges.\u20ac a e e ° e * log $ This is in addition to our $ Catalogue WiLL BE READY TO FREE DELIVERY MAIL YOU Aug, 15th.of orders amounting to $10.00 IF YOU ARE NOT AL or over of all goods catalogued and heavy goods READY ONE OF OUR quoted prepaid MAIL ORDER CUSTOM- i ERS, SEND US YOUR This means that when your order amounts to $10.00 or over of any goods in the Calalogue, including Men's, NAME AND ADDRESS, Women's and Children's outer garments or heavy goods, we pay the shipping charges lo your nearesl sla- AND WE WILL FORWARD tion or post office.It gives you the opportunity of getting practically all your needs at our luw prices YOU A COPY.delivered free if you make your order to this amount.Nm