The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 octobre 1907, mardi 15 octobre 1907

[" ra T erm a pe - - _ ses ee ep ei + eee En me This paper is published by the Department of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec.\u201c Circulation, 68,750\u2014{ FRENCH 62,350 Pr Te ES SET ES EEE TEST SR CUERSPET SL 12 TL Ps TES sl a ne ver THE FARM.\u2014 Notes by the Way : Yield of Wheat in 1908 ; Another Marvel : Frost in Nebraska ; Im- .provement of Seed, etc., Sumgestions for Beginners in Alfalfa Culture ; The effect of Alfalfa on the Soil: The Value of Fall Cultivation ; Eastern Townships, Quebec Notes ; Wheat yield may be doubled -; Hay grown cheap! : The Quebec Crops : Importance of the Clover Crops ; May have 150,000,000 bushels Wheat in 1908 ; Tarring Seed Corn.HOUSEHOLD MATTERS.\u2014 Hallowe'en : Fashion .Hints : Boy's Coat and Cloth Skirt (Mlust.); How to live well; Who should write our Stories ; Thanksgiving Cooking, Recipes.THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD.\u2014 An object Lesson ; The Farmer\u2019s importance increasing ; Educate by exemple : Spectators regalated with Melons Harvesting vegetables.THE DAIRY.\u2014 Makers should attend Dairy School ; Testing Butter and Cheese in Wisconsin.THE POULTRY-YARD \u2014 Profitable Duck-Keeping for Farmers ; On Fattening and Eggs : First Ostrich.THE BREEDER AND GRAZIER, \u2014 Raising Calves Retention of Afterbirth ; The price of Meat., CORRESPONDENCE.\u2014 Contrasts, P.Macfarlane on\u2014 THE HORSE.~ \u2014 Registration of Canadian Horses.\u2019 SWINE.\u2014 Production of the \u2018Bacon Hog in England :.Will .discrim inate against fat Hogs.a \u2014 that it pays to keep stock, grain, hay, tools, vehicles and implements under a good, tight roof.REX FLINTKOTE ROOFING is the kind of roof that\u2019s easy to lay\u2014any ordinary workman can do it.Proof against water, tight against wind, resistant to fire, and sure to .satisfy.Won't give taste to cistern water; won't stretch, warp or crack.Highest in quality.¢ Look for the Boy\u201d\u2019\u2014the trade-mark on every roll that protects you.SAMPLES SENT FREE to prove how good it is, with a booklet full of roofing information.Send for these, and also enclose 4 cents for our booklet, ¢*Making Poultry Pay,\u201d which every farmer ought to have.J.A.& W.BIRD & CO.18 India Street, Boston, Mass.Canadian Office: 2» Common Street, Montreal cancer\u2019Cured.No Knife, No Pain Yeople I have cured of cancer prove the astonishing results of ny treatment Peter Kcagan, Galesburr 1l1l., writes : \u201cIt is only a question of timie\u2014I must die\u2019.Doctors said \u2018\u201c\u2019no hope\u2019.Mv new method was used and to-dav Mr.Keagan\u2019s cancer of the throat is healed, and he is well.I have made wonderful cures without pain, operations, sticky balms, oils or plasters.My treatment is clean and wholesome.It rives instant relief from the smarting itching and terrible burning pain, destroys the offensive odor and has cured cases ~iven up hv the family physician and specialists.If you \u201chave cancer or have a friend who have cancer, write me to-day.Full information, proofs and advice riven without charges.Address DR.RUPERT WELLS, 2124 Radol Bldg.St.Louis, Missouri.Bruise, get Kendall's Spavin Cure, veterinary can't cure of Spavin\u2014or Kendall's Spavin Cure.United States\u2014have used it and proved it, \u2018I have been using Kendall's and always find it safe and sure.\u2019 of our great book \u2018 Horse,\u201d It's a mine their stock in prime c Mailed free.ENOSBURG FALLS, = $l.a bottle\u20146 for $5.The Horseman\u2019s Friend \u2014Safe and Sure.If you have a lame horse, get Kendall's Spavin Cure.If you have a horse that you can\u2019t work on account of a Sprain, Strain or If you have a horse, that even the any Soft Bunches or Swellings\u2014get Be sure you get KENDALL'S, Two generations\u2014throughout Canada and the TRAVELERS\u2019 REST, P.E.L, Dec.15, '05.Spavin Cure for the last 20 years, HUBERT P.McNEIL],.Write for a copy ] \u2018Treatise On The of information for farmersand horsemen, who want tokeep ondition.- 25 DR.B.J.KENDALL CO., VERMONT, U.S.A.HESE are days of large operations on the farm.Some sort of power has become a necessity.There is almost an endless array of uses to which the power can be put.Every season, in fact almost every day in the year, the farmer will have use for it, And when the power is once on the farm, he soon learns, if he did not know it before, that .he can do things easier, more quitkly and more economically than he ever did before.But the farm power must be simple and dependable and as nearly self-operating as possible because the farmer is not expected to be an expert machinist.I.H.C.Gasoline Engines are made to meet these requirements in the fullest manner.Every engine carries with it the highest assurance a farmer can have of satisfactory service and right working.hether you purchase the engine here shown or one of our various other styles and sizes of engines, you know you are gettin an engine that is perfectly adapte to the use intended.You know that the engine is scientifically built on correct mechanical principles.EASTERN CANADIAN BRANCHES: London, Montreal, Ottawa, St.John, Toronto.INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, CHICAGO,U.S.A.ncorporated) You know that it is the product of workmen of highest skill operating with best procurable materials.You know that your engine has behind it the reputation and guarantee of a great manufactuzing institution whose sole business is the making of machines for farm use.\u201cSimplicity and Efficiency\u201d is our motto in building these farm engines.Every one must do its part toward sustaining the reputation of the I.H.C.works.1.H.C.engines are made\u2014 Vertical, in 2 and 3-Horse Power.Horizontal, both Statlio r xd Portable, in 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 1 d 20-Horse Power.Call on the International local agent and take the matter up with him or write nearest branch house for catalog and colored hanger illustrating and describing these engines ?di 4 I! IS SIMPLEST WEARS LONGEST Record proves it RUNS EASY Users say so.My U.S.is not out of order every week or two like my neighbors\u2019 who use other makes, ARE.D.L.VanWorm.Middleburgh, N.Y.LA CIE DE LAITERIE] ST.TREAL, QUE.Salesman for factory parte for both factory and dairy \u201c7 set.any size, and width of tire, and to wheels.Write to-dav for catalogue.R-E-L-I-A-B-L-E Spells the key-word to the great popularity of the Two parts in the bowl, URENT, Ie RA sizes also carry a sises.U.The Wheel is the Life of a Wagon Our wheels will outwear several wagons \u2014 in fact will last a lifetime with à ordinary care.\u20ac & who have trouble with \u20ac à their wheels should try a strong wooden wheels \u2014 and a ; saving of labor for both \u201cte man and fit anv axle \u2014 Our guarantee g CREAM U.S.SEPARATOR SKIMS CLEANEST Holds World\u2019s Record.QUICKLY CLEANED Parts few and simple.LOW MILK CAN Saves much lifting, PERFECTLY SAFE Gearing entirely enclosed.D SAVES TEE MOST Cream, time, work.Dairymen choose the U.S.because they KNOW it can be depended a upon to do the Best wer: ALL the time, and the Longest time, too.3 May we explain to you why?Please send for complete illustrated book No.VERMONT FARM MACHINE CO.10 PLACE D'YOUVILLE, stock of 8.Separators.Farmers = ey are low and \u2014 Cheaper than = horse.Made oes with the DOMINION WROUGHT IRON WHEEL CO,, Ltd, - ORILLIA, ONT.Cover Your Houses, Barns and Stables With Ruberoid Roofing Unlike metal, tin, asphalt, shingles, or slate, Ruberoid Roofing is not affected by heat or cold.Ruberoid is the original smooth surface elastic, weather-proof and firee resisting roofing\u2014the stane dard for 15 years.Being a mnon-conductor of electricity, it protects your buildings against lightning.Ruberoid reaches you in rolls and requires no skill to apply, we furnish nails, tin caps and cement for seams, Write us for booklet and samples of Ruberoid and we will send you the address of your nearest dealer.The Standard Paint Company of Canada, Limited, Board of Trade Building, Montreal, P.Q.Factories at Lachine Canal, P.Q.LOCKERBY & MCCOMB, Selling Agents for Onta io and Quebec, EE EG CSS A aa WANTED Salesmen to represent \u2018\u2018 Canada's Greatest Nurseries.\u201d Special list of New and Hardy varieties in Fruits and Ornamentals, suited for the Province of Quebec.Commence at once at best selling time.Liberal inducements.Pay weekly.Handsome free outflt.Write for terms.STONE & WELLINGTON, TORONTO, Ont.GINSENG easy to cultivate, could not be surpassed as a remunerative cultivation In fact, well cultivated, it will bring not only $50.00, but $50,000 an acre.The Ginseng\u2019s is a big advantage for farmers.On receipt of 10 cents coin, (no stamps.if sent will be returned) I'H mail the first directions concerning the Ginseng\u2019s cultivation with the price of the seeds and an illustration of that plant.Dr W.GRIGNON, A.L, member of the Board of Agriculture, of Québec.N.B.\u2014This seed can be sown in every month, from spring to fall.Circulars in franch only.WIND MILLS Power and Pumping Towers are girted every five feet, and double braced.TANKS, PUMPS, GRAIN GRINDERS, BEE SUPPLIES, ETC., ETC.IDEAL CAS AND GASOLINE EN- CINES, AUTOMATIC BATCH CONCRETE MIXERS.Goold, Shapley & Muir Co., Ltd., BRANTFORD, CANADA.seed can be sown from the 15th of may to 15 October, : ba Windsor Table Salt \u2014sparkling i in Its whiteness\u2014looks as pure as it tastes.The Fine and Windsor pure.savour is peculiarly lasting.Ask your grocer ] delicate and | for it.THE BEST SEPARATOR AND THE CHEAPEST me Fenix Separator | | Model for ur 2 Cows | Capacity : 90 Ibs.S15.00 | | Model K | Model Capacity Price Capacity Price K 1, 1501bs.,., $30 D1, 4001bs,.,.$565 K 2 A51bs.25 |D2 &Wilbs .65 K 3, 285 1bs.D3 6601bs.80 K 4.360 lbs.10 ID 10001bs.125 Agents wanted everyw here.Catalogue sent on request, | | J.de L.TACHE, 8t-H acinthe.| | has the Le \u2018CANADA \u201d largest circulation of any morning paper in the Province of 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Toronto Ont.P.S.\u2014 Special terms to local agents or those working part time.MICA ROOFING For steep or flat roofs, proof, fireproof, easily laid, cheaper than other roofing.Send stamp fo?sample and mention this paper.water- 101 Rebecca St., Hamilton, Can, = at et re Tee i or mer = oo pum.ime i 157 Vor.11\u2014 No.8.O TosER 15th., 1907 The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture \u201cThe Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture\u201d is the official organ of the Council of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec, It is issued bi-monthly and is designed to include not only in name.but in facl, anything concerned with agriculture and Stock-Rais ing, Horticulture, etc.All mattersrelating to thereading columns of the Journal must be adressed to Arthur R.Jenner Fust, Editor et the \u201c Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture.\u2019 4 Lincoln Ave Montreal.Forrates of ad vertisements, etc, address the Publishers THE GANADA PUBLISHING CO.Ltd.73 & 75 8t.James 8t.,, Montreal.Subscription : $1.00 per Annum payable in advanoe.The Farm NOTES BY THE WAY Well ; pretty early days to prophesy about the crop-yield of wheat next year, in Manitoba, and yet a paper heads a paragraph on that subject with the words, in large caps, \u201cYield of wheat, in 1908, may be 150,000,000 bushels !\u201d\u2019 * ANOTHER MARVEL.\u2014 A telegram from Omaha, Nebraska, dated September 21st, tells us that a \u2018Light frost, the temperature falling to forty degrees above zero,fell in different parts of Nebraska, last night.\u201d What a peculiar climate they must have in that State ! And would any one have the goodness to tell the puzzled editor how the frost can be of great henefit to corn, as the telegram goes on to say it will, and aid it in ripening ?We have not had much experience in growing maize, and are willing to learn, but we must confess that we do not understand these two statements.% FROSTS IN NEBRASKA \u2018\u2019Omaha, Neb., September 21.\u2014 Light frosts fell in different portions of Nebraska last night, the temperature falling as low as forty degrees above zero.The frost will be of great benefit to corn, the growth of which will be stopped, and that portion which has not yet matured will quickly do so.Light frost will also place the corn out of danger from heavier frosts later.Further frosts are predicted for tonight by the United States Weather Bureau.\u201d x IMPROVEMENT OF SEED.\u2014 A well known English Seedsman, a certain Mr T.A.Garton, proposes to establish an extensive experiment farm in the Canadian-West, for the purpose of improving our seed- grain.Of course, he and his associates hope to obtain liberal assistance from the Liberal Government.and hints are given that the United-States Government, is, or rather was, very anxious to secure their services for that country ; but.as the promotors are all Englishmen, they prefer starting operations in Canada.The idea at present is to secure 10,000 acres of good land, and on this to pursue the work of seed improvement.It is likelv that the Dominion Government will ro CE, ma: fo ré ec TE ad 188 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE : make a considerable grant towards the establishment of this enterprise, for it is along the line which the Department of Agriculture has been pursuing for some time.Xe Porklings or, according to more modern phraseology, porkets, are the small - pigs so greatly favoured on the London market.As we for some years used to send some hundred or so of these delightful little roasters \u2018\u2018up to town\u2019\u2019, as we used to say, we may, perhaps, be able to give a few hints on the method of breeding, feeding, etc., the youngsters, that may, though it is doubtful, lead to their introduction to the Montrealers that know how to dine.First of all, it would be well to see that for the breeding of porkets both sire and dam be of one of the pure white sort ; not too much given to acquire fat, for the food they are to get will be sure to make plenty of that.The young ones should remain with the sow for about eight weeks, and during the latter part of their suckling thev should have a though, separated from their mother's compartment, and supplied with the most delicate food on the swine\u2019s bill- of-fare, viz., skim-milk and barley-meal.Upon this, and nothing else, the young ones are to be fed until, at the age of, say, 15 or 16 weeks they are made to suffer the attacks of the fatal knife.» We see, by a paragraph in one of our English papers, that \u201c\u201cThe Londoner or Porket pig should be compact, of fair length, light in the head and shoulders, deep in rib, wide in loin,and long and deep in the quarters, fine in the bone, skin, and hair, and weighine when dressed about 60 lb.; this weight should be arrived at by the time the pig is at least five months old, if in four months so much the better, as the proportion of fat and bone will be less and the meat more tender.\u201d but we differ as to the weight as set by our confrère.We hold that 6 store, or 8 lbs each, 48 lbs., is the real top- weight of the London roaster.Should any one supply Montreal with a few of these delightful little beasts, we may tell their purchasers how to treat them for the table : » Roast one leg, havino previously stuffed it with a very little chopped onions and plenty of sage-meed not eat the stufi- ing unless you like; apple-sauce to be served to eat with the pork.Put the other leg in a mild brine of common salt for, say, a week or, at the outside, ten days ; boil it\u2014well done\u2014and serve it with persnips and pease-pudding.The other parts of the pig can be broiled as chops, or salted, as above, except the loin which must be roasted.No food can be more delicate than the head\u2014split of course,\u2014 salted and boiled.Oh ! it is so different from ordinary pork, the whole of the little darling is, that we are sure if it once got access to the Montreal market there would be a great call for it.%* Glad to see this verv sensible paracraph in the French Edition of the Journal ; \u201cPlough deeply in the fall the land you intend for roots next season.Land thus opened-up is more freely subject to the favourable influence of the alternate thaws and frosts of the winter and spring.\u201d I TK Suggestions for Beginners -in Alfalfa Culture The results of experiments in alfalfa culture at the Indiana Experiment Station are interesting.A recemt bulletin says: Of a few things we are absolutely sure.One of these is that the land for alfalfa must be thoroughly drained, either naturally or artificially, and that all lands which are subject to overflow, or are liable to have standing water of any kind upon them at any time, are also unfit for alfalfa.It has been demonstrated time and again that alfalfa cannot exist in the presence of ae ES de \u2014 = 775 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 189 standing water on or near the surface of the ground.The usual water level in the soil should not be higher than four feet below the surface, and on the heavier types of soils rood drainage must be provided for all surplus rain water.SOIL AND FERTILIZATION.There is a great deal of substantial evidence that goes to show that almost any type of soil, from heavy clays to sandy and gravellv loams, will give satisfactory results with alfalfa if the drainage is good and the soil is otherwise in good crop- producing condition.Many people make the fatal mistake of expectin~ alfalfa to do well on soils that are not fit to properly produce any kind of a crop.Due consideration must be given to the fact that alfalfa requires large amounts of plant food.After it is thoroughly established and properly inoculated with its nitrogen-gathering bacteria, alfalfa will supply itself with nitrogen from the air, but all mineral food elements must come from the soil, and as the crop is naturally a large producer, large quantities are required.Only soils that are in good condition should be used \u201c for alfalfa.Wherever some special fertilization is desired to hasten development, stable manure is one of the best things that can be used.Numerous experiments and the experience of many farmers have shown that stable manure not only helps to insure a good stand and strong growth but that it also greatly facilitates the inoculating process, and often special inoculation is not necessary where manure is used.From five to ten.tons per acre should be applied, according to the quan- ty available and the probable needs of the soil.Concerning methods of applying manure, the bulk of the evidence is in favor of plowing it under, although well rotted manure may be advantageously disked into the surface.When sufficient manure is not to be had and a commercial fertilizer is to be used, a mixture containing 1 to 2 p.c.of nitrogen, 6 to 8 p.c.of phosphoric rr acid and 6 to 8 p.c.of potash, applied at the rate of 300 or 400 lbs.per acre, will probably give the best results.Concerning the use of lime for alfalfa on Indiana soils, we have not yet secured sufficient data to warrant us in making any definite recommendations.In the experiments with alfalfa on the University Farm, lime has been applied at different times without any apparent effect.In other sections of the state.we have been able to learn of but few cases where lime has been used for alfalfa, and in none of these has it shown any important effect.SOIL PREPARATION AND SEEDING.Alfalfa cannot be successfully established on ground that is infested with weeds.This is another of the things of which we are absolutely sure.Young alfalfa is very sensitive to the presence of weeds and there are very few cases where it will not be crowded down and out sooner or later if weeds are permitted to grow, and they surely will grow if there are any live seeds near the surface of the ground.Trouble with weeds, especially in spring seeding, has been the most potent cause of failure to secure satisfactory results with alfalfa in Indiana.Few people realize how full of weed seeds the ground really is, even where careful cultivation has been the rule.A corn field; for example, may be perfectly free of weeds in the fall after a season of careful cultivation, but next spring, when the ground is either stirred up to properly prepare it for the next crop, a fresh lot of weed seeds is brousht near the surface.With most crops these might not be particularly noticed, but if alfalfa is sown they are bound to get in its way.The common Foxtail is by far the most troublesome weed that we have to deal with in this connection.A number of other grass like weeds, such as crab grass and tickle grass are also frequently - heard of as troublesome to young alfalfa.There is only one way to escape from trouble of this kind, and that is by destroying the weeds before sowing the alfalfa.This may be done at any time dur- ui ms tes tre a is ee he a 190 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE ing the spring or summer by harrowing the ground every week or ten days for a period of a month or six weeks after it has been plowed and otherwise fully prepared for the alfalfa.A longer period of time is necessary for this weed-killing process in the spring than later in the season, because germination is slower in the colder soil, and the weed seeds must be thor- ourhly sprouted before harrowing will destrov them.À few vears ago most of our people who pretended to know anything about alfalfa seedling, recommended the use of a nurse crop to keep down weeds, but many recent experiences have shown that the nurse-crop idea is wrong.The nurse crop is more or less of a weed in itself, and both weeds and nurse crop must be avoided by a period of clean culture before sowing the alfalfa.In counting the cost of establishing an alfalfa field, we should alwavs take into account that this one soil reparation and scedine if properly accomplished, will be good for manv years.If the soil is in poor condition and the stand imperfect, there will be just so much of a loss every year that the crop occupies the ~round.Alfalfa should always be put in place where it can be left for at least five or six vears.It does not attain its best development until about three years old, and 1t may be kept in good condition almost indefinitely.INOCULATION.Concerning soil inoculation for alfalfa, we can only sav at the present time that it seems to be necessary in about half of the cases where the crop is first introduced.Tt is quite probable that the spread of alfalfa culture is already having some effect in lessening the need of artificial in- oeulation.The experiments reported in this bulletin show that in many cases nodules developed without special inoculation, and many similar cases have come to our notice in the last two vears.It has often been observed that where manure is applied the need of especial inoculation may be avoided.The so-called pure cultures of bacteria for inoculation have not produced noticeable results in a single instance where we have tried them.Wherever inoculation is considered necessary, we would advise the use of soil from à good alfalfa field where the bacteria are known to exist.At least 100 or 200 lbs.of clean soil should be used per acre, and if at all possible it should be incorporated with the seed.CLIPPING.The information we have concerning the clipping of alfalfa during the first season is too contradictorv to permit of making any general rule.It seems, however, that clipping has sometimes been overdone and that voung alfalfa should rather be allowed to grow undisturbed so long as it is doing well and does not bloom.With early seeding, one clipping in the latter part of August will generally be advisable.Otherwise clippin~ should only be practiced when the growth seems checked, or the tops of the plants turn yellow.If not too heavv the cut material should be left on the ground to act as a mulch.All growth, after the middle of September, should be allowed to die down naturally for protection to the roots over winter.CUTTING FOR HAY.When alfalfa is used for haymaking it should be mowed whenever about one- tenth of it has come into bloom, regardless of size.The general treatment in curing the hay is the same as that for clover, but great care must be exercised in handling it to avoid breaking off and losing the leaves, which dry quickly and are then very brittle.PASTURING.Alfalfa should never be pastured the first season, and in many cases, it will be best to use it for mowing during the second season, in order that it may become thoroughly established before animals are allowed to tramp over it.It should never be pastured c.oselv.as close pasturing in- THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 191 jures the crowns of the plants.Horses and sheep are more likely to do damage in this way than are cattle or hogs.Alfalfa makes excellent pasture for all kinds of livestock, and it is especially desirable for hogs during hot weather.With cattle and sheep, care must he exercised to avoid bloating.At first the animals should be turned in for only a short time each day until they become accustomed to it, and when the alfalfa is wet, as after a rain, there is still greater need of care.It is wise to be a little more careful than with clover.Ap ok The effect of Alfalfa on the Soil The Hoard\u2019s Dairvman farm is a heavy clay.thirty feet deep.It has always been difficult to work the soil as early in the spring as would be well to do on this account.The present spring is very late and the soil has heen abundantly soaked with rain and snow water.Owr first plowing occurs in a field where alfalfa was grown for several years.We notice a marked change in the way the land turns to fur- row.It is more loose.friable, less lumpy ° and appears better drained, warmer and quicker.It has also deepened in color to what it was eight years ago when we first plowed it.We cannot help but think | that most of this desirable change is due to the growing of repeated crops of alfaifa on that field.This is the third vear it has been plowed since the breaking of the alfalfa sod.We will sow it to early peas for the cannery and as soon as thev are harvested, will sow it to .alfalfa alone as we : did a similar piece last vear.Not the least of the benefits derived from alfalfa is its grindine.breaking up effect on the subsoil.as well as the adding of nitrogen and a large amount of humus.Another marked effect is the killing of weeds.The cutting of three crops in a summer for two vears will kill pretty much all of the weeds.The easiest ground, to keep free of weeds, we ever had is where alfalfa has heen grown.; makino the The Value of Fall Cultivation In order to get the land into the best mechanical condition for the production of cereal crops and at the same time obtain control of the various weeds which of late vears have taken possession of our fields, fall cultivation, with a short rotation of crops is essential.As soon as possible after haying all clover intended to be followed by corn or roots should be carefully ploughed ; the ploughing of each day being harrowed down before night.In about a week or less the weed seeds brought near the surface will have germinated and the tiny plants show green over the field, when this happens go over the land with a broad shared cultivator cutting not more than about two inches deep, the effect of this will be to destroy weeds of everv class before they can become established and at the same time provide a mulch upon the surface sufficient to conserve moisture and promote fermentation.This at the interval of another week should be followed by a thorough cultivation with a lance-toothed cultivator, lappine the work so as in fact, to cover the ground twice.By working the land in this way alternately each week with broad shared and lance-toothed cultivators, slichty deeper cach time of going over it, bacterial action will be promoted, moisture conserved, and everv weed seed near the surface caused to germinate and be therefore destroyed.At the end of September or early in October a suitable im- to rib up the lang, ridges about sixteen inches apart.If when this is done there are any hollows or even slicht depressions in which water can lie, a man with brains should be sent on the field with a narrow round nosed shovel to cut water furrows or channels in such a way as to effectually surface drain the whole.The land can then be laid by for the winter.Under ordinary circumstances fields treated as above may be successfully worked two weeks earlier in the spring.than those upon which insufficient cultivation was done in the fall, and plement may be used rE eG Th HA ONS meh bad.1 impr ype, a tons FET ee 192 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE the resulting crops will be at least fifty per cent.larger.In one case well known to the writer, where this system has been followed for some years, oats or mixed grains have averaged ninety bushels per acre, while clover has never failed and in fact has always yielded fully double the crop produced on adjoining farms where spring cultivation was chiefly practised.Of course with regard to the use of tools or the exact time for doing each particular item of the work, no cast iron rule can be laid down, for instance, it may happen that under some circumstances it would be best policy to disk a field where the sod was heavy, before cultivating it, and in the case of heavy land, particularly when the season is wet, favorable opportunities must be seized for cultivating.What has here been said with regard to grass or clover land applies with equal if not greater force to stubble fields.In the Province of Ontario it is often the practice to send down all grain and farmers object to losing their seed, but if our farms are to be freed from the weed curse and are to be brought up to their highest producing power fall cultivation must be practiced.In our Western Provinces this system requires to be carried out rigidly or serious results will follow.\u2014Farm.World.\u2014_\u2014 Eastern Townships, Quebec Notes The hay crop is now all stored away.It was not such a laborious work as usual as it was the lightest crop Quebec has seen for many years.It will not be more than a twothird crop if even that.Clover was largely a failure owing to the severity of the winter and late cold spring.Instead of seeing large fields of clover as is usual only here and there wag noticed a field, and that was generally thin.We hear occasionally of farmers who cut on their best land, 2 ans 2 1-2 tons of clover per acre or only about two- thirds of what is usually cut.Timothy was light, but of good qualitv.heavy to handle and should feed out well.Many who depend largely on hay to winter their stock, will have to cut down their stock, go into the market and buy fodder, or provide some substitute.Oats cut on the green side will help them out quite a bit.I think one mistake that most farmers make is allowing our oat crop to become ripe before being cut.We do not place sufficient value on the oat straw, which if used in conjunction with roots or ensilage will make a roughage that is not only palatable but nutritious.In Scotland farmers who feed cattle extensively feed largelv on straw and turnips and as a concentrated food use oil-cake very liberally.We try to get the best of the grain crop by allowing it to become ripe before the binder is put to work, when we lose the largest grains bv shelling.We mav harvest a little sooner too, when cut on the green side and grain well stooked will come out all right.We will get as much rood grain and a much better quality of straw.Quebec sends each vear many tons of hay to market, but this year she will not reap the returns in cash for hay and this will be a hardship in many sections where the hay is depended on as the chief income from the land.It may however be a blessing in disguise as it will lead hay- producing, hay-selling farmers to change their methods.The oat crop is fairlv good.We have seen some excellent crops, and again some very light ones, especially among the late sown fields.These are more or less affected with a species of rust, and manv of the leaves have turned brown.I notice that this is a common complaint, not onlv here but in Ontario and the States.Some fields that are badly affected will no doubt give small returns in grain and the straw will be of little use for feed even if cut green, as Stock do not relish leaves affected by this blight.Barley is good and promises a nice crop.Peas will be a fair cut, but only a small acreage was sown as compared with some few years ago when Quebec was the pea grewing province of the Dominion. pres EE pu x THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 193 Corn has done remarkably well, and never in my experience have I noticed such remarkable growth in such a short time as since.July lst.Many fields that looked sickly and worthless have developed into fine stretches of waving corn promising a good yield per acre, while there are fields that had most favorable conditions, of soil, fertility, and care, where the scuffler was used freely when the weather was hot and dry, that will give usually heavy crops, which well relieve the shorage of the hay crop.Owing to the heavy hay crops of 1903-04 and 1905, manv dairvmen and stockmen discontinued the silo, but are now glad to go back again to corn silage, and those who are equipped with a wellfilled silo this fall will have nothine to fear from a shortage of fodder.More new silos have been built in consequence than for the past three vears.Potatoes are doing well, and at this writing early potatoes are good and large and free from bli~ht, the beetle has been exceedingly bad in sections, but occasional dressings with Paris green or Bug Death usually fixes them.Roots are onlv a fair crop.Turnips were badly fly-eaten in some sections, and man- gels and carrots did not come on well the first part of the season.Small fruits have been remarkablv plentiful both wild and tame, and numbers of berrypickers have enjoyed a day\u2019s outing in the berry- fields.Apples are not a promising crop, although a full blossom, yet there are few apples.The output of dairy products will be much less than last year although there are as many cows in milk, the milk-flow will be much less per cow, owing to the short pasturace all season, scarcely has there been the full \u2018\u2018bite\u2019\u2019 in June and Julv that our pastures are noted for.The price of cheese averagine hicher than butter, caused nearlv all the combined factories to make cheese, but as prices of butter rise many will return to butter makino acain.\u2014\u2018 Habitat.\u201d Wheat Yield may be Doubled Prof.MacBride advance stricking Theory in regard tv Heredity in Grain.\u2014 Cause of Hardness.Prof.E.W.MacBride, of McGill University, has just returned from a summer holiday spent in Great Britain and Belgium.While in England he visited Cambridge where he was much interested in the experiments which have been conducted there for the last two years in wheat heredity.As a result of these experiments Prof.Mac- Bride is assured that the Canadian wheat vield of Manitoba will before long be increased fully 100 per cent, without in the least destroying the quality of the grain ; and that a new epoch in plant heredity is about to transform farming conditions throughout the wheat growing world by proving that the hard wheat of Canada is net due to climatic conditions, but to the nature of the seed.The idea of the Agricultural Department of the University of Cambridee is to combine the hard qualitv which enables Canadian wheat to make such good flour, with the larger head of the English wheat, the new grain retaining the hardness of one and the size of the other.The yield per acre of this new seed will be at least 100 per cent.greater than is obtained at present.It has been satisfactorily proved that in two years one can tell exactlv what cross gives stability, and the cross between Canadian and English wheat has been proved successful.Lord Strathcona is much interested in this vital question, and went to Cambridge to consult with Prof.MacBride as to the possibilities of the application of the new idea to the Canadian yield.There is a difference of opinion among scientists as to what causes the hardness of Canadian wheat, Prof.MacBride believing it is simply a matter of heredity,while others regard it as owing to climatic conditions.Prof.MacBride, while in England, was impressed with the care exercised in the great educational centres to prevent fire, 194 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE every possible means being taken in the matter of fireproof doors, and concrete floors.The work done by Mr.J.Simpson, a Montrealer, and a McGill graduate, at the British Museum is much appreciated by the authorities, and Prof.MacBride, regards him as the most distinguished man devoting his life to scientific research that McGill has educated.While in London Prof.MacBride read a paper before the Roval Society, of which he is a fellow\u2014 Star.A ra Hay Grown Cheaply Mr.Ernest Parke, of Kineton, Gloster- shire again records interesting results from the vruss experiments which he is carry- ino on under the advice of Dr Dyer.The sixth hay crop, which, like most of the was late, amounted when the land\u2014a poor Warwickshire clay\u2014was left to itself to 14 cwt.per acre in one field and 17 cwt.per acre in the other.Phosphatic manure alone, superphosphate and basic slag in the other in the soil), gave and nitrate of soda alone (1 1-2 ecwt.per acre) an average of nearly 38 cwt.per acre.Where nitrate and superphosphate or slag were used together the average yield was nearly 46 cwt.per acre, being an increase of fully 30 ewt.of hay per acre over that of the unmanured plots.As the average cost of the manures is well under 30s, it follows that the additional vield_ costs under 20s per ton to grow.The herbage on the various plots varies considerably, the best qualitv\u2014a good mixture of vrasses and clovers\u2014being that found where the mixed manures are used.After the hay is gathered the whole of cach field is promiscuously grazed every year, with the result that the unmanured portions (which are not fenced off) are, by natural means, sharing some of the improvement due to the richness of the manured portion.Tn the earlier vears of the hav this year, in one field (oWinu to differences an average of nearly 40 cwt.per acre, experiments \u2018these only yielded from a quarter to half a ton of hay per acre.Mr Parke considers, therefore, that the difference in present yield between the dressed and the undressed land does not indicate the full value of the improvement effected hy the fertilisers.ee = The Cuebec Crops .The Department of Agriculture of the province of Quebec lately issued information as to the general condition of the crops on the 15th of August.It now gives a few other notes on the hav and notato crop.Hayv.\u2014The making and housing of the hay in good condition having been rather difficult on account of the bad weather,this crop, which accordino to the previous appreciations, ought to have given nearly a medium vield, seems to he decidedly helow the averace in quantity and quality.In certain counties ( Terrebonne, Arthabaska, Compton, ete.) , where the vield was very satisfactory, the hay will, however, sell hich the provision of last vear being exhausted.Several counties\u2014for instance, Jacaues-Cartier, Chateauguay, Huntingdon, Missisquoi, Brome.etc.\u2014will have to procure hay outside of their limits.As tre hay harvest has been finished while the barns were empt- and new provision had to be made, it is easily understood that the price of hay remains high everywhere.Potatoes.\u2014In spite of the weak yields noticed in the counties of Two Mountains, St.ITyacinthe, Chateaugnay.Huntingdon.and Missisquoi, this important crop might have viven, this vear.a good medium result.Unfortunately, as the season gets on, damage caused by rot is noticed on several points (Terrebonne, Brome, Artha- baska, Compton, Quebec, etc.) Before any accurate information can be given about the actual yield of sound tubers, we must wait till more of the divoing is done.However, it mav be expected that this crop.which holds so important a place in provincial aoriculture, will bring steady prices on the markets.H.NAGANT.rs ai Sm es mé < THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 195 Importance of the Clover Crop The failure of clover is hecoming continually a more serious matter with farmers.Each year the failures seem to be more frequent and general.1 am familiar with quite g large section of farming country where the farmers make a systematic effort to grow clover as regularly as other crops in rotation.This Summer I know of only one small field of clover that is worth while cutting for hay.So far as I know this Spring's sowing has been a success, but the hardest struvole proba- blv is ahead when the wheat comes off and it is exposed to dry weather and the hot sun.Then when Winter comes there is exposure to sharp freezes and quick thawings.These are gauntlets that the crop must run and no farmer can avoid them followinv the present system of farm- ino.Farmers feel the loss gf the crop more than they used to and consequently more is said about it.The land is lacking in humus to a greater extent than it used to be; and we have shorter rotations.The small orain crops with which clover is in the main sown to start it become vradually heavier, and the draft on the moisture in the soil greater, making it more difficult for clover to survive during a drouth.All these points tend towards failure of the crop.Our fields are more exposed to the winds than formerly which adds to the strength of the frost and the famishing force of drouths.It is a failing of the American farmer when a blade of grass or a stem of clover makes a strong showing to try to turn it into beef, mutton or pork.In this effort to utilize it he entirely forgets that the plant may need a little Winter protection.He does not understand how little is often sufficient to save the plant irom frost destruction.Where the clover is not pastured it is often allowed to perfect its seed, which is as fatal to the crop next year as the Winter freezing ; clipping would save the crop where itis so forward as to bloom and perfect seed.Last April nearly the whole of the one- year-old clover crop was killed by the continued hard sharp freezing ; this the skill of no farmer could counteract.But many other mishaps that come to the crop as noted above can be guarded against.When clover is given the same care and attention the grain crops get 1 think there will be little complain of failure.As it is we grow wheat and corn and rye, and expect clover to give them all a \u201choost\u2019\u201d and at the same time make its start on the leavings of the other crops.Tet some of the farmers that fail with clover under these conditions try sowing clover alone on well prepared land and see if they do not succeed better.Clover does not need a nurse crop to protect it against the blighting effects of the Summer sun and wind.On the contrary it is a warm weather plant and revels in these things when it has the land alone\u2014but they are more than likely to prove its death when it starts with wheat or other small grain crops that are taken off and leave it suddenly exposed to these elements.\u2014John M.Jamison.(Rural * ew Furker.) 4) Fok May have 150,000,000 bushels Wheat in 1908 ( Winnipag Commercial) The result of this season\u2019s farming operations in Central and Western Canada prove the statement the \u2018Commercial\u2019 has frequently made\u2014that the territorv is so large that the country will never experience a total failure of crops.This year, in the face of most discouraging circumstances in some parts, the total output will be one of the larrest in the country\u2019s historv.One can hardlv imagine a year in which conditions could be worse for the first part of the summer.Seedin~ was delayed for three or four weeks in the spring, causin~ a curtailment of the acreage from what 1t would have been with more seasonable weather.Then for a considerable period after seeding weather came, the crowing conditions were unfavorable in many dis- Lm Ts ie dom Meanie cope iG 196 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE tricts.The southern part of Manitoba,par- Mix raw linseed oil with the gas or ticularly.suffered from the dry weather.coal tar until it is of the consistency of However, when good weather set in, the growth all over the countrv was remarkable.We cannot help imagining what a huge cron would have been reaped this fall if the farmers had been able to plough the amount of land thev intended, and had the climatic conditions been even fair in the sprino.Thinking of these circumstances makes us look forward with high hopes to future good seasons.If next year will be at all better than this one, the increased acreage and the greater yield per acre should give the part of the Dominion an output of wheat in the vicinity of 150, 000,000 bushels.We are not, however, making any predictions yet.We simply draw attention to the fact that since we did not meet disaster this vear, a worse season cannot verv well come about.The result of the 1907 crops should place beyond all doubt the stability and resourcefullness of this wonderful country.eee pee Tarring Seed Corn Hoard\u2019s Dairyman.\u2014 Seeing, a short, time ago, a method of tarring corn, cribed in vour paper, I send which works perfectly.my method, 3 Ao.es | followed of four quarts of the mixture will tar des- thin paint, a small amount of oil makes the tar thicker, almost like thin putty, but keep on adding and stirring till it gets just right.Then I take a ten pound butter pail with a c«ver, fill the pail two-thirds full of corn, dip a paddle, (I make a common wooden paddle,) in the oil and tar, and stir through the corn about half a teaspoonful of the mixture ; after getting it evenly distributed put the cover on the pail and shake same, as we see them do with milk shake or lemonade, turning the pail meantime.In this way everv kernel will get a very little tar; it is drv in a few minutes and not at all stickv, will run through a drill or planter just as well as corn not tarred, will rattle throuch the fingers just the same, and will absolutely prevent crows from taking it: thev tire of the corn pulling job right awav.A man can tar from ten to fifteen bushels in a day and by a little practice can get on just the right amount to suit him.I have this method, for six or eight vears, and don\u2019t think the crows have pulled a peck of corn in this time.Three six or eight bushels of corn.\u2014F.W.Johns.Penn.«Fhe ee cern 1 \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 a en rer eV fc THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 197 - \u201cSN WR, LE ; ET =m 5 pt a er ATTERS (CONDUCTED BY Miss M.G.JENNER-FUST) HALLOWE'EN.Many are the superstitions that surround and are connected with the keeping of the Eve of All Saints\u2019 Day which is known to all as Hallowe'en.Perhaps it is among the Scotch that it is most observed, but still all children in Canada no matter what their nationality look forward to the fun and frolic of that evening.Legend and superstition have handed down to the present generation many queer observances.Blowing out lighted candles as a test of friendship or true love, wearing masks and lighting by lanterns are reallv the outcome of superstitious customs of many years ago, when people were bewitched and signs and spells were seriously believed in, by almost all classes.What a fascination these legends and stories have for the young especially when they begin with the mysterious words of \u201cOnce upon a time\u201d, or \u2018\u2018Many, many years ago there lived.\u201d Superstition is not a thing to be encouraged, still there is no doubt that a little of it lends a charm to all games and fun at this time of year.Any amount of innocent fun can be had out of a ghost party.The guests arrive wearing masks and draped in long white sheets which are so arranged as to prevent any possible clue to the identity of the wearer.A number is attached to each one\u2019s arm the even numbers for the girls and the uneven for the boys.All talk in assumed voices for an hour or so.The guests who have each been supplied with a pencil and paper try and discover the name of the owners of the different numbers.The numbers and the names must be written side bv side.The one guessing the greatest number naturally secures the prize.The object is, of course, to make as many as possible give their identity away during dancing or conversation.After an hour or so of this kind of fun, the guests should all unmask and then indulge in games of all sorts.No Hallowe'en supper in complete without the cake, which should have as many candles as possible stuck over the top.Fach guest in turn wishes and tries to blow out at a single puff the candle nearest to him.If thev are successful the wish will come true, but if the unfortunate blows out more than one candle, then disappointment will be theirs.The supper table can be made pretty and interesting by decorating it with things appropriate to Hallowe'en.Hanoing from the chandelier by ribbons should be a large pumpkin lantern ; at the four corners of the table smaller nump- kins may be placed, while here and there on the table larce red apples, scooped out in the same way as the pumpkins and with candle inserted, make very pretty lights.FASHION HINTS Many of this season\u2019s skirts are being made box-pleated, but this style is only suitable for thin cloths.Walking skirts are short but evening or dance skirts are worn quite long.Skirts fit tightlv over the hips, but are very full at the hem.Pretty, blouses are made from plain coloured flannels with collar and cuffs of plaid or striped silk.The new shirtwaists are decidedly severe and somewhat mannish in cut.Smocking is again fashionable and forms- very pretty and effective yokes and cuffs.Braid is used a great deal on thin materials as well as on the heavier cloths.Many skirts are finished at the hem with a band of silk or velvet about five inches in depth. 198 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE BOY'S COAT AND CLOTH SKIRT.HOW TO LIVE WELL.Be courteous to all, but intimate with few ; and let those few be well tried before vou rive them vour confidence.True friendship is a plant of slow growth, and must underco and withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the appellation.Iet vour heart feel for cious and | | | the afflic- , tions and distresses of every one, and let vour hand give in proportion to your purse : remembering always the estimation of the widow\u2019s mite, that it is not every one that asketh that deserveth cha- ritv : all, however, are worthy of the inquirv.or the deserving may suffer.Do not conceive that fine clothes make fine men, any more than fine feathers make fine birds.A plain, genteel dress is more admired.and obtains more credit, than lace and embroidery, in the eyes of the judi- sensible.\u2014From a letter by George Washinoton to his nephew, Bushrod Washington, 1783.WHO SHOULD WRITE OUR STORIES ?The love story\u2014Twain.The English story\u2014London.\u2019 The tearful storv\u2014Paine.The creditor\u2019s story\u2014Hope.The baby storv-\u2014Howells.The nowly wed story\u2014Batcheller.The young bud story\u2014Flower.The sarcastic storyv\u2014Cutting.What's the objection to adding : The helpful story\u2014Ade.The temperance story\u2014Wells.The sleepy storv\u2014Chambers.The incendiary storv\u2014Burnett.The traditional storv\u2014Chestnutt.The simple story\u2014Green.From \u201cLife.\u201d THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 199 THANKSGIVING COOKING.BOILED TURKEY.Clean, rub well with salt, pepper and lemon juice, and stuff with oysters, or with the ordinary bread suffing seasoned with summer savoury or chopped celery.Truss the legs and wings close to the bodv, then pin the fowl] in a cloth to keep it white and preserve the shape.Put into boiling water and allow to cook gentlv allowing twenty minutes to the pound, but if the turkey is steamed a little longer time should be allowed.Serve with oyster, celerv or caper sauce.Garnish with a border of hoiled rice and pour part of the sauce over the bird.ROAST GOOSE.Singe, remove the pin-feathers, and before it is cut or drawn wash aad scrub thoroughly in warm soap-suds, to open and cleanse the pores, and render the oil more easv to be extracted.Then draw, wash and rinse in clear water, and wipe dry.Stuff with mashed potatoes, highly seasoned with onions sage, salt and pepper or with equal parts of bread crumbs, chopped apples, and boiled onions seasoned with sage, salt and pepper.Sew and truss; put on a rack in a pan and cover the hreast with slices of fat salt pork.Place in the oven for three quarters of an hour.\u2018The pork fat is quickly drawn out by the heat, it flows over the goose and aids in drawing out the oil.When a good deal of the oil is extracted, take the pan from the oven and pour off all the grease.Remove the pork, dredge the goose with flour and place again in the oven, basting very often.Cook until brown and tender.Serve with a good gravy and apple sauce.SQUASH PIE FILLING Take one squash of medium size, peel, core, steam and strain.When cold thin with milk to the consistency of thick apple sauce.Allow four eggs to one quart of milk.Beat the eggs and add sugar, salt, and lemon juice to taste.(CONDUCTED BY MR.GEORGE MOORE) An Object Lesson An example, that \u2018\u2018there is more in the man than there is in the land\u2019\u2019, has recently come under my notice, and should be an encouracement to all the young readers of the Journal.t will he well to premise that Eastern Massachusetts is not, generally speaking, favourable to agriculture.It is true that in the intervales the soil can scarcely be equalled for fertility under careful cultivation, but the high lands are rocky and iull of boulders, with a growth ef small trees, chiefly deciduous.The soil | being a stiff clav.| To bring such land into cultivation so as to make it pay eventually, seems almost a hopeless task, and vet men have been bold and persistent enough to attempt it, and, if they have not allowed themselves to be discouraged, even by serious difficulties have been remarkably successful.As regards the high lands thus reclaimed from their barren condition there are certain advantages possessed by them over low lands; after the boulders have been removed the soil is maiden, even as to the growth of weeds, and therefore r1c- tains a full percentage of phosphoric :wid and carbon, and responds freely to the addition of nitrogenous manures.The land being high, the climate is more congenial as crops do not suffer from earlv and late frosts, the season for growth is prolonged, a matter of great moment in the culture of some crops in Northern latitudes.Again, in the event az md MS 200 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE of glass structures being used, and an entirely successful Market Garden cannot be carried on without them, a solid foundation will be found without the necessity of expensive work of buying and driving piles which would he required on most low situations.So much for the land, and now for the man.None but a man of powerful will and positive determination will dare to enter upon so venturesome an undertaking and preparing for cultivation stony land.Such is evidently Mr.M.of Milford, Mass., He had a natural taste for horticulture when a young man, and, in oposition to the advice of his friends, he acquired a small piece of rough and unpromising land about a mile from the town, where there would be in due time a demand for fresh vegetables; he went to work manfully to get the stones out of small patch and make it cultivable, on this he planted a crop of several kinds as cleaning of vegetables which he sold to his neighbours at a fair market price and thus oradually gained their confidence ; then, by strict economy he managed to save enough, after living expenses had been met, to enable him to clear a larger space, and so on annually, until after 39 years of the right exercise of brain and muscle he has 6 acres of Market-Garden rich in fertility, three up-to-date structures, one of wood and glass which he and his two who have grown up in the footsteps of their father built themselves, another of iron and glass, each of which are about 200 feet by 40, a smaller propreg- ating house and a number of cold frames.The houses are heated by powerful boilers, and water for irrigating purposes is supplied by a wind-mill pump.In the houses he grows lettuce, cucumbers and tomatoes for the winter trade.At this time the voung tomato plants ave locking remarkably healthy, and it is oxpeetea that the crop will be readv to begin on by thanksgiving day, and of cucumbers and lettuce there will be a full supply for Christmas.The principal out-door crops are Celery, Spinach, Beets, Dandelions &ec.sons, Of Celery he has been fortunate enough to raise a very superior variety, of which he holds the exclusive stock and was awarded the Massachusetts horticulture Society's large silver medal for it in 1906.It is nearly self bleaching, and is remarkable for its size, crispness, tenderness and sweet nutty flavor; it is therefore in great demand and commands the best price on the Boston market.Dandelions are also a paving .rop, it it is remarkable that the demand for them is chiefly confined to New England, very few being sold in New York or the West.This is accounted for by the [act that, the first settlers in New England found Dandelions plentiful, used them in the first place, as medicine and then begun to like them as a culinary vegetable, and as such they are now largely consumed.Beside supplying his neichbours Mr.Met- calf sells a large quantit:- of his produce through a Boston commission house which telephones him as to the quantities they are likely to dispose of to ship on a certain day and so he has all the advantages of the market, without the trouble and expense of keeping accounts against a number of customers and runs no risk of bad debts.The peculiar state of the weather has had the effect of causing a good deal of cele- rv to run to seed and thousands of plants which have done so have had to be pulled up and carted to the iuanure heap, entailing a heavy loss.There was however about an acre of the Metcalf\u2019s Golden Paschal, planted on land which had recently been brought into cultivation at a cost of $3,000, on which the plant had not run to seed ; thev were planted in rows 2 feet apart and 5 inches from plant to plant, and the plants touched each other, this crop alone will help to pay for clearing the land.In addition to the money laid out in clearing up the land and the hothouses, Mr.M.has built two comodious houses, one for himself and one for his married son, and a barn, which for architectural ap- ee THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE 201 pearance and utility is a model in every respect.So well satisfied is Mr.M.and his sons with their success that they have just purchased a large piece of the adjoining land quite as rough and stony, have commenced clearing a portion of it and intend building two more hot houses upon it similar to those they have already, and if Providence blesses them with the robust health they now enjov, their further success is assured.I remarked to Mr.M.that his outting for materials beside the labor must be considerable.Yes \u2018\u2018said he\u2019\u2019 we spend every year $1,500 for fertilizers, for labour $6,000, and $3,000 for fuel.In the neighbourhood of the large and growing mercantile and manufacturing cities of our own Province there are plenty of chances for young men of the right stamp to obtain similar results.GEO.MOORE.THE FARMER'S IMPORTANCE INCREASING.The farmer is beino looked upon as the real business man of the country, Mr.Wilson the United States Secretary of Agriculture says: \u2018\u201cThis producer of the real wealth of the country is coming to be more of a financier than it was ever thought he would, and the end is not yet.EDUCATE BY EXAMPLE In Mr.Wm.J.Stewart's address at the great Florists convention in Philadelphia occurs the followir- rassare the wisdom and importance of which cannot be over estimated.\u201cEvery Florist\u2019s home should be a shining object lesson.Show the neighbours and passers by the possibilities with sprine bulbs, with easily grown plants in bed and border, in piazza and window- box ; excite their dormant perceptions with rose and clematis and honeysuckle- bowered porch and pillar, impress them with the dignifying effect of ornamental trees and shrubbery, the cheery picture of evergreen in winter time.See that they are wisely instructed in the selection, planting and care of material and that they realise that the time is probably not far distant when back-yards and flowerless windows will pass as evidence of ignorance and squalor within.The public are in good mood to welcome such activity on the part of the florist, the newspapers are at all times disposed to assist, and the more the florist does in this direction the higher position will he occupy in the esteem of his townsmen.\u201d 2 Spectators Regaled with Melons From report of the Horticultural Exhibition at Worcester, Massachusetts Sep., 14, 1907.\u201cEspecially interesting was a showing of Montreal Nutmeg Melons from the Garden of Mr.George Marston Whitin, of Whitinsville, which were grown by Mr.George McWilliams, the gardener.The laroest of the melons weighed 22 1-2 pounds, second 20 1-4 pounds, and smallest 19 pounds.The melons were the principal of the day, and when Mr.McWilliams said that the largest was to be cut and distributed to the people present there was great rejoicing.: Mr.Secretary, Adin A Hixon, straightway set about dissecting the melon, soon a large crowd was gathered round the table eating melon which was of the most delicious flavor.Mr.McWilliams has been trying for the last 12 or 13 years to raise Montreal melons from seed purchased in Worcester County and Boston, but has failed until he got some two years ago direct from Mr.Ewing of Montreal, and the result is that he has the largest and most delicious melons ever seen here ; all of the horticulturist were much interested in their growth.5 Bae) 202 Harvesting Vegetables In harvesting most garden vegetables care should be taken to remove all refuse that would contain the germs of disease or the eggs almost invisible of some insect pest.Potato stalks if affected some lime and sods and so furnish a valuable addition next spring to fertilizer and manure.Squash and pumpkins are most susceptible to frost and may be covered for a week or two, if the vine is still growing, with old newspapers or pieces of bagging, and when removed from the vine they should be cut so as to leave a few inches of stem attached, as when broken off close to the fruit, decay is liable to set in rapidly.Cucumbers should be picked every day or two, as if allowed to ripen the formation of new fruit is checked and the vines hearing.Tomatoes unless already supported by stakes or trellis should have a bunch of hay or a shingle placed under where thev are and they should be picked regularly and fast before they become dead ripe.Otherwise, although sometimes by contact with the warm soil the fruit ripens earlier, still rot and worms play havoc with the maturing fruit.out for another month, although with with the blight should be gathered and burned and all rub- | for a dav or two before they divide and bish not infected may be composed with : | kept like cabbage and a surplus may be stop | THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE or burst.If the plants are partly pulled, enouch to break most of the roots, their growth will be checked and some of the earlv sorts are on account of their better flavor the best for home use in winter.Cauliflower must be gathered every few days as thev are only in good condition be start running to seed.They cannot pickled in salt and water or vinegar for use throughout the winter.Beans and peas unless wanted for winter use and for seed should also be picked every few days or they will stop pod bearing.The root crops, turnips, carrots, parsnips, beets and onions may be left for some yet, as they are all quite hardv.especially the parsnips which many people leave in the ground all winter, but this can only be done successfully in some well drained locations, for I have found that the soil which gives the heaviest yield of parsnips, a level piece of black loam, is liable to hold so much water that during a soft clusters period of weather, they start to decay at apt to lay on the ground \u2019 \u2019 y .Corn, especially, the dwarf sugar varieties, does not keep long in a good con- ; dition for table use and needs to be gathered every few days.It is a mistake to | remove the tassels as many do, as that is the male blossom of the corn plant, the : silk being the female, and it takes a union Cabbage and similar plants may remain - of the two to produce a perfect ear.\u2014E.MacKinlay.Jr early varieties the heads are apt to split Halifax, N.S.\u2014Farm.World.7 ke E THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE 203 The Dairy Makers should Attend the Dairy School It is questionable if as many of our makers attend the Dairy School as the importance of their profession demands.A movement is under way in Ontario to prohibit anyone without a Dairy School certificate from taking charge of a factory.This is a commendable move and I feel sure will commend itself to the leading dairy authorities of the Province of Quebec.With the splendid new Dairy School at St.Hyacinthe, the makers of Quebec are in a position to improve themselves in their vocation very materially, and it is to be hoped that a full complement of students will be enrolled for all the courses.No one can afford to remain stationary in their business nowadays, progress must be made and no surer way to make it is available to all Quebec butter and cheese makers than a course at the St.Hyacinthe Dairy School.It is the educated man to-day who is able to adapt himself to the needs of the locality and to instruct the dairymen how to carry on their business successfully.These are the men who are holding responsible positions, and they have received special training through our dairy schools.While we have a few men of the very highest standing in the dairy business who have never taken advantage of the opportunity afforded them by our various colleges, it cannot he gain-said that these same men would have obtained their training and knowledge in a much shorter time tad they attended a good dairy school or coliege.It is special training that fits the man for his chosen work, and which taken in conjunction with some years of practical experience quickly developes a man into a leader among his fellow men.New, I beg to quote various Dairy School Professors of the United States who, in answer to Prof.H.S.Slater, of Lafayette, Ind.\u2026.as to what are the benefits derived from attending a Dairy School, expressed opinions which must bear weight amongst the dairymen and makers of the Prov.of Quebec.Prof.C.D.Smith, Dean of Agriculture, Michigan Dairy School, wrote as follows : \u201cThe advantage to the state is not a matter of opinion ; it is too patent.Over 3-5 of the cheese factories are now managed by young men who have taken our course, and over 2-5 of the creameries in the state are so managed.The inspectors of our Dairy and Food Commission come from our dairy schools.The teachers of dairy husbandry in many other states.are taught here, and so we think that it has gone beyond the realm of opinion when we say that the dairy school has been of great advantage to the state and to the country.The total number who have taken these courses in the past ten years is 547\u201d.In replying to the same inquiry Prof.R.R.Pearson, of New York, said amongst other things : \u2018Last summer I sent an inquiry to all the students of the short course class of the preceding winter, and asked how their positions then compared with their positions one year earlier as to responsibility and salary.The replies were very definite and satisfactory.Some of them are given below : \u201cH.E.A., Alleganv Co., cheese-make : \u201cMy salary is the same as last year and responsibility is greater; am now a partner in the business.\u2019 \u201cH.E.A., Alleganv Co., cheese-maker : \u201cAm head man this year.Receive $20.more a month.\u201cE.G., Cortland Co., manager creamery: \u201c This\u2018 year get $20 per month, more and am in charge.: \u201cC.H.L.Oswego Co., butter-maker and helper : \u201cMy salary is $10 per month more and responsibility greater.\u201cS.M., Broome Co., bottling plant : foreman in milk & 201 \u201cResponsibility much greater, and salary $30 per month more.\u201d \u201cH.L.N., Schoharie Co., first man in creamery : \u201cThe responsibility is greater and my salary is larger by 815 per month.Prof.Pearson stated the number of students in attendance during the past ten years to be 995.Prof.E.H.Harrinoton, of Wisconsin, in replying, states as follows : \u2018I think there is no doubt that the instruction which the students have obtained in the past years in the dairy school has helped wonderfully in keeping up the standard of our factories and dairy farms.The number of students in attendance has been 1906.A large proportion of our em- ploves in the dairy and food commissioner\u2019s office are graduates of Wisconsin dairy school, and all of the seventeen instructors under my direction at the Wisconsin dairy school are former students of the school.\u201d And so I could go on with quotation after quotation of what the Dairy Professors of the States and Canada consider the value of a dairy school course.Those who are engaged in dair- school work have yet many things to learn as well as those who are taught, and I believe it is a matter of congratulation for the Province of Quebec that its dairy school has at its head men who are able to practice what they preach.Not that the scientific man should be discredited in any way, but science and practice must go hand in hand, and that our students will be able to reap the highest possible benefits it is well that our dairy school instructors are capable of applyino experience and scientific methods in practical shape.Let every cheese and butter maker make an effort to attend one of the courses at St.Hyacinthe this winter, and the more experience he has had, the better position he is in to raceive valuable assistance in his vocation.Those who have already taken a course should not let that reason deter them from attending again, for a \u2018exhibits excelled, \u2018any, there might be a deficiency.This en- THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE dairy course can never be valueless and should prove a source of education and brushing up, even if indulged in every two or three years regularly.H.Weston Parry, Pitnceton, Ont.2% JK Testing Rutter and Cheese as to be Done at Wisconsin University Dairy School Hoard\u2019s Dairyman.\u2014 I was much interested in reading a short article in the Dairyman for April 12, page 302, considering the \u201cTesting of Butter and Cheese by the University Dairy School.\u201d This appears to be an excellent idea, and if fullv carried out, would be of the greatest value to those concerned.1 conclude it is intended more particularly for creameries and cheese factories, but I would like to know if those making these products on the farm, would not be entitled to the same privileges and benefits ?It would seem that this should be the case for the greatest benefit to all, for in all dairy states, there must be a considerable number of dairymen who make butter or cheese, largely the first.We have quite a proportion who do this in Vermont, and with excellent success too.Perhaps this would not come within the province of the work as laid out, as it must add quite largely to it, and might not, therefore, be practicable.For quite a good many years there has been an exhibit of butter and cheese made at the annual winter meeting of the Vermont Dairymen\u2019s Association.These products were judred !- experts, in accordance with a scale of points, determining their rating in each.so that exhibitors and visitors, could tell at once by the attached score card the results of the examination, as received by each exhibitor.It would thus be easy to see in what point the and in what respect, if ables the exhibitor to quickly see wherein any improvement could be made in his product.This would be of much value, as \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 ee - - SS - THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 205 will be seen by the careful, painstaking dairyman, which should encourage him to put forth the best efforts to correct whatever fault that may be detected.This is educational in its tendency, and, as such, will commend itself to every sensible farmer.At the last Vermont Dairymen\u2019s Meeting, there were 151 entries of butter, the largest exhibit ever made.The dairy makes exceeded that of the creameries in numbers.The quality of the whole was excellent, none going below 90 points, and from that up to 98 1-2 points.The creameries exceeded the dairy make by only half a point.This was a pretty close test, and it appears remarkable that the two methods should approximate so closely.There is but comparatively little cheese now being made in Vermont, not so much as there should be.And now, wherever these products are exhibited at fairs, the same methods of testing or judging are employed.It would seem that the system made use of at the Wisconsin Dairy School is similar to that used in my state, only that it is to be carried out more fully in having monthlv tests.This will be much more complete in everv way.It will show the variations that ma- be liable to occur at different seasons of the vear, the effect, if any, on the quality of product by the different kinds of feeds used, as pasturage, soiling crops, etc.The letters of advice that accompany each exhibit and test, should be of much value to those seeking to do the best possible in their work, and result in material improvement to these dairy products.The readers of Hoard\u2019s Dairyman will await with interest the result of this new enterprise, and hope they may prove eminently successful \u2014E.R.Towle.Enosburg Falls, Vt.Cox The PPoultry=lDard Profitable Duck-keeping for Farmers toute That duck-keeping in this country is largely on the increase there can be no doubt ; no longer has the Vale of Ayles- bury the monopoly with regard to the price of summer ducklings has tended to price of summer duckiings has tended to cheapen slightly, but they are still profitable when well managed.The only profitable duck is the large duck ; for small ducklings there is no demand, thus Indian Runner crosses cannot be recommended for the London market.For size there is nothing to beat an Aylesburv-Rouen cross, but for rapid growth the market Aylesbury,which is an Aylesbury with a strong dash of Pekin blood in it, is the best.The market recognises two qualities, Avlesburies and \u201c\u2018countrv'\u2019 ducks, but some of the best of the former come from Oxfordshire and Norfolk\u2014the latter is becoming quite a large duck-breeding county.Rouens, owing to their large size and fine flavour, are very popular with some table ducks, but they grow so slowly that thev cannot be bred for market at a profit unless buyers will give special prices.It seems a pity that some of the energy the poultry world has of late vears been putting into improving _ega averages could not have been transferred to ducks.Ducklings have been very scarce this spring ; they have been fetchino 7s.to 10s.each, and the market, only being able to get a few, had to fall back on frozen ducks.It is, of course, very difficult to make ducks lay in winter, and unless they do this we cet no ducklinos to market in April and May when they are esteemed a special delicacy.Still it is not impossible.It depends partlv on management and partly on selection ; some strains lay a vreat deal better than others, and unless we get the right kind of stock to work classes as 206 with, the best of feeding and housing will be wasted on them.The best layers are pure Pekins ; they will lay eighty to a hundred eggs in the vear.So will some Avlesburies, but they are much harder to find.A pen may.with advantage, consist of six ducks and two drakes; this is a very suitable number to keep tovether, and quite large enough for the average farmer, unless he makes à special line of duck- breeding ; at anv rate.it is enouvh to start with.Stock ducks should be hatched in March and April ; these make the best size.and should Tay in December if properly managed.They should have a fair amount of liber- in fact, they should be naturallv as possible, not like ducklings intended for table.It is a good plan to pick out the larvest and best looking ducklings when about a month old from the March or April hatches and tv when crowine reared as separate them from those intended for table, giving them plenty of liberty and a pond to swim in.When ducks are moulting they go off their feed somewhat, but this does not matter ; it is, in fact, best to have them in a rather spare condition by the bevinning of winter, then start feeding for ego production, giving them a nitrogenous diet, a little meat every day, and in cold weather their corn soaked in boiling water and their soft food served as hot as possible.Their sleeping house should be well ventilated, but quite dry underfoot, and the ventilation well over their heads.They must, however, not be overfed, or they will get fat instead of laying.While a pond is not a necessity for ducks, they do much better when they have one ; a small artificial one can easily be provided, and as sucks usually mate in the water, there is a great possibility of unfertile egers when there is no pond, especially when the hirds have been accustomed to one.Feed them just like fowls, only it is best to put their corn in their water trough at night, as they get at it better that way ; thev always need a water trough by them when they eat, as TES rr ns wrap ap sore THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE they require a great deal of the fluid.Ducks almost invariably lay quite early in the morning, so when let out for breakfast the eggs for the day are laid.The eggs should be oiven to hens or put in an incubator, not forgetting to test on the eichth day.All unfertile can be hard boiled for the ducklings when they appear.Though evo food is not invariably given, there is nothing like it for getting them to grow from the start; it should be given by itself at first, passed through a piece of perforated zinc, but bread crumbs or biscuit meal can be added, and graduallv take the place of it.Biscuit meal and boiled rice will make the duck- lines grow more quickly than anything, but a mixture of meals, owing to its cheapness, is preferred by many duckers.Nome duckers let the ducklings have a free rance, while others confine them in small sheds and bed them on straw, lett- ine them out for food and water at fixed hours; this is the usual Avlesbury way, but in the North of England, where there are a good number of duck farms.they prefer givin.them a fair amount of space.1i the farmer has stock birds of good size and quality and feeds the ducklings generously they will be scaling about four pounds when eight or nine weeks old ; this is the time to market them, that is before thev moult their wing feathers, which they do when about ten weeks old.If they have to be kept over their moult, they fetch no more ultimately, while they cost a oreat deal more for food; in fact, they are then unprofitable.\u2014Sussex.I=.Tak On Fattening and Eggs Fattening poultry is a trade that is advancing steadily and with manifest advantage both to producers and consumers.The difficulty existing at the fattening stations, which are increasing in their numbers all over the country, is that of obtaining a sufficient supply of suitable [2 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 207 birds, and it is here where commensurate enterprise on the part of producers is needed.The south-eastern fatteners have made the same complaint for years.They still retain their supremacy in this branch, but the pursuit would have grown to a much larger extent had the supplv of lean chickens advanced in accordance with the demand.To a large extent all fatteners have to depend upon Irish birds.That trade, however, has its limitations.Farmers and others in suitable districts should lay themselves out to breed chickens early enough and good enough for this purpose.Poultry farming in Tennessee is a flourishing industry, for we read that on almost every farm in all that region chickens are raised, and on a great many of them turkeys; ducks and geese.The eggs are sold almost every week by the farmer\u2019s wife, and the returns from the poultry vard constitute in many cases one of the main dependences of the family.The importance of the industry may be judged from the fact that one village, Morris- town, sends annually to northern markets poultrv and eggs to the value of more than £200,000.Thev go in cartloads each week, and heavy loads are also made irom other points.Extensive cold-storage and packing plants have been built, and the business of dressin~ and marketing is carried on in the most systematic manner.More than £15,000 worth of turkeys have been handled in one week in that town alone.These facts are enough to make the mouths of even the most optimistic British poultry farmers run like a mill-stream.The American and Mediterranean breeds of poultry are raised almost exclusively in the Tennessee district of U.S.A., the former being generally preferred.Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Leghorns and Minorcas form the basis of the stock, which is in most cases so mixed and crossed that it would puzzle an expert to tell what the original tvpe was.The Leghorns are es- peciallv adapted to the free range of the fields and woods, which is commonly given them ; but often under the careless methods of feeding and the poor housing given, the heavier American breeds prove better winter layers, as they are less aîfect- ed by the cold.It is being gradually found out, too, that pure-bred stock of almost any breed will pay better than the common many-crossed and much-mixed mongrels so much in evidence.This latter fact goes right in the face of some experts in England who ever will persist that the best layer is not the purebred bird but the mongrel.\u201cAnd egg is an eon\u2019 1s a saying very frequently used, which opinion is indirectly responsible for much harm.The statement is generally meant to imply that, whether the ©\u201c in question is more or less fresh, larve or otherwise, it is still an epg, and irrespective of these aualities is just as valuable as one that excels in these essentials.Freshness is one cardinal cuali- tv absolutely necessarv to an eon if it is to command the best returns.Given this qual- 1tv.size ranks next in importance.In all much higher prices \u2018pro rota\u2019 that if under much hicher prices pro rata than if under that weicht ; and the difference in market is not determined by weight alone.If an ew- is undersized, the price paid by the public is lower than its intrinsic food value, and they are reluctant to purchase it for table purposes.Gradine enhances market values.When this is neglected it then becomes a matter of speculation to the trader as to what proportion will prove useless for his best class trade.I Ik First Ostrich The first Ostrich ever hatched in England is now on view at the Crystal Palace, where it is occupying a \u2018\u201cHearson\u2019s Foster Mother\u201d which supplies all its requirements.As mirht be expected it was impossible for the parent birds to arrange for the incubation of their precious egg under normal conditions as the burning sands of Africa are not features of the English soil.A perfectly: satisfactor substitute, however, was discovered in the 208 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE shape of a Hearson\u2019s Incubator, in which the egg was placed for a period of forty- three days when a healthy young ostrich shipped the shell.It may be stated that the period of incubation in the case of the hen is 21 days and in the duck 28 days, so the powers of the Hearson\u2019s Incubator were subjected to a severe test.The Breeder and Grazier Raising Calves Hoard's Dairyman.\u2014 I read in my last paper what vou had to sav about raising calves to make rood dairy cows, and T can sav from m- own experience that I think it is the best method.I would like to tell vou what luck !I had in raisine two heifers.In the first place, IT have only been farmino five vears, as l came from the cit- Il had to depend on my neich- bor farmers for knowledoe and their idea as a rule was to ~ive a salf skim milk for four or five months.They would let them vo to bull anv time, and very frequently a heifer would have her first calf when she was only seventeen or eighteen months old.Nothing but dry hav and grass up to the time they calved, and they would come in so thin and small that it was a wonder they gave any milk at all.My first heifer I brought up that way, and when she came in she gave five quarts of milk per day.I guess I got all that was coming to me on her, corsidering the feed she had.In the meantime I got to reading dairy papers, and I can say right here that if a man gets to reading dairy papers, and will think and digest what he reads he cannot help but receive great benefit.At the first I kept grade Jerseys, but made up my mind that I would \u2018change them for thoroughbreds just as soon as I could.TI bought my first thoroughbred when she was six weeks old and gave her skimmilk and a little bran till she was nearly a year old.She developed a great, heavy frame and body, and had her first calf when she was twenty-six months old.Her calf was a heifer which 1 sold for $17 at five months old.She calved in July and milked all summer and fall over 11 quarts of milk a dav and made over 9 pounds of butter per week.Pretty good for a heifer with first calf.That was one thing I learned by reading dairy papers.That is getting well paid for a little practice.I do not see how anyone can read good articles 52 weeks in the year and not benefit by some of them.There are a class of farmers that are so well satisfied with themselves that they stand just where they did twenty years ago and don\u2019t take any stock in book learning.I know a farmer that thinks the separators are not good.He savs the milk is so poor that his customers do not like it, and he 1s selling butter for thirty cents a pound, just think of it.As soon as I could I added one thoroughbred after another, and now have six cows milking, two yearling heifees, and one heifer that came last November that I refused twentv dollars for.These are all thoroughbreds and registered, and any poor farmer can do the same by tending right out on his cows.I have an inbred daughter of Brown Bessie\u2019s 10th Son that churned over two pounds of butter per day with her third calf.There is another thing I would like to speak about, and that is breeding.The late C.H.Hamlin, of Buffalo used to say that the man who banked on good blood would win out oftener than the one who bred haphazard.That should oo without dispute, but I have even met a farmer who expressed his opinion that scrubs were as good as thoroughbreds.When I go on a visit I like to be led to the barn the first thin.Very often I am invited into the house, and my neighbors\u2019 faults and his probable wealth are raked ovee in ~ood shape.I enjoy your paper very much, because it is a special purpose paper.We all enjoy q W .THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 209 the man that is thoroughly in earnest in \u2018his work.If he is a true cow man he will most always find time to groom his cows nearly every day, and that is some- thino they enjoy almost as well as a good meal.You go into a man\u2019s tie up and the cows will give you quite a little of the disposition of the man.Very often you will find the skin barked off in places, which would give you hints that the man had spells of bad temper.Every farmer can find help in the Dairyman and I like to have the same things told over and over.It keeps your mind active.Before I close I would like to tell you that I made four-hundred and three dollars and twenty cents worth of butter for the vear 1906 from five cows.The cows were all young with second and third calf.By reading your paper I! learned how to feed them.I plan to have my cows go dry at least six weeks and have had them oo drv ten weeks.I estimate the cost of feeding the five cows is one hundred dollars for hay, and ninety dollars for grain.I sold four calves for forty dollars.The profit from the five cows is two hundred and fifty three dollars and twenty cents and dressing thrown in.It seems as if farmers should write and tell their little experiences for it may help some one else.\u2014Duncan Innes.Saco, Me.a Retention of Afterbirth By Dr, David Roberts, Cattle Specialist, Wisconsin State Veterinarian.Usually there is more or léss of the foetus envelope protruding and hanging from the vulva orifice, though sometimes only the umbilical cord is to be seen.Occasionally the mass is so large as to hang below the hocks with little sacks of liquid at the lower end.If recently expelled, it has a fresh tint, not materially different from the intestines ; but if exposed for some time, and especially in the summer, it becomes grayish in color.Decomposition soon sets in, especially in the exposed parts, and as putrefaction progresses the odor becomes very offensive, and thin, bloody, brown tinted discharges, composed of the decomposed parts of the membrane and secretions from the irritared mucous lining of the genital canal flow from the vulva, soiling the tail, thighs and hocks, and often making them sore.As these causes continue, the health of the animal suffers.Oftentimes there is dullness, prostration, decreased flow of milk, loss of appetite, quickened respiration and increased temperature and other indications of illness.Retention of the afterbirth occurs some days before the proper time.Usually a cow that has retained the afterbirth at its first calf do so at each succeedino birth.Among the breeding cows the consideration of proper care must he made important in order to make either breeding or dairying profitable.The breeding cow must carry a calf every year, and this notwithstanding that she is at the same time suckling another calf.The dairy cow must breed every year,and at the same time must give a ~enerous flow of milk for her owner\u2019s profit from nine to eleven months yearly.If her health is lowered thereby, or her life shortened, the question of profit must be considered, and she should vield her place to another when she fails as a profit producer.- \u2014 The marked advance in the price of meat in our larger cities and towns during the past couple of weeks has set some people thinking.In Toronto steak is selling all the way from 18c to 22c and 28c.per lb.The middleman when asked the reason for this increase has replied that it is chiefly due to the advance in labor, rents, etc.There has, however, been an advance in the price of the live animal of from one- half to one cent per pound.But it has not been equal to the advance in the price of meat, which may be safely put at from a 210 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE two to three cents per Ib.higher than was a month ago.The interesting phase of this question, however, is whether the producer is getting his full A hive animal weighing say 1200 hs.will dress out of meat.If the above are taken.we find share of this advance.about 625 Ibs.saleable figures viven that the producer is getting an increase of about S6 per head, while the middleman is vetting from the consumer of over S12 per head.and in addition the hide an advance has and on.Reasoned out in this way, it would sem that the producer is not getting his just share in the recent advance.In other consumer jg taxed from two to three cents per lb.more for his meat.while words.the other by-products to realize - it + only one-half of this increase goes into the pockets of the producer.And this leads up to the broader question: Does the producer at any time get a fair price for his heef cattle, considering the price at which meat retails to the consumer in our towns and cities ?Is there not too wide a margin between what he gets for his animal on the farm and what the middleman gets for this same animal when converted into beef ?These are live questions that we would be glad to have the views of cattle raisers upon.There are many who think the producer does \u201cnot get his share, and that the time is ripe for tion.way World.a full discussion of this whole ques- If he does not there should be some of remedying matters.\u2014 Farming err ie pa eee eee. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 211 Correspondence CONTRASTS To the Editor of the Journal of Agriculture.Dear Sir : \u2014 I have travelled quite a considerable in the Maritime Provinces, and have my eyes open usually and can draw conclusions.1 thought perhaps instead of writing on some subject on agriculture, to contrast our modes of making a living with those who live down bv the sea.To those who keep cows and sell the product from these animals, they have to be up early and often, if not there is not much money to be made from cows unless they are handled with care and kindness.I know of nothing that pays as well as kindness, especially to a cow giving milk.The mode of living for the great majority of the people in the Maritime Provinces is fishing and mining.I once heard a remark from the Hon.J.J.Maclaren, now Judge in Toronto, Ont., although a school teacher at one time in my native County of Hun- tingdon, where he also was born, say that he thought the occupation of a fisherman was more like gambling than any- thinh else he could compare it with, end after nature study I think he is not far wrong.Sometimes, a fisherman will make a grand haul, and then for weeks he can do very little.The calling of a fisherman is a very dangerous one; fogs and storms make their appearance almost like magic, and the poor fishermen get lost in their dories, and die of hunger and thirst; it does seem strange for a person to die of thirst, and water all around them, but the water is salt and if he drinks any of it, it only increases his thirst instead of relieving it.Of course there are days when a fisherman makes monev, twenty and twen- ty-five dollars are often made, while one man along I heard of landed eighty dollars worth in one dav.Some large catches have also been made with nackerel.It requires quite an outfit, a sailing vessel with 4 dories, and nets and seines worth a small farm.The owner receives one-half the catch, while the men receive so much wages per month and board, and a share of the catch as well ; this 1s to encourage them to work as hard as possible.An outfit as above described got into a school of mackerel a short time ago, and the catch at one.haul broucht over $4000.- 00, each man receiving $491.00 as his share for this one day\u2019s work.I should also say they had been on the lookout for this for days and weeks but they were rewarded.The miners too make plenty of money, some making as high as one thousand dollars in a year.There was a strike at Spring Hill Mines a short time ago, and is on yet, (1) and I noticed where the average wage for the last three months was $3.36 per day.There 1s great danger in mining too as well es fishing, foul gas explosions, and the like make the miners life not too rosy at times.In the Maritime Provinces they do not grow enough to support the population, and have to buy, from our own Province, great quantities of hay, beel, bacon, butter, cheese, flour and many other articles too numerous to mention.The people of the Maritime Provinces do not work nearly so steady and hard as our people do, but our own people are comfortable and can make a little for a rainy day.They can supply us with and such fish too, and also soft coal for steam purposes, so while they buy our articles we buv theirs, and make an exchange.1 once overheard an Ontario man and a Nova Scotian disputing about their respective countries, it was amusing to hear them.The Ontario man\u2019s argument was that he never saw such a place as Nova Scotia where they raised so little and bouoht so much.The Nova Scotian replied, we it don\u2019t we ?for well pay Yes, was the answer : (L) Said to be over.13thin last night's papers.Oct 212 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE do we just eat fish and make our brains the work.Yours very truly, PETER MACFARLANE.Sept.18th, 1907.The horse Registration of French Canadian Horses IMPORTANT NOTICE The Department of Agriculture of the Dominion has recently opened a Record Book for French Canadian Horses.It has been agreed beteen the Hon.Minister of Agriculture and the French Canadian Horse Breeders\u2019 Association that, before being re-registered in the new government record, all horses already registered as French Canadian in the old records, be inspected anew and accepted by a Commission comprising MM.J.A.Couture & Arséne Denis representing the French Canadian Horse Breeders\u2019 Association,Ro- ; bert Ness & Louis Lavallée representing the Department of Agriculture of the Dominion, Dr J.H.Vigneau veterinary surgeon.The government pays all expenses incurred for this new inspection.All is asked of the owners of horses already registered is to bring them to one the places, which will be mentioned in the to re- itinerary of the Commission, and produce thereto the old certificates of gistration.& The itinerary of the Commission will be published in the \u201c Journal of Agriculture\u201d during all the month of September next.Owners of horses not already registered, but which they think could be registered, may also present them to the Commission at one of the places mentioned in the itinerary.They will be registered if the Commission thinks it is advisable to do so.J.A.COUTURE, President of the Commission of Re-Inspection of French Canadian Horses.Itinerary of the Commission of Re-Exami- nation of Canadian Horses.Dr J.A.COUTURE, M.V., President; M.ARSENE DENIS, representing the Society of Canadian Horses Raisers.M.R.NESS, Vice-President ; M.Ls.LAVALLEE, representing the Department of Agriculture of Canada.Coaticook Hotel .15 Oct.8 to 10 A.M.Compton, Hotel Craig .15 Oct.12 to 1 P.M.Plessisville, Hotel Boulé .16 Oct.9 to 11 A.M.Lyster Station.16 Oct.2 to 3 P.M.Ste-Agathe, Lotbinière, Place publique.17 Oct.8 to 9 A.M.- Lévis, à la Quarantaine \u2018des animaux .19 Oct.9 to 11 A.M.Gentilly, Co.Nicolet.Hould Hotel .A 22 Oct.10 to 11 A.M.Lotbinière, Public place 23 Oct.8to 9 A.M.Ste-Croix, .23 Oct.12 to 1 P.M.St-Anselme Station, Co.Dorchester .24 Oct.84 to 94 A.M.Beauce Jct.Station .24 Oct.2 to 3 P.M, St-George, Beauce .25 Oct.9 to 11 A.M.Broughton Station , .26 Oct.8 to 10 A.M.| D®\u2014 The Commission does not accept any horses aged less than 3 years. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 213 } Swine Production of the Bacon Hog in England The following taken from a leading English Agricultural Exchange shows concisely the methods adopted by an English farmer in feeding pigs so as to produce the high class bacon for which they are justly famed : \u2018\u2018While there is no kind of animal more liable to fluctuations, pigs generally pay as well as any class of stock a farmer keeps, and there is nothing more generally appetising than bacon, which is one of the kinds \u2018 of food of which an Englishman never tires.It is never out of season, and is often more appreciated in the summer months than anything else, so we may consider it properlv as a standard dish.Breeder, feeder, and consumer like a pig that will come into early maturitv.with an aptitude to fatten, and when killed will produce most flesh of a choice sort for makino the best of bacon ; so that the class of pig kept should be selected with these objects in view.A good open vard does better than a sty for pigs after weaning, until required for shutting up for feedine or bringing their pigs, and when the latter time approaches, the best sty for them is part open with the bed under cover.They should be moderately fed on oatmeal or pollard and water, with ordinary wash, or a few swedes ground after boilin~ taking great care not to give them any long straw for litter.Some wheat cavin is better than anything else, and when having pigs they should not be disturbed by anyone going near, so that the mother is not excited and the youne lain on.As the pigs get on to a month old, they should have the option of picking a few dry peas; they should also have an opportunity of getting out to another sty or yard where they should have a trough with a little milk if possible, or flour and water, and that not too thick.When wean- ing time comes on they take readily to their food, and do not waste in condition as when they have not bad the advantage of feeding away from the mother.There is no reason at all why pigs cannot be sold out weighing twelve score at ten months old, if they have been properly fed and kept going steadily on.We want fleshy pigs.The proper, and doubtless the best, month in the year for young pigs is march.It is surprising how they grow as the days lengthen.Another great help is in giving them a run from the yard away from their mother, to a paddock ; this supplemented, after shutting them up, by giving them a few mangels, green vetches, or beans, they grow rapidly, and keep in far better health than when forced with meal and dry corn twice a day.Given a limited quantity of beans,maize, or peas once a day, then put on toc meal in October, there is ample time to finish them for bacon by the end of the year.Pigs are often supposed to be specially dirty.I do not believe in that, generally speaking ;.if they are kept nicely cleaned they do better, and in addition make the most valuable of manures.After a sow leaves her young and returns to the boar, she will do well with a few roots, swedes or mangels, and a pint of beans or maize and water for one-fourth of the year, which certainly means no more than two shillings a week.This is a very economical way of feeding, and that may and can be lessened by giving them a portion of the offal corn which must be to a large extent wasted if not used.\u201d fe Ra Will discriminate against Fat Hogs Our attention has been drawn to a recent circular issued by the Wm.Davies ° Co.to the drovers employed by them in collecting and shipping live hogs.We desire to offer our congratulations to this.firm for the decisive way in which they seek to correct a growing evil in their business.It is plainly impossible to produce good bacon from inferior live hogs. 214 THE JOURNAL OF AGRIGULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Our contention has always been that the ' regardless of the added profit, yet we purchaser by proper and decided discrimi- regret to sav these form an infinitesimal nation could exercise a very distinct in- part of the whole.fluence on the output.When as the circular states the unfinished The moment the farmer discovers that a | or over-weighted live hog will only be certain class is discriminated against suffi- + taken at $1.00 per cwt.less than the more ciently to make him feel it, that mo- | desirable class, their numbers will very ment he will decide on making a change soon decrease.No amount of talk in an either in breedin~ or feedino or both as the educational wav would have any consider- case demands.But so long us all class- able influence so long as the price was es command the same money in the not reduced.We are sure, therefore, that market there it no incentive towards the = we voice the view of the majority of best production.While there are some who - producers when we say to The Davies take pleasure in producing only one class Co., well done.Producers will undoubted- and that \u2018\u201c\u201cThe Best\u201d and will produce it .lv approve of their action.OUR YOU CAN w Lidl, YOU CAN GET | - MAKE 10,15,8 20¢ 3d: : 12 7020 [ser] PER PAIR.ll in a0 IN&S PAIRS te, I PER DAY are a most useful article for your family.ATTACHMENTS You can save fifty (50°/,) per cent in making your own work at home.Our Machines will make A Complete FAMILY KNITTING MACHINE.both ribbed and plain work.We supply a good instruction book with every machine.All the valuable attatch- ments shown in addition to the Ribber are first class, and accompany each and all our family machines.\u2019rices and Terms are attractive.Catalogues upon request.P.T.LEGARE, \"rites.s 223 ST.PAUL STREET, - - QUEBEC. TO COW KEEPERS If you want lots of good cream, buy a MELOTTE CREAM SEPARATOR.It will do everything that we claim and do it for a lifetime, with proper care, We ask you to compare the Melotte alongside of all others, and test the simplicity, efficiency, ease of turning and washing, and in fact, all points.Every machine is sent on a free trial and guaran=- teed.Prices and capacities on application.See our 1 ES local agents or write us for particulars.= Sizes A BC D w= AGENTS WANTED 3c Sizes 1 to 6 aso CO Is.R.A.LISTER & Co., Limited 400 2 1300 lb.58-60 Stewart St., T \u2018oronto, Ont.(22 The RAZOR STEEL to the United States and sold at a high- SECRET TAMPER R §- Gl er price than the best American saws.Manufactured only by We take nleasure in offering to the public a Saw manufactured of the finest quality of steel and a temper which touwrhens and refines the steel, gives a keener cutting edge and holds it longer than bv any process known.A saw to cut fast \u2018must hold a keen cutting cdoe.This secret process of temper is known and used only by ourselves.Fhese- saws - are elliptic ground thin back, requiring less set than any saws now made, perfect taper from tooth to back.\u2019 Now, we ask You when you go to buy a saw, to ask for the -Maple Leaf Razor Steel Secret Temper Saw, and if you are told that some other saw is just as good, ask your merchant to let you take them hoth home.and try them and keep the one you like best.Silver steel is no longer a guarantee of quality as some of the poorest steel made is now branded silver steel.We have the sale right for the \u201cRazor Steel\u201d brand.11 does not pay to buy .a saw for one dollar less and lose\u2019 25 cents per day in anor our saw must hold a keen edge to do a large dav\u2019s work.SHURLY & DIETRICH, Thousands of these saws are shipped GALT, ONTARIO.THE = meroven Maple Leaf\u201d Cream Separator This is one of the many testimonials we are receiving about the \u201cMAPLE LEAF\u201d Cream Separator : Stanbridge East, May 16, 1907.Dear Siv,\u2014I wish to inform qou that your \u201c Maple Leas\u201d separator is operating first class.I am well satisfied with it and every farmer or others who have cows should not fail lo buy one.I am unable to do without it after knowing its commodities.Fours truly, F.FRANCIS.The \u2018\u2018 MAPLE LEAF \u201d Cream Separator wil satisfy you also.Write for booklet.The Canadian Manufacturing Co., Limited | commas a 182-186 Shearer Street, MONTREAL.WANTED French agents, able to introduce a special line to our customers.For informations apply to La Cie Pépinière Jacques-Cartier, MCNTR -/ L, Qué.10 FINE WHITE ENVELOPES neat- lv printed with your return name and address on corner, postpaid for 35c, 25 for 15c.Samples free.R.W, Howie, Printer, Beebe Plain, Que.OR THE BEST VALUES in large or small farms or market gardens, in the best section oi Canada, apply to BOX\" 313, COBOUNG, Ont.8-1, ROSS BREED HORSE, \u2018'\u2018Hachkenye, / St.Laurent\u201d, gray iron, weighing 1200, height 5 1-2 ; trotting nicely and quickly, for sale at easy terms.Proprietor : ULDRGE GAUCHER, L\u2019Ange-Gardien.Rouville, P.Q.For SALE choice improved large Eng- glish Berkshires boars and sows six weeks old from imported stock of the ideal bacon tvpe.pedigrees furnished free.express paid.Satisfaction and safe delivery guaraniced.Price reasonable.Address, Jas.Kean and Son.Dox 339 Orillia.Ont 8-1.MAPLE SYRUP MAKERS Now is the proper time to give your maple syrup business a little thought.By placing A your orders early, = you can have your Evaporator all set up bhe- fore cold weather reaches you.This insures tak - ing care of the first runs of ha sap.which is the most profitable.AN up-to-date syrup makers in Canada and United States use the Champion Evaporator.Write for description catalogue.THE GRIMM MFG.CO., 58 Wellingto1 St., Montréal, Qué. on * Buy only the SLEIGHS with the LION HEAD on CT < PA 0, am 9 TRAQE MARK as the only reliable.\u2014\u2014\u2014= 25 DIFFERENT PATTERNS SPRY Pd tire So rr 3 we TN Write for complete Catalogue and Prices.dr\u201d We want agents at once, where Sample Rooms & not already represented.GEO.BZLANGER & CO, Warehouse : Built by the Canada Carriage Co., Brockville Sole Agents, 41 Is your Horse always \u201cGoing Lame\u201d ?Either its an old Strain or Swelling\u2014or there is chrouic weakness of the joints.In either case, your horse needs FELLOWS\u2019 LEEMING\u2019S ESSENCE.Strains in any part of the body\u2014sprained or wrenched back, shoulder, knee or fetlock\u2014bruises from kicks or falls\u2014all lose their soreness when you rub the sore spot with Fellows\u2019 Leeming\u2019s Essence for L.ameness in Horses It makes weak joints strong\u2014enables a horse to do a good day\u2019s work every day.Get a bottle and keep it handy in case of accidents.soc.a bottle.If your dealer has none, write NATIONAL DRUG & CHEMICAL CO, LIMITED, MONTREAL.198 St.Catherine West, Montreal.A thorough practical BUSINESS COLLEGE and SHORTHAND, TYPEWRITING and TELEGRAPHY institution.Individual DAY and EVENING instruction, Reopens AUG.1st.Write, call or \u2018phone Main 309, for prospectus.4-1 CAZA & LORD, Principale.Our teeth are beau- American Institute.(incorporated) 162 St Denis gtreet.Montreal, will reduce inflamed, rwollen Joints: Bruises, Soft Bunchc¢s, Cure Boils, Fistula, or any unhealthy sore quickly; pleasant to use: dues not blister under bandage or remove the hair, and you can work the horse.$2.00 per bottle express prepaid.Book 7-C free.ABSORBINE, JR,, for mankind, 381.00 per bottle.Cures Varicose ; Veins, Varicocele Hydrocele, Strains, Bruises, stops Pain and Inflammation.WF.JOUMS, P.O.F, 134 Monmouth 81.Springfield, Mase Tres Tmt or tra 3 = SA RE rn rs HF \u2014\u2014 Yeoman se né ® EL GING \u20ac WATCH keeps perfect time ELGIN NATIONAL WATCH CO.Elgin, XL - Every Elgin Watch is fully guaranteed.All jewelers have .Elgin Watches.An interesting, illustrated booklet about watches,sent free on request to 8 RCLOVER LEAF | = a 0 3 PATENTED Big interest on your investment.Farmer who knew said that if a man did change the rate of feed, return the apron; Saves Hours of Gleaning Of course your wife would try to Yash even the worst cream separator bowl properly twice every day.But why ask her to slave over a he eavy, complicated\u2018 bucket bowl, ike either Les 12%bs.Biélbs.10%lbs Gas aF£0w.