The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 août 1907, jeudi 1 août 1907

[" [ la 'VoL.11\u2014Nno 8 Circulation, 68,150\u2014{ ENGLISH Sy \u201c Avausr 1st., 1907 .à Nn i: x & Ÿ \\ ÿ nn NA CONTENTS y go i Ï 5 we \u2018 THH FARM \u2014Notes hy the Way: Rather too much sun for good hayv-making;, Salting hay ; Meadow hay is quite another thing ; A lesson in hay making; Lime and Clover; Cheese and Sunday labor; M.Geo.Moore on Clover Sick - ness; Clover Sickness; Registration of French - Canadian horses; State of the Crops, M.Macfarlane on the, HOUSEHOLD MATTIERS.\u2014 Our faults and failings; Good being done for Women; When Afri - can Bees get angry; Recipes, The New Woman.THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD \u2014 A plea for Plums; The Rhodendron ; Nature Studies.THE DAIRY.\u2014 Reforms to he made in dairying; How to get good cows; Systems of milk, production and disposal; Tuberculosis (\u2018ampain ; Shorthorns as Milkers; Mowing Alfalfa the first year.THE BREEDER AND GRAZIER.\u2014 Converting the live aanimal into meat ; Relative value of Shelled corn and Corn meal for fattening pigs.This paper is published by the Depart- THE POULTRY-YARD.= Some current topics ; ment of Agriculture of the Province of The tender age of Chicks: Marketing Eggs.Quebec, AY (S Y A ENGINE 1 Money Making Power Tor Farmers OING a job with an enginein less than one- half the time and with less than one-half the labor required to do it without the use of gasoline engine power, is making money for the farmer.There are plenty of such jobs on the farm.And while you are making money this way you are saving your strength and lengthening your days: another reason for making the investment.Powers for the farmers\u2019 use have come to be a necessity.Think of the uses you can put a gasoline engine to: sawing wood, pumping water, churning or operating the cream separator, running feed mill, threshing, and numerous other jobs of this nature.They enable farmers to do their work faster, do it better, do it easier and accomplish more than farmers have ever been able to accomplish before in the history of the world.I.H.C.engines have done much to bring all this about.They are the one line of engines that have been perfected and are manufactured specially for farmers\u2019 use.hanger illustrating and describing The company that builds the I.H.C.these engines.Call on our Local Agent or write nearest branch house for catalog.CANADIAN BRANCHES: Calgary, London, Montreal, Ottawa, Regina, St.John, Toronto, Winnipeg - of unexcelled harvesting machines.It can no more afford to let an inefficient gasoline engine go out from its shops than it can afford to send out a poorly built or poor working binder or mower.1f you will investigate the I, H.C.engines you will find that they are engines you can depend upon always.You must have dependability.You will find them economical in operation.You will find them simple and easy to understand.That is all-important You will always be able to get from them their full rating Df power, and more.You will have a choice of varied styles, and sizes, so that your exact needs will be fully met.Vertical, in 2 and 3-H.P.Horizontal (including portable and stationary), in 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20-H.P.If you want to be fully advised on superior farm powers, call and take the matter up with our local agents.They will give you all particulars, or write or call for catalog and colored engines also makes an extensive line § to the man who is not an expert | mechanic.INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, U.S.A- \u2018 (Incorporated) SPECIAL OFFER, No.62 i THIS IS A GREAT BARGAIN, dont miss this opportunity.1 Ten cents will buy it, delivered to the home.A splendid gold- KW filled rine (give the size).An Indian necklace of pearls, 48 inches long, the best for the money and generally sold for 25 cents.A gold wire bracelet, stone mounted and 50 satin remmants.The whole lot ali freepaid for only 10 cents.You should not let this chance go by.Apniv to SEVILLE LACE CO., West Orange, N.J.Re) 2 A fi COLD STORAGE Circulation of Cold and Dry Air.Perfect Ventilation.Suitable temperature for keeping all kinds of Produce, Well kept in good condition according to the modern and scientific methods.Corner Grey Nuns and William Sts.Montreal.The Secret of BEAUTIFUL \u201cCOMPLEXION FREE \u2018What beauty is more desirable than an exquisite complexion and elegant jewels.AN OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERY WOMEN TO OBTAIN BOTH, for a limited time only.® The directions and recipe for obtaining a faultless complexion is the secret long guarded by the master minds of the ORIENTALS and GREEKS.This we obtained after years of work and at great expense.It is the method used by the fairest and most beautiful women of Europe.Hundreds of American women who now use it have expressed their delight and satisfaction.This secret is easily understood and simple to follow and it will save you the expense of creams, cosmetics, bleaches and forever give you a beautiful complexion and free your skin from pimples bad color blackheads, etc.It aloné is worth to vou many times the price we ask you to send for the genuine diamond ring of latest design.We sell you this ring as one small profit above manufacturing cost.© The price is less than one half what others charge.The recipe is free with every ring.It is a genuine rose cut diamond ring of sparkling brilliancv absolutely guaranteed, very dainty.shaped like a Re!-her with Tiffany setting of 12Kt.goln ~nell, st veur local jeweler it would cost considerable more than $2.00.We mail you this beautiful complexion recipe free when your order is received for ring and $2.00 in money order, stamps or bills.Get vour order in before our supply is exhausted.This offer is made for a limited time only as a means of advertising and introducing our goods.Send to-day before this opportunity is forgotten.T.C.MOSELEY, 32 East 23rd Street, New-York City PPS To women for collecting names and selling our novelties, we FREE give BIG PREMIUMS, send your name to-day for our new plan of BIG PROFITS with little work.Write to-day.Address C.T.MOSELEY, Premium department, 32 B.23rd Street, New-York City.O.M.GOULD, Manager, EE A \u2014 PRES Cover Your Houses, Barns and Stables With Ruberoid Roofing Unlike metal, shingles, or slate, tin, asphalt, Ruberoid Roofing is not affected by heat or cold.Ruberoid is the original smooth surface elastic, weather-proof and fire= resisting roofing\u2014the standard for 15 years.Being a non-conductor of electricity, it protects your buildings against lightning.Ruberoid reaches you in rolls and requires no skill to apply, we furnish nails, tin caps and cement for seams, Write us for booklet and samples of Ruberoid and we will send you the address of your nearest dealer.The Standard Paint Company of Canada, Limited, Board of Trade Building, Montreal, P.Q.Factories at Lachine Canai, P.Q.LOCKERBY & MCCOMB, Selling Agents for Onta \u2018io and Quebec, Samaria Stopped His DrinKing A London Lady cures her husband permanently of the drink habit and without his knowledge.\u201cHow glad I am that I overcame my hesitation about writing Jou for a Free » Sample of Samaria, M) At that time my fp husband was drink.J ing very hard, and I was in espair, The effect of treatment was te, and now our bome is entirely free from the Drink Curse.I gave my husband the tabletsin his tes and he never knew.As the taste or liquor left him, bis general health improved snd is oni many thanks.I will be ca ia if you will others of my orne Free Package i:iramphisteiving tun doutes testimonials and price sent in plais s sealed envelope, Correspondence sacredly confidential, Address: TRE SAMARIA REMEDY CO, 30 s Jordan Chambers, Jordan St., Toronto, Canada.ONLY TEN CENTS to quickly introduce our fashionable jewellery catalogue.We send you this Ladies\u2019 14 K.Gold Filled Ruby set Ring.Lord's Prayer or initial engraved .Send size, Shelby Jewellery Co., Mig.Dept.Covington, Ky., U.S.A.EMMA Dore\u2019s Threshing Machines: , Lu IN Bs rie Everywhere they \u201c2 - Our tread powers are cost oi I cents each.Ask for the way they are made.Our Threshers are Our 34 in.cylinder Horse Power Engines.Since perfect thresher.our new in four, its introduction, different sizes with cylinders .thresher is on the market only since 3 years and is specially built to be worked hy G it has been supplied with all-modern When required, we can furnish any of our machines with Bagger.We have always on hand Saws, Wanted good agents everywhere we are not already reprensented.a stock of full of 24, 9 sweep and half circle power hay AVS =\u2014e Best all supplied with our l\u2019atented Everlasting lag Irons which can be renewed at the low catalogue which will explain vou every advantages of these lag irons and .30 and 34 in.improvements and is new a Tailings Elevator and truck.I'resses, alto saw banches and drag J.B.DORÉ & FILS, Laprairie, Que.a ra ae Better Butter comes when is used.It\u2019s so pure and well - savoured.At all grocers\u2019.165 THE BEST SEPARATOR AND THE CHEAPEST *} reFenix Separator Model for or 2 Cows Capacity ;: 90 Ibs.$15.00 Model K Model Capacity Price Capacity Price K 1, 1501bs.,.830 D 1, 4001bs.856 K 2.2451lbs.35 |D2 5Wibs .65 K 3, 2851bs.40 D3.6601bs.,., 80 K 4 301bs,.45 |D 1, 10001bs,,, 125 Agents wanted everywhere.Catalogue sent on request, J.de L.TACHE, 8t-H aointhe.RAC A PERMANENT CURE FOR Gatarrh CATARACURA is an ointment containing no poisonous or irritating ingredients.Applied in the nostrils, it gives immediately a feeling of relief, removes 411 mucus from the nose and throat, dries runnings.destroys germs and microbes, The Cataracura gives an immediate relief and sure cure, \u2014- Ee - - SPU SAC ONE For sale evervwhere or Sent to Canada and United States on receipt of price.50c or 3 bottles for $1.25 HENRI E.ARCHAMBAULT, DRUGGIST Sole Agent, MONTREAL, WE MANUFACTURE A FULL LINE.Monrvers, Reupers, Steel Rakes, Ithaca Rakes, Tiger Rakes, Hay Loaders, Side Delivery Ra- The Old Reliable Gossitt\u2019s Implements HERE IS A BABY, that lives on milk, And delivers a cream as fine as silk, That makes the Butter that takes the Prize, While \u201cWould-be's\u201d gaze thro\u2019 envy's eyes.~The DeLaval The DeLaval Separator Co.173-177 William St.Montreal.J kes, Scufflers, Harrows, Disc, Spring Tooth and Peg Tooth, Corn Planters and Shellers, Wheelbarrows, Waggon Jacks and Sawing Machines.THE COSSITT CO., LIMITED, BROCKVILLE, ONT.TH E\u2014 IMPROVED \u201cMaple Leaf\u201d Cream Senarator $65.00, Comey 500 lbs.182-186 Shearer Street, MONTREAL.| This is one of the many testimonials we are receiving about the \u201cMarre LEA\u201d Cream Separator : Wilberforce, June Sth., 1907, I received the \u201c Maple Leaf sepurator some time ago,but neglectedrvriting you until I gave it à fair trial and I find it an Up fo Date separator, and am well satisfied rcith it.I had na trouble in setting it up.Yours truly, J.E.NEWBATT, Pusey P.O., Ont.The \u2018\u201c MAPLE LEAF\u201d Cream Separator will satisfy you also, Write for booklet.The Canadian Manufacturing Go.Limited ¥ more VoL.11 \u2014 No.83.The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture \u201cThe Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture\u201d is the official organ of the Council of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec.It is issued bi-monthly and is designed to include not only in name.but in fact, anything concerned with agriculture and Stock-Rais ing, Horticulture, etc.All matters relating to the reading columns of the Journal must be adressed to Arthur R.Jenner Fust, Editor of the *\u2018 Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture.\u2019 4 Lincoln Ave Montreal.Forrates of advertisements, etc, address the Publishers THE CANADA PUBLISHING CO.Ltd.73 & 75 St, James $t,, Montreal.Subscription : $1.00 per Annum payable in advanoe! The Farm NOTES BY THE WAY RATHER TOO MUCH SUN FOR GOOD HAY-MAKIN(G, \u2014 A moderate amount of sunshine \u2018and a breezv day is better, and more likely to keep the leaf on the clover.A verv sensible observation is that of Mr.R.S.Stevenson, in the \u2018\u2019Farming World\u201d of Julv 15th.; The most common mistake farmers make is handling alfalfa (and he might have added.all other hav-crops) is that they do not start cutting soon enough -\u2014we allow it to remain in cock for from two to three davs, accordino to the weather, the object beino to prevent the leaves from becoming so dry that they break-off\"\".We have more than once.in this Journal, advocated this proceeding, for it is a sad thing to see the land under the swathes or black with the leaves of the clover, as is too often the case.One pound of the leaves is worth untold times as many pounds of the stems.windrows - AuausT 1st., 1907 Ax for salting hay as it is put into the barn or stack, that has been given up for many a vear, in England.as being quite unnecessary.Rock-salt, as we said in the last Number.should be within reach of all cattle.We remember seeing, many vears ago, on a large farm in the West, a very neat little structure, in the form of a wooden box with a sort of roof over it, standing on four feet.In the box was a large lump of rock-salt., and the whole affair was moved from field to field as the cattle\u2019s quarters were shifted.* MEADOW-HAY 1S QUITE ANOTHER THING.\u2014 Of course.it is stale news to say that the less clover is moved about during its conversion into hay, the hetter.Meadow- hay by which we do not mean clover and timothy but permanent meadow-grass may be \u2018chucked\u2019 about as often as you please ; in fact, we have often teased our own stuff six times on the first day aîter mowing before putting it into what used to be called grass-cocks.* Since writing the above paragraph on salting hay, we accidentally caught sight of a note, in the \u201cFarming World\", bv Mr.T.R.Bennett, of Huron County, Ont., which reads as follows ; \u201c\u201cAs to salting hay, 1do not consider it necessary unless after hay has been spoiled by rain and sun.\u201d\u201d Mr Bennett further says : \u2018We have never used a 66 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE ANP HORTICULTURE hay-tedder, but where clover was very hea- vv we turned it with pitch-forks™ ( And as rently as possible, we dare to sax) ; \u201ctwo men can turn two acres an hour.\u201d * Not a bad little anecdote.the following ; The Toronto Methodist Conference has resolved that ministers who leave the church to go into secular work must drop the \u201ctitle\u201d of Reverend.In an action taken against the Bishop of Lincoln by some of the English Methodists it was decided that \u201cReverend ix not a title at all.but an epithet.Legally any man has a right to call himself \u201cReverend just as he has to Still, good taste modification of the call himself Professor.\u201d would suggest some \u201cepithet\u201d under the circumstances discussed, A minister who leaves the church to open a bucket-shop or a saloon.should be content to call himself \u201cthe Rather Reverend.\u201d de well that, in Eng- aco.when gentlemen We remember perfectly land.about 60 vears used to keep, for rouch country work.what \u2018tax-carts.which were less \u2018\u2019swell-dog-carts but the hind-part residence of the were called heavily charged than were compelled to carry on the name.occupation and ownner, legibly inscribed, &e.that a cou- in of the editor.the rector of a large parish \u2014 \u201cLone-Newton \u2014 in Yorkshire\u201d thoueht that his name and above.preceded by * The Reverend \u201d would but he Was soon undeceived, summoned bv the Collector.fined.and informed that description.but that it answer all purposes : \u201cThe Reverend wax no should Le changed to UT.HDvke.Clerk :\u201d the original of which, in latin.is, as every one knows, c'ericus.whence clergy.So.now we see .$ - .the meaning of such or such à criminal's pleading \u201cbenefit of clergy: = for when the away with capital law was passed doing punishment on behalf of all who were able to read and write.the clerics in Holy Orders, were the only ones in England or men capable of doing so.| CIDER.\u2014 Our Glo\u2019stershire, Eng., farmers are very anxious to get legislation passed doing away witht.the bad practice,too prevalent at present, of using preservatives for cider.The Vale of the Severn people made a cider \u2014 and we drank lots of it 50 or 60 vears ago \u2014 unlike any other we ever tasted.lt was almost free from sweetness, in fact, more like a fine dry sherry than anything else ; kept well, and when from 2 to.5 years old on draught, not bottled, was a trifle heady, but not, like many adulterated drinks, treacherous.x A LESSON IN HAY MAKING lt is alwavs interesting to note the ! E growth of better ideas of things, in men.The average farmer is a non-conductor; he dont take on new ideas readily, nor does he give them off eusilv.Living by himself.he is obliged to do his own thinking very much, and then keep that thinking to himself.i had about to sell, and it was A couple of months 200 tons of alfalfa hay avo we largely sold to dairy farmers about us who were short of fodder.One very excellent farmer.who has a large herd of bought several tons.He had never been a convert to the notion that there was any superior feeding.value in falfa.He a full fledged convert and says he had not been feeding it three days before the milk COWS, al- I now vield of his cows increased fifty pounds a dav.There are some points about that hay to he considered.It was two vears old.It was from the bottom of the mow, which means jt was the first cutting which is alwavs a It was cured in the rainiest rainy Still as the farmer said.it was surprisingly fresh and green.little coarser.part of a season.Now w hy?Simply hecause it was cured in the cock under hay caps.It had been kept from the sun and wind all that we was possible.That farmer got two lessons he will 7-\u2014- THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 57 not forget.(1) That alfalfa is a wonderfully valuable hayf (2) That its value depends very greatly on the way it is cured.Because hav caps cost something most farmers cannot see their value.They want to have their hay ripe enough to dry quick in the hot sun.then gather it up and rush it into the barn.That is their idea of hay.It is the wrong idea, in our opinion.That idea is based altogether on the cost of labor and not on the value of the hay as a milk producer.The cow and her vield of milk is the final test.If our alfalfa hay had been cut at the age and cured in the way plenty of farmers about us are doing.1t would not have produced half the results it did.Does it pay to spare the labor necessary to make the hay right ?Does it pay to rush\u2018 a lot of over ripe, sun burned stuff into the mow and get half value out of it the next winter ?The real science of hay making is vet to be learned by a large portion of our dairy farmers.\u2014Hoard.LIME AND CLOVER An Illinois business man told the following at a meeting, writes T.B.Terrv, in the \u2018Practical Farmer.\u201d He had a tenant on a farm of his.Knowing the value of clover from reading, he insisted that the tenant sow clover seed cach spring.But it Was practically vear.He kept at it, he said, until he became ashamed to ask the tenant to throw away any more seed.Here was a failure vear after knowledge put to use, but it was only partial knowledge.At last, our, friend got some blue litmus paper at a drug store, and put strips in the soil in various places, after wetting the earth where they were put.He found thev turned very red.Here was a strong indication that the soil was too acid for clover to thrive in.It might start, but would die out later during the fall, or before next spring.The work of the experiment Stations showed the reading, thinking, business man just what to do.He learned that lime would correct this acid condition, and that :ur- slack lime, or simply ground limestone, was all right for this purpose.So ne took the matter into his own hands, not asking the tenant to help.He boaznt 40 tons of ground limestone, which cost him about $2.00 per ton delivered on the cars at his station.He put this on 40 aces of land for wheat, and added 300 pounds per acre of ground bone.The evira wheat in this first crop, over what the land hus been growing before.paid \u2018or both lune and fertilizer ; and he said the stand of clover was almost perfect on every square vard, that he should consider this clover stand as cheap at $20.00 an acre.When asked if he left an acre so as to see the difference in crops, he said : \u2018Not much.I had been seeing that side all | cared to.I felt certain about what the lime would do, and wanted the entire 40 acres one even growth of clover.\u201d se 7 The admiration of the King and Queen for our fruit at the Dublin Exhibition cannot fail to be a grand advertisement for it evervwhere.The fruit was so large and fine that the Queen thought it must be artificial.and the astonishment of their Majesties grew when the Hon.Syd- nev Fisher told them that it had Leen preserved in cold storage since last year in a perfectly fresh and wholesome condition.Tt must have heen a proud moment for Mr.Fisher.for he more than anyone is responsible for the poliev of cold storage which has enabled us to keep our cheese and butter and transport them in prime condition: and it is his intention to extend the xvstem of cold storage to fruit and fish, so as keep a supply throughout the country wholesome and of fairlv price all through the year.As it is.enormous quantities of fruit are wasted.apples rot on the ground by the ton in innumerable orchards.while the absence of adequate cold storage facilities diverts much of the uniform Vi 58 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE States we trade to United markets.So oË cold Canadian fish vessels and soon as a chain warehouse for apples and fish, our savings and pro- lits will be immense.Montreal Star.have storage * CHEESE AND SUNDAY LABOR of the country, ably Cowansville and Brockville, threats made that if the cheese and but- In some sections not- have been ter factories are operated on Sundays prosecutions will be entered under the Lord's Day Act.The Cowansville dairy board has decided to come to the assistance of the first maker summoned under the act.The making of cheese and butter is not included in the list of things which, under the act, may be done on Sunday.The \u201ccaring for milk and cheese\u201d ix included.but it is doubtful if \u2018caring for\u201d could be interpreted as permitting the manufacture of cheese and butter.There is another clause.however, 12, which would butter on Sundays.This clause (w.) of section appear to allow the operation of and cheese factories clause makes permissible \u201cAny unavoidable work to save property in case of emergen- property is in imminent destruction or serious injury.\u201d and butter factories are not commonly operated on Sundays except during the weather con- to make hazardous.ev or when such danger of Cheexe when July and August, ditions are such as keeping of Comparatively few farmers possess the means of milk more or less cooling and preservine milk during a heated spell apt to occur without warning during Culvy or August.If \u201call operations connected with the mak- such as is ing of maple sugar and maple svrup in the maple grove \u201d are held under the law to he a work of necessity.the utilization of milk in the manufacture of butter and cheese in order to prevent its destruction or serious injury may also be regarded as a work of necessity.But it is not necessary to the au- search of sections 12 of the among clauses act for operation of butter, factories during the heated months of the vear.[It may be found in clause 12 itself, which permits any\u2019 work the noted there- being intended, as the clause insure \u2018greater certainty, but to restrict the ordinary meaning of the expression work of necessity or to the works cited.It has, there- thorization for the and cheese of necessity,\u201d exceptions under states, to no so a mercy\u2019 fore, been held to be within the discretion of the mawistrate to interpret the > meaning of \u2018work of necessity or mercy.\u2019 In the spring and fall months of the vear the necessity of operating the factories on Sundays does not exist, and might well be held unnecessary.\u2014 Hopedale, Mass., July 18th.1907.To the Editor of the Quebec Journal of Agriculture.Dear Sir.In a letter 1907, page expressions, to vour journal oï May lst., 514, I unguardedly used two namely \u201cCarping Critics\u2019.and \u2018give Mr.Jenner-Fust a rest.\u201d I fund that these expressions have prove offensive to Mr.Cap Rouge.So far from offending any of vour readers, I think that \u2018ou will bear me out in the statement that it has alwavs been my desire to interest and instruct them.I there- Gus.A.Lanvelier of fore shall be much obliged if you will publish this my retraction of the offensive expressions, Yours truly, GEO.MOORE.EXPLANATORY Some of our readers have evidently laboured under a mistake as to mv remarks on \u2018Clover sickness\u2019.supposing I was discouraging the planting of clover, so far from that I have tried to teach by word and pen that it is the best crop to give a good return of the most nutritious cattle food and at the same time replenish the fertility of the soil.As for the question of \u201cclover sickness\u201d T have no more to sav T will leave that with our readers.EO.MOORE. M THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 59 Clover Sickness ( Continued ) From the composition of the ash of red clover, as shown in our last issue, it will be seen that it is a crop which is pecul- A diseased clover plant, Sclerotina.larly exhausting to the soil.The large amount of alkalies, either potash or soda, and also of lime and magnesia which it requires renders it quite necessary that there should ke a plentiful supply of these ingredients in the form of manure.The neglect of this renders the land \u2018clover sick.\u201d as it is called.and obliges the farmer to cease the growth of this crop until a progressive disintegration of the soil liberates again sufficient of these in- yredients to cnable the crop to be supplied with a sufficient quantity.No doubt many mechanical as well as chemizal reasons contribute their aid to render a soil unfitted for the growth hut it cannot be questioned that one great cause ( of clon er of failure is the inattention paid to the nature of the manure furnished to the plant.Another and perhaps even more frequent cause of \u201cclover sickness is a fungus disease ( xclerotinia trifoliorum ) which attacks the plant itself and effectually prevents the growing of clover upon land in which the disease has become established.Lawes and Gilbert were well acquainted with the effects of \u2018\u2018clover sickness\u2019 and to find out the cause of the disease they grew red clover on plots of ordinary arable land, with many different manures and with the occasional interposition of a orain crop or fallow.I quote their statement in full : 1n succession In the first vear, 1549, the crops were very heavy especially with mineral and without nitrogenous manure.In autumn, 1349, wheat was and in spring, 1850, red clover.In 1831, small cuttings were taken ; and in 1852, though the crops were not heavy, there was no failure.Since that time, however, all attempts to grow clover year after vear on this ordinary arab'e land have failed to give anything like a full crop or anything like a plant which would stand the usual time on the ground.Small cuttings were obtained in the autumns of 1855 and 1859 from seed sown in the spring of those vears : and small but rather heavier cuttings in June and August, 1865, from seed sown in 1864.In April.1868 a portion only of the land was sown with clover and the plant for the most part died in the winter.In April, 1869, the same portion was resown and ave a small cutting in Septem- her of that vear, but the plant again died off in the winter.In April, 1870.clover was sown over the whole of the experin- sown, ental land, this time in conjunction with harlev ; but on those portions which had also been sown in 1868 and 1569, the plant again died off during the winter and earlv spring, while from those which had not heen sown in 1S6& and 1869, two small cuttings were taken in 1871.7 Sir John Lawes privately conducted further experiments to ascertain the cause of so-called \u201cclover sickness\u2019 and found that he could grow clover for twenty-two vears 60 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE in succession upon his land (1) without the of the After that time, however, the plants were attacked by sclerotinia and could not further be successfully appearance disease, gTOWN.Whether the injury produced by other parasitic fungi or by insects hus contributed \u201cclover sick- to what is commonly called ness is a matter for further and closer investigation.We know mow.however, that \u2018clover sickness\u2019 may be caused by à deficiency in the soil of one or more of the elements essential to the development of the clover plant.By an excess of organic acids in the soil which prevents the development of the nitrifying bacteria, or by upon the plant itself.The remedy in the first case would be to à fungoid disease ascertain what mineral element was lacking and then supply it as economically ax possible.In the case of soil acidity hime should be applied to the land, as before stated.When the plant itself 1s affected by fungoid possible that stages when the dark spots the leaf, that spraying with Bordeaux mixture would arrest the of the But the best course to pursue 1s undoubtedly to cease sowing clover for three or four years upon the affected land for it seems that nothing can be done to prevent the continued appearance of the disease, except the exclusion of all plants upon which the spores can germinate.All the trefoils and perhaps other leguminous plants suffer from sclerotinia.but non-leguminous plants never attacked.-Farmine World.discase.it is in the earlier first appear on Progress disease.are \u2014\u2014\u2014\u20142; Registration of French Canadian Horses IMPORTANT The Department of Agriculture of Dominion has Book for French It has been agreed NOTICE the recently opened a Record Canadian Horses.beteen the Hon.Min- (1) But that and had never grown land that had been a garden.of Ag.Was on farm-crops, \u2014 ld, M.ister of Agriculture and the French Canadian Horse Breeders\u2019 Association that, before being re-registered in the new government record, all horses already registered as French Canadian in the old records, be inspected anew and accepted by a Commission comprising MM.J.A.Couture & Arséne Denis representing the French (Canadian Horse Breeders\u2019 Association, Robert Ness & Louis Lavallée representing the Department of Agriculture of the Dominion, Dr J.H.Vigneau veterinary surgeon.The government pays all expenses 1n- curred for this new inspection.All is asked of the owners of horses already registered is to bring them to one the places, which will be mentioned in the itinerary of the Commission, and to produce thereto the old certificates of registration.The itinerary of the Commission will be published in the \u201c Journal of Agriculture\u201d during all the month of September next.Owners of horses not already registered.but which they think could be registered.may also present them to the Commission at one of the places mentioned in the 1ti- nerary.They will be registered if the (Commission thinks it is advisable to do so.J.A.COUTURE, President of the Connmission of Re-Inspection of French Canadian Horses oS hak State of the Crops To the Editor of the Journal of Agriculture, Dear Sir : \u2014 Since my last notes to vou on the state of the crops we have had abundance of rain with warm weather.and the growth has been something wonderful.The face of nature has taken on a different appearance altogether.The growth Is somewhat like the 1903, had given up hopes of were ent.vear when nearly evervone THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE 61 being able to keep their cattle alive, when the rain descended on mother earth and with the heat and sunshine everything sprang forth almost like magic,and a fairly good harvest was the result.The rain this year was later and so was the season, fully three weeks later than usual and now evervthing is responding to the gentle showers.of grain crop will be abundant, perhaps with the exception of corn which does not seem to have done well, although it is now growing famously and may turn out hetter than anticipated at one time.Some farmers were perhaps a little hasty in sowing their grain this spring, usually ear- Iv sown grain does well but there are always exceptions to the general rule, and this year was one of them.The weather was so long cold and backward that the seed did not germinate well, and some fields are not looking as well as they should.Nearly every kind The later sown grain is doing splendidly these days of great growth.WHEAT.\u2014 Reports seem very favorable for this grain, and where not sown too carly it will be a fair crop.OATS.\u2014 This crop is doing nicely and if not attacked by rust will ke a good crop.PEASE.\u2014 Not doing very well, the weather has been too cold, pease require heat.it is somewhat like corn in that respect.BARLEY.\u2014 Some fields of this grain will bother the hay-makers.1 saw some fields all headed out on the first of the month.and with the haying late 1 feel satisfied some fields will ke ripe and ready for harvesting saved.before all the hay is BUCKWHEAT.-\u2014\u2014 There will be a great quantity of this kind of grain sown, and the recent showery weather is very favorable for a good start.CORN.\u2014 Not looking too well at present.Where sown or planted on well drained soil it looks fairly well, and should make a great growth these warm days, I hardly think the usual quantity will Le harvested this vear.POTATOES.\u2014 Are looking well but the bugs were busy before the rain came, but with a little paris-green thev should be taken care of.ROOTS.\u2014 Doing fairly well since the rain, and so are the weeds these days.FRUITS.\u2014 A fairly good appearance of fruit at present, strawberries and all other fruits are later than usual.PASTURES.\u2014Have not been so abundant as usual on account of the cold weather; and then the rain was a little late in arriving, but they are growing finely how, HAY.\u2014 The recent rains will help the hav crop somewhat; the crop will cer tainly be much better than most people though for on the 23th.of June.The season is fully two or three weeks later than usual.Very little hay will be cut the first 15 days of the month, in fact it will not be ready.Prices were away up but this favorable weather will cause the price to drop some.The shipments of butter are near- Iv nil this season, butter is higher here than in England, so the shipments will not be very heavy until some change takes place.Cheese has heen sailing fairly well, and the shipments are going forward pretty steadily.The outlook upon the whole ix not as | rosv as at some periods, but on the other hand it might he worse.Pork and beef are selling fairly well.hay and oats at a high price, cheese and butter fair.Horses and cattle are also selling well, with the prospect of a fair harvest.The Dominion is doing fairly well.long may it continue.\u2014(Amen ! Ep.) Yours truly, PETER MACFARLANE.July Kth 1907. 62 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE (CoNDUCTED BY Miss M.G.JENNER-FUST) OUR FAULTS AND FAILINGS How often some people take offence ; a word, a look and they put on an injured air feeling themselves terribly slighted by some imaginary wrong.It is unwise to go through life with too koen a sense or sensitiveness : better to over look too much than too little.Many a friendship of long standing has been spoilt by an unwillingness, on the part of the offended one, to forget some stray word spoken perhaps half in jest or used in such a way that there was a double construction possible.Invariably the worst form is taken by the over-sen- sitive one and no amount of explanation helps in any way to dispel the different feeling they will have towards one another in the future.Among grow up people this ix childish, but still it exists to a great extent.This fault, or rather, to be more charitable failing, begins when all other faults and failings begin, in childhood; for we see it in quite young children and naturally if this is not stamped out when quite voung it soon becomes a habit for life.Again, no one will thank vou for a kindness which, owing to its having put you out somewhat in the doing, you can never forget.Tt is like giving something away and regretting it for the rest of vour life.Some people make vou feel that they are sacrificing themselves when they almost force upon vou some gift or favour.This fault one might almost think was the outcome of greediness in the child and when fostered and encouraged it becomes a serious disadvantage in after life.Inquisitiveness, gossiping and its twin sister scandal are characteristics that exist to a greater extent we are told among women than men.Perhaps they do and, as they are not virtues, should not be encouraged.The inquisitive child certainly picks up a great deal of general information good or bad as the case may be.This 1s sometimes supposed to be a thirst after knowledge, and perhaps it is in some cases, but very often it developes into a desire to know every one else's business except its own.How well we know the neighbour who seeino a stranger enter the house of a friend cannot rest apparently dav or night, till she knows the whys and wherefores of the case.She is always well to the fore with advice and criticism, although both are unasked for, and feels very much hurt when she is thanked for neither.She never takes advice herself, although always giving a bountiful supply of it to her friends and acquaintances.And now, finally, scandal, such as repeating innocently little bits of stray gossip, the sense of which, as it passes from one to another, increases and changes, unintentionally most likely, till it almost becomes a serious scandal.Many are unaware of the harm they may be doing in this way until they are told their own much repeated tale, some time after the first telling of it by them, and it has become so twisted and contorted that they themselves are horrified at the result.It is only the unhappy victim of the story who realizes the misconception of the facts and the harm that is the outcome of an oft incorrectly repeated tale.GOOD BEING DONE FOR WOMEN Already has the kindergarten, the thought of Froebel, left its impress upon the womanhood of this generation; and the free kindergarten now being introduced by generous hands into our large ci- » PJ THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 63 ties for the education of the little boys and girls of the poor, will save to good citizenship, to self help and culture, many a poor girl.Twin sister to this, so far as women are are \u201cWomen\u2019s Industrial and Educational Unions,\u201d the conception of Abby Morton Diaz.of Boston.This takes the woman adrift, as it were, gives to her shelter, culture and bread; finds her work adapted to her education, and competent pay ; gives to her companionship and surroundings worthy of respectable womanhood.When these unions become established in every city and in everv considerable town, the objection made by the editor of a New-York journal, that \u2018\u2019women are of little value as reporters because they cannot go into the slums, \u201cwill be overcome, hecause there will be no slums.\u2014 Belva A.Lockwood in The Cosmopolitan.concerned, WHEN AFRICAN BEES GET ANGRY ( From the Rhodesia \u2018Herald.\u2019 ) The native bee would appear to exhaust its entire stock of sweet nature in storing up honev, and a more spiteful little piece of natural history it would be hard to find.A few days ago a suburban dweller found this out to his cost.A clumsy native upset a hive, and immediately the air was full of winged anger.The native was wise and cleared, but a poor unfortunate voat and a few pivs.quite innocent of the danger, lay on the plot and were soon covered by the \u2018nfuriate honey gatherers.The result was that the goat died and two pigs had to be killed.PICKLES As soon as the jams are finished and put away it is high time to think about a good supply of pickles and catsups (1) for the winter.These when bought ready made are an expensive luxury, but home-made stuff (1) How did catsup come to be pronounced ketch up ?\u2014 Ep.| i i inculcates self respect, and ! costs very little indeed, can be made almost equal to the imported and is by many preferred.One of the great points to be observed 13 in the choice of vegetables, all of which should be sound, young and newly gathered.The following receipes \"have all been tried and have proved entirely satisfactory.MIXED PICKLES A very good mixed pickle can be made in this way :\u2014Have a large jar, which partly fill with vinegar.To each gallon of vinegar allow four ounces of bruised ginger, four ounces of mustard, four ouv- ces of salt, two ounces of mustard seed, one and a-half ounces of turmeric, one ounce of ground black pepper, quarter of an ounce of cayenne.The vegetables to pickle should be cauliflowers, onions, celery, sliced cucumbers, gherkins, French beans, nasturtiums, and capsicums.Put into a basin the mustard, turmeric, pepper, and cayenne ; mix them well with vinegar, and add to the vinegar in jar, and mix well.Keep this liquor in a warm place, and thoroughly stir every morning for a month with a wooden spoon, when it will be ready for the different vegetables to be added to it.These must be wiped dry before placing in the liquor.The cauliflowers should be broken up small.Tie down tightly with a bladder, and storeaway.TOMATO AND ONION PICKLE Take twelve ripe tomatoes, their weight in onions, a quart of vinegar, a teaspoonful of allspice, and two ounces of black pepper.Wipe the tomatoes dry, and take the skins off the onions.Put them in a stewpan with the other ingredients and let them vently simmer for eight hours.When cold.bottle and tie over with a bladder.PICKLED GHERKINS (Gherkins require to he placed in salt and water for four davs.Take them out. 64 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE wipe them dry, and put in a stone jar.Boil sufficient vinegar to cover them with the following each quart of bruised ginger, proportions of spices to One ounce vinegar : ounce oŸ half an black pepper.quarter of an ounce of whole black spice, two blades of mace, and a little horse radish (scraped).for ten minutes.of whole four cloves, Pour it, boiling, over the gherkins, cover the jar with vine leaves, and put over them a plate, setting them near a fire, where they must remain all night.Next day drain off the vinegar.boil it up again, and pour it hot over them.Cover up with fresh leaves, and let the whole remain till cold.Tie down with a bladder to exclude air.and in a month they will be fit for use.The New Woman Tt amuses and somewhat disgusts me to see the stand some women, have lately taken as to their relative position in society, as it were in a manner unsexine themselves, to be as they suppose on an equal with men.They are now not inferior to man in intellectual ability or any other attribute of the human race except in physical strength and muscular endurance, and as regards influence for good or evil, the woman possesses the greater power.Influence signifies a flowing rushing or pressing into : it is à power whose operations are invisible and can be known on- Iv by results.a spiritual power, or in other words the power of God over the minds of men.He makes use of men to exert their influence over each other and women over men in a remarkable degree.It is much casier to iniluence a man to influence a for a than for woman & man woman.Now instead of the women attempting to take part in athletic sports which are only for the sex, taking part in public affairs or clamouring calculated opposite for a franchise in an unseenly and unwomanly manner, as some Englishwomen to their shame have lately being doing; how much better it would be if they would fall back upon the power of the wonderful influence they possess, attend faithfully to their home duties as wives, mothers or reformers by example and quiet precept if occasion arises, and thus be greater benefactors to the world than any skill in schemes of politics social athletics.or shrewd could make them.These considerations may appear out of place in an Agricultural Journal but I hope | mav be able to show that they are not so.In the first place a love of the country has a sweet Influence over the receptive human a desire for rural pleasures likelv to lead to ennoblement of character than citv pleasures which are too frequently of such a nature as to be debasing in their tendency.Agriculture therefore cannot be made too popular among the masses, not only those who propose to make their living by it but those who take up the horticultural part of it as a source of recreation.mind, fosters which are more also There is no woman living who has a better chance of exercising a benivn influence on man than the quiet faithful farmer's wife: she is not a mere ornament nor a word of remonstrance or advice, her very example 1s full of influence to all who surround her.Money getting is not the best to happiness, drudge.and if she never savs a road A good farmer duly influenced by a good wife has a higher possibility of attaining true happiness here and hereafter than the of often ill-gotten millions.POSSESsOr The first consideration in farm life is a home.This implies a family, which if properly reared ix the foundation of social stability.moral progress and good government and this is the place where the lady can best exercise her franchise in the training of her sons to take their places in due time as true patriots and ardent philanthropists.The noblest men who have lived have been THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE 65 nurtured in the happy home.Sisters, legitimate occupation is to nurture and raise the most valuable and important crop on the farm.the boys and girls.Let the boys enjoy their athletic in moderation and the political excitements, them for good by the interest we take in their proceedings and by using in private what they are commissioned to use in public, their voices and if reed be actions, for the welfare of their fellows and let us train our girls to be not, new, women - but good woman, who can and will influence coming generations in all that is noble and virtuous.your sports men their but let us influence grown JULIA BOIVIN. 4 There are some figures that every farmer should remember, that there are 43,- 500 square feet in an acre; that a cubic foot of water weighs 62.42 lb.; that a cubic foot of soil, if fertile clay weighs 79 1b.; and if a dry sand, 119 lb.; of half clay and half sand, 96 lb.; the surface soil is lighter than the subsoil; rich garden soil is lighter than clay, and soil from the swamps, full of peat or muck, is still lighter.Tt is safe to call the weight of the upper foot of soil on an acre of average loam.4,000.000 Ib.viz., loam.Toe ; e\u201cGécdeg\u201d WL a ea (CoNDUCTED BY MR.GEORGE MOORE) A PLEA FOR PLUMS Some years ago the Province of Quebec, especially near the St.Lawrence, was famous for its crop of plums, but alas! the destructive Black-Knot made a clean sweep of the plum orchards.Seeing the great value of the plum and taking into consideration the fact that the soil and the climate were both suitable for their culture and that are better informed than formerly as to the means of dealing with their enemies, the question arises whether or not it would be worth while to attempt once more to grow plums.There we have also been some new kinds introduced from Japan which, under proper treatment suffer little from Black- Knot.Plums no doubt suffered from neglect and disease became rampamt among them because precautions were not taken to prevent it, but now things have changed, true principle of culture have been more accurately observed and details practised without which success is always doubtful.Plums may be grown upon various soils.Generally speaking, the Japanese on light soils and the old fashioned varieties as for instance the Dawson, Prime and their varieties on heavy soil.When apples grow well as a rule, plums will, and their pruning and cultivation are verv similar.except that plums may be cut back more closelv than apples.They may be planted from 10 to 15 feet apart each wav.The month of June, when the new tissues are being formed by the des- 66 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE cent of cambium, or elaborated sap.1s the The species vary greatly in their size, best time to prune.Plums are naturally lived than apples, therefore it would be wise to plant new trees occasion- shorter allv to keep up the succession.Plum trees, especially, that the them should be well cultivated and kept perfectly clear of weeds, which would not only rob the earth of its ferti- litv but hoards require soil beneath for the embryo which would and the afford shelter of insects and fungi subsequently destroy the For the same reason chemical fertili- ors are preferable to crop trees, barn yard manure.Potash and phosphoric acid with nitrate of soda to set them in action are preferable to manure which contains much nitrogen.Plums.like strawberries, are not all male and female on the same tree but one will be all male all femate, and unless the blossoms are sort flowers and another fertilized hy cross pollination the trees will he utterly unfruitful.Therefore, in planting plum trees several varieties should be used.( To be continued) THE RHODODENDRON This.the most beautiful of flowerine has now become so nopular as shrub that | about it will be acceptable to a majority of the readers of the Jour- afford it we say embellish vour estates with a va- CVErgreens an ornamental few words presume a nal.To those who can well riety of Rhododendrons, and to those of more humble means, plant a few, because thev will, in time, help to make the home a delieht.an object which the wise head of a family will never Jose sight of.Rhododendrons belong to a very extensive natural order of vegetation and comprise some of which of the hottest.some of the temperate, and others of the frigid tions of the globe.numerous species, are natives por- | stvle and habits of growth.First we have the R.arboreumn of India, literally, (Greek for the Red tree from which the whole genera is named.The species grows into a tree of considerable size and produces flowers of the richest crimson tints.Next we have a number of species of low growing shrubs occupying parts of Asia and Europe and several indigenous to North America, as the R.Catawbiense, found on the banks of the Catawba River, and R.maximum and then the R.hirsu- shrub with hairy foliage, and R.ferruginium.so of the these are found on of New tum.a minature.England, almost trailing because the backs leaves are with the Alps.called covered rust : And species, namelv, the Epiphytes, these have very little.if anv connexion with the soil, but.being lastly, the most singular of climbing habit of growth in their vicinity and derive their nourishment cling to trees from the moisture of the atmosphere.The flowers of these are magnificent.being parent stems in pairs and not in trusses borne on their or trios, as In other species: they are much larger and campanulate or bell-shaped.many of them of a rich cream Iv fragrant.Beine natives tropical regions color and delicious- of the hottest the Himalayas they require a hot and moist which must he made for atmosphere them, when artificially climate, The Veitches of Exeter.England have now a magnificent collection.cultivated in our under glass.The most useful species are the American.Catawbiense and Maximum.which being perfectlv hardy are excellent parents for varieties when crossed by hybridization with the rich colored R.arbo- reum.At the beginning of the last century the attention of and botanical clegant class horticulturists riven to this shrubs.and scientific collectors was of ornamental since then remarkable results have been achieved, hundreds of thousands of Jol- lars have been made and thousands of people emploved in their cultivation. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 67 Rhododrendrons have radical, woody roots like other evergreens, but their roots are one mass of fibre, therefore will thrive only in decaved vegetable matter of which hogs and swamps are chief- Iv composed.They are hostile to strong nitrogenous manure, indeed in large quantities it Is certain death to them, [ once had some choice seedlings which I was impatient to see bloom and, without thinking, T foolishly gave them a mulch of barn-vard which killed the whole batch.no large manure In heavy clay land they will not but on any light soil, not impregnated grow, with lime, thev will exist but not as vigorously as they will in soil in which phosphoric acid abounds as it does in all decayed woody tissue.The grow best in martial shade and are therefore good for the edges of plantations which surround lawn or carriage drives.* The roots should be kept moist and cool which may be done by mulching with dead leaves which will also prevent the ground from deep freezing and thus help to protect the shrubs from very severe cold.Rhododendrons, to much better advantage when from the intense rays of the sun.Some of the largest growers, especially.Mess.John Waterer & Son, of Surrey, England, give exhibitions of them under immense canvas tents.Several generations of the Waterer family have been engaged in the culture and improvement of this shrub for a century or more and have been wonderfully successlul.Their nursery covers 800 show shaded when in bloom, acres of land and their great American plant exhibition is one of the annual grand sights of England is great Metropolis.By the courtesy of the proprietors of \u201cHorticulture we are enable to present our readers with a view of the interior of one of these exhibition tents.The Day\u2019s Little Story \u201cIt 1s worth going to the Zoo to see their display of rhodendrons,\u201d said the caller to Mrs.Nouveau Riche.\u201cYes,\u201d was the unexpected :epiy, \u20181 like to go and look at the big, clumsy beasts, but the smell around thea se mal\u2019s houses is something awful.\u201d NATURE STUDIES By GEO.MOORE.CHapr.| \u2014 INTRODUCTORY The proposal to introduce the study of agrioulture into our public schools cannot but be attended with the most satisfactory and beneficial results to the rising generations.Nor can the rudiments of the science of agriculture be begun to earlv in the scholastic life of the pupil.The vouthful mind is the most receptive and plastic.As we bend the twig so will the branch incline.And now we will briefly consider what effect such training will be likely to produce on society as time rolls on.First it will cause expansion of the intellect.The brain can be cultivated, fed and nourished, and we made to yield a large crop of practical knowledge, just as soil can by careful cultivation.be made to yield abundant crops of grain, fruit or vegetables.Doctor Samuel .Johnson sald, \u201cThat the countrymen were successful because they cultivated both their soil and their reason.\u201d A correct appreciation of the objects and operations of nature will have a tendency to awaken and keep alive habits of Thought and Meditation referring to their use and beauty, and to cheer the heart of the despondent.PERSEVERANCE \u201cNever the little ing.\u201d The persistency of the growth of.a in search of food to nourish its dependent root ceases its grow- root 68 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL TURE AND HORTICULTURE plant is among one of the most curious ' ing and demoralizing sports and pastimes, and interesting phenomena of the workings | such as It is not unusual to find a ( Triticum repens), of Nature.root of couch-grass, which has forced its way through a chlod of clay, nearly asx hard as a brick.Roots of Palms discovered In ancient ruins which have, hy and trees have been their growth, displaced stones weighing tons.The great grape vine at Hampton Court, England, affords a remarkable 1n- stance of the perseverance of the root system.\"The sewers which drain the palace, ave à long distance from the vinery.Yet it was found that they were filled with the roots of the grape which had travelled.by some marvelous instinct.to find the rica piart food they contained.Of Steadfastness, of Adoration.of Gratitude, these ideas firm- Perseverance and of Morality,a person with Iv established immoral life.of domestic felicity.surround- could scarcelv lead an ed by the productions of nature which are the result of his own handiwork in aiding and abetting her, how easy it ix to feel that there is no place like home.Of philantrophyv.à good agrieulturist is a lover of mankind and perhaps.uncon- His are object lessons to clousiv.a public benefactor.farm his orchard and garden his careless or in attentive neighbours whole townships have been reformed by the operations of one good example.Dickens savs that any propagation of voodness and benevolence 1s no small addition to the aristocracy of nature.and | no small subject for rejoicing for mankind at larve.And last of all of Contentment, Parent full and a of delight in this world\u2019 assurance of happiness, Such are likely to he the habitual sentiments engendeed in the human mind by the love and study of nature.Who shall say that it is not the most important consideration in the our vouth ?Such instruction of checkin an inordinate desire for vatiat- education of will also have the effect brutal encounters between man animals, also frivolous or but not to the of all athletic many of which, if properly indulged in, have a salutary effect on both mind and body, making both healthy, strong, active and alert.Neither need the desire or of lively, if clever jokes.But the lovers of nature will certainly acquire a distaste for what is called \u2018Yellow Journalism.\u201d Humour often the most useful truths, and many and man or impure amusements, exclusion sports, may the for heht study of nature check and amusing reading inocent conversation and used to impress a fault pointed satire, may be has been corrected by well but sensational accounts of tragedies, given in detail.and meaningless stories, too frequently disgrace the pages of some newspapers and magazines, The object of education should not alone be to make the people better instructed as to all forms of useful knowledge.but also to make them better men and women.Better able to perform the common duties.and bear the responsibilities of a life.lt is well that among us well mathematics, which will strenous there should be men classics and enabled them to the public, the various professions and trades, versed in follow, with profit to themselves and vet to make this as great and progressive a Dominion as 1t promises to be, the rank and fil must not be neglected but be taught all that will make them self reliant and industrious.and therefore useful members of society.The moment for Canada to decide ag to the education of her her, not slip.but that legislators and people may combine to make technical natural training a every school.In subsequent chapters 1 propose to take a practical view of the subject.vouth is upon oh! that the golden opportunity may he allowed to leading feature in => .tu an.etre Sh mma Hye cr mm THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 69 y The Dairy Reforms to be Made in Dairying Hoard's Dairyman.\u2014 Dairving is our chief national industry.Itis through its influence that the farmer of today draws the greatest kLenefit from agriculture.Unhappily, those Lenefits are curtailed by many deficiencies in those engaged in that industry who, through ignorance, negligence or unconcern, do not know how to profit by all they could draw from it.In fact, when we examine the methods followed by many of the dairvmen, we find that there is much to reform in those methods.REFORM IN THE METHODS OF CULTURE All work of the dairy patron ought to tend towards the production of the food necessary to keep a large herd of cows.To come to that, he must follow a regular svstem of rotation on his land, into which he should introduce, for the greater part, green fodder.roots, ensilage corn, hav and pasture for the feeding of the cows.In such a rotation the culture of cereals should be only incidental.This is not well enough understand yet by our farmers.REFORM IN THE HERDS The eight hundred thousand and some hundreds of milch cows we have in our province, as shown by the last census, are not what they should be.One-fourth of these cows are good milkers : two other fourths are cows of medium (quality, and the last fourth are a cause of loss to their owners.Reform should.therefore.begin by the improvement of the herd.This is done bv the introduction into the herd of a pure-bred bull comine from a good dairy breed.and a first-class cow of that hreed.bv the selection of heifers coming from the best milch cows bred to such a bull.and by rational and abundant feeding.REFORM IN THE FEEDING OF COWS The feeding of cows by our farmers is deficient in many places.Not enough food is given, and what is viven ix generally of too poor a quality.We must remedy this deficiency in quantity by better clover pastures, improved and made to last longer by the introduction of orchard grass amongst the clover.Then, we should in the spring of the year sow tares, peas and oats, in well manured land to cet green fodder for the feeding of cows when the pasture becomes bare or the grass tough and hard.Corn ensilage and root culture should Le resorted to in order to have during winter succulent as well as rich food and to be able to leave aside strono food such as whole grain or meal.which are very costly.Cut with the hay cutter all dry fodder, hay and straw and give them damp to the cows.The cows should be comfortably housed and should always get an abundance of pure water, during winter as well as summer.REFORM ABOUT THE MILK BRUGHT TO FACTORIES One of the great reforms to effect in our dairying, if we wish to stand against the keen competition.we have to contend with from Denmark.and Australia, is that concerning the milk brought to factories by the patrons.Too much negligence ix found almost evervwhere in regard to cleanliness and care of the milk on the farm.That cleanliness should be found in the place where the cows are milked, on the cow giving the milk, on the person who milks the cow, in the vessels and apparatus used for milk.The milk itself should be well strained.aerated and cooled.In fact, nothing should ever be neglected that can contribute to the improvement of the quality of milk brought to factories.REFORM IN FACTORIES All that has just been said about the reform to he effected in dairving con- 70 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE cerns especially the patrons.Reforms should also be made in the organization and managen:ent of butter and cheese factories.These reforms should be applied to the selection of à good site.to a cond and complete drainage, a substantial building, proportionate to the quantity of milk to ke received, provided with ihe best apparatus and with model working and curing rooms, and ro keeping the factories strictly clean outside ax well as inside.This cleanliness should be found in connection with the machinery.ihe apparatus, the maker and the apprentices.Efforts should be made to close or to combine many small factories which place on the markets dairy products of poor quality.REFORM IN THE TRADE The butter and cheese trade requires also some reforms, especially ¢oncerning what ix called \u201cthe average price\u2019, paid almost evervwhere for the bad as well as the vood dainv products, à system which is a great obstacle to all kinds of improvement in the milk supplied and in the making of cheese and butter.Also the method of naming what are first, second, third and fourth qualities of cheese by giving them the appellations of \u2018\u201cOntario, \u201cTownship,\u201d \u201cQuebec,\u201d and \u201cFrench.\u201d should be changed as being an insult to the French patrons of dairying in the province of Quebec, whose name is thus used to quality all bad cheese which passes through Montreal for export.Furthermore, there should be an alteration in the official mode of weighing now em- ploved under the auspices of Montreal board of trade, which is unfair to vendors and has for a long time been denounced.If all these reforms could be obtained, we would see before long the profits of dairying increase in the proportion of twentt to thirty per cent in our province.\u2014J.A.M.\u2014Ottawa.Can.bm TA How to Get Good Cows Why so few good cows for sale ?It is almost impossible to buy a good family cow, not to think of getting a whole herd together for dairv purposes.There are good cows, but not for sale\u2014at reasonable figures.It shows that they are scarce.The supply has never met the demand.The cause is universal\u2014has been the same for vears, and will be the same for vears to come.A good cow is born and made.She is the result of careful breeding for vears, or is a sport.If a sport the process of increasing the herd from her progencv is slow and uncertain.Even when backed by good blood, or born to be a good cow, she must be made a good cow by care and feeding.(Good cows, like oreat fortunes, are apt to go to pieces after the master mind that created them has ceased to operate.Thus one generation may establish a good dairv herd and the next ruin it.We have seen this with the early Shorthorns that were so valuable to the central west.A herd goes to pieces faster than it is created.One mistake in breeding will ruin the advances made hv vears of correct breeding.There is a tremendons force at work to pull the good cows (or their calves) back to the level of the common herd.This being the case, men who keep cows for practical purposes get discouraged and not a few give up, or get\u2019 careless and allow mistakes in breedino to slip in.If men could reap well from the care they hestow, and reap quickly and surely, there would be more good cows to-day.But how can we get good cow ?The process is slow at best and often discouraging.The man who wants cows for the milk they give can not afford high-priced fancy cows.It is only the breeder who can afford to pay hundreds of dollars for a cow.But herein do men fail to show wisdom.in that they are content with common or even scrub bulls de THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 71 when they are COWS.Back of nearly all the poor cows is the scrub bull, not necessarily scrub in blood but scrub in dairy performance.A full blood.Hereford or Angus may be the worst kind of a scrub bull to put at the head of a dairy herd.It is this lack of consistent breeding, this indiscriminate breeding that leads to nowhere.lt is true not content with inferior that building up by improved breeding is a slow process, yet so long us breeding is necessary to maintain the herd, and as it takes no longer to raise a better calf in place of poorer one then why not forge ahead even though it be but little ?Buy a good cow every time you can get her at a reasonable price, but buy a good bull every time.If you are raising Jerseys, then stick to Sersey sires each time getting a better bull.1f you are raising Red Polls or Shorthorns stick to that breed, but each time get a bull that has come from a good cow.Cull the stock and each year try to make better matings.The cost of pure breds over scrubs is trifling as compared with the gains both at the pail and in the increased value of the cows, were vou to sell.There is no quick way to build up a dairy herd, but going slowly ahead is better than not going at all or even going back.Better bulls, better cows, better feed and care, results in better dairy herds.Don\u2019t change breeds.don\u2019t use inferior bulls, even though pure bred, don\u2019t ne- lect the cows and they will give you satisfaction and profit.\u2014\u2018\u201cWitness.-\u2019 )\u2014 Tk Systems of Milk Production and Disposal Although there is no particular feature in the system to which reference is about to be made which 1s entireiv new, the com- hination mav be described as one which is new in this sense, that so far as I am aware nothing of the sort has yet been at- tempted.The trend of the time is for progress, and not only Ilo medical officers of health and municipal authorities more and more largely demand the increased exercise of care in the production and distribution of milk, that it may be sold in a clean and pure condition, but the Government itself has in the Bill of the President of the Local Government Board taken an outside stand for the benefit of very young children, and is about to empower practically all towns containing more than ten thousand people to establish milk depots where an article specially prepared for infants can be distributed to those who require it.A company has been established in the Unites States with the object of producing milk on the farm and delivering it straight to the consumer, without the intervention of any straining or manipulation in railway churns or milk vessels of any kind apart from the bottles which it is 1n- tended to emplov.A farm of 2,300 acres has been acquired, and a start is about to be made with a thousand cows, all of which will be rigidly examined by an appointed officer who has been a Commissioner of Health for the city of Buffalo, and who, indeed, will take entire charge of the work from the of view of particular point sanitation and health.The object in view is to prevent milk into contact with the atmosphere until it is on the table of the consumer, although it is quite clear to the writer, at least, that no process such as that to be adopted can entirely prevent contact with air.The , ARS.ale p 8 agent).INTs | At dealers, or from 12 warranted.only $5.85.\u201cLONGINES\u2019\u2019 WANTED.After trial.if you keen it \u2014 pay when you ation i .i Watches, stones, sam , on can.Special FREE OFFER for first one in each locality.National Drug & Chemical Co., Limited, e 15 , Same case, only \u201cSpraying Guide\u201d and all information FREE.Write AL $9.LEGER L.HARDY & Co., St.Today.We pay Freight.Basile, Que.L.HURST MFG CO.98 North St., Canton, 0. N F Wi N D M | LLS a 4 A ; EE fim Power and Pumping MPH fi Towers are girted every five i in oH feet, and double braced.TANKS, PUMPS, GRAIN CGRIN- SIEIEITisassace DERS, BEE SUPPLIES, i ETC., ETC.JUSCBNE The Acme style you see above costs only from 16 cents a linear foot.Handsome and durable for lawns, parks, cemeteries, etc.Any height or length, Gates to match from $2.25.Write for catalog, or inspect this ideal fence.From us direct or any Page dealer, The PAGE Wire Fence Co., Limited ske | Toronto, Montreal IDEAL CAS AND CAS\u2018 LINE EN- CINES, AUTOMATIC BATCH CONCRETE MIXERS.Goold, Shapley & Muir Co., Ltd., BRANTFORD, CANADA.ge \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014e vt i aan Hamilton Mica Roofing Co.mica ROOFING | For steep or flat roofs, waterproof, fireproof, easily laid, cheaper than other roofing.Send stamp for sample and mention this paper.N AMERICAN 30 years old, would like to have a position with a french farmer, for board and a small salary.RR.J.Biggs, clo R.C.Hinshelwood.James- burg.N.-J.2-1.> Threshing Machines «sv J For i or 2 Horse-Power or for Gasoline Engines.Catalogues sent | Free upon request.< Carriages, Wagons, Harnesses, Agricultural Implements P.T.LÉGAR ren 273 ST.PAUL STREET, QUEBEC.| A J or ee The chief reason you want separator is to get more creain\u2014more money\u2014out of your milk.Of course you want to get the most, and you naturally want the separator that gets the most cream.| GETS | All the » + CREAM Holds World\u2019s Record for CLEAN Skimming .i\u201d Marshfield, Vt., .\"ar Feb.2, \u2018O7.I bought one of the\u2014 | machines, but after running it a little while I found it was not skimming clean.I ha- it tested at the creameries here and J found i* to test 1 per \\ 4] cent, and I could not \u2018ff stand this so exchan- Ji ged it for one of the ff U.S.machines, and pip p find that if l had given \u2018#5 the other machine % away | should have made money by so doing.Ilike the U.S.: very much, E ALMON TUCKER.ge The U.S 1 also the simplest, strongest, safest separator.Only two parts in the bowl\u2014easy to wash.Gears turn in oil and run surprising easy.Lasts for many years with ordinary care.Let us tell you ALI abou\u2019 it.It's money in vour pocke right away to know.Just write, \u201cSend me new Catalogue No.110.\u201d The pictures tell the story.BI FREETO YOU.Write to-day, addressing the VERMONT FARM MACHINE CO.Bellows Falls, Vt.¢ La Cie de Laiterie St-Laurent 10 Place d\u2019Youville, Montreal.Que, Salesmen for factory sizes; also carty a full stock of extra parts for both factory and Dairy sizes.U.S.Separators.\u2018Write at once for the most ATENTS liberal offer ever made for obtaining patents and ask for * INVENTORS GUIDE,\u2019 the best hook published for inventors.Best references.Establjshed 20 years.Address WM, N, MOORE, WASHTNGTON, D.C, Farmer's Boilers #lso used by Butchers, Bakers and Soap-makers.High rim on Caldron\u2014Reversible draft and damper \u2014Heavy corrugated sides\u2014Asphaltum finish.Write for catalogue and priees.® From Pole to F or - Neither heat nor cold - nor constant wear will swerve the WATCH.10 =@gin= 2% from its course of perfect time Every Elgin Watchis fully guaranteed.All jewelers have Elgin Watches.' An interesting, illustrated booklet about watches, sent free on request to ELCIN NATIONAL WATCH CO., Elgin, lI, pa MODERN FARMING requires - MODERN ME.HODS.We can supply you with a wide tire steel wheel, low, handy wagon \u2014 or a set of wide tire steel B wheels for your old wag- À on which will place you in the front position.They save a lot \u2018of labor i and will last for years 4 .+ without anv cost for repairs.Wheels gre made anv size \u2014 with any width of tire desired, and to fit any axle.Sold under a positive guarantee.Write to-dav for illustrated catalogue.DOMINION WROUGHT IRON WHEEL CO0., Ltd., - ORILLIA, ONT.~.BE Lair's Goal Oil Motor From 1 to 40 H.P Our\u2019 Engine is the most eco- Homical and practical one for all purposes on a farm: burns any kind or quality of coal oil which costs 50 p.c.cheaper than gasoline; there is no danger ; made so simply that anybody cam rum it.Send for our catalogue.PAUL LAIR 628-630-632 Notre-Dame East St., Montreal.MAKERS OF HIGH CLASS & GUELPH, ONT., and 1%@ Craig St, West, Montréal.mer SE TES Se age Foc | Horse Owners! Use a DAIN *Caustic| Hay Loader | Balsam