Almanach de Quebec, pour l'année bissextile M,DCC,LXXX-[1841], 1 janvier 1817, Appendix

[" APPENDIX. ( *68 ) A Geographical Description of the World, EUROPE extends in its greateft breadth from 9th degree Weil to 61 Eaft longitude from London, and in its greateft length, from 350 55' to 7lQ 20\u2019 N.latitude, and contains thefe Countries, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Italy, Kudia, Hungary, France, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Norway and Greece, the moft eminent Illands are thefe: Great-Britain, Ireland, Sicily, Sardinia, Can-dia, Negropont and Corfica.Tne greateft length of this part of the World is 3000 miles, the breadth 900.ASIA, extends in its greateft breadth, from 61 degree Eaft, to 163 E.longitude, from London, and in its greateft l-ngth, from 10 South, to 75 N.latitude, and is the lirft kno.vn part of the World, it contains thefe principal Regions and Iflands, viz.Armenia, Anatolia, Perfta, Aflyria, China, Syria, Arabia, Mcfopotamia, India, Japan, Parthia, Me-ai a, Palcftine, Chaldea, and Tartary.AFRICA, extends in ifs greateft breadth, from 15 degree Weft to 50 Eaft longitude, from London and in its greateft length from 35 Weft to 40 fouth latitude, in it arc thefe Countries, viz.Egypt, Barbary, Biledulgerid, Ethiopia, Nubia, Congo, AbylTinia, Monomotopa, Guinea, Scc.The Illands, Madagafcar, St.Thomas, Illands of Cape Verde, Canary Hlandi, Madeira. ( »69 ) AMERICA.This great Weftern Continent, frequently denominated the New World, extends from the Soth Degree North to the 56th of fouth latitude ; and, where its breadth is known, fiom the 56th to the 136th degree of W.Long, from London, ftretching from between 8 and 9000 miles in length, and its greateft breadth 3693.It fees both Hemifpheres, has two fummers and a double winter, and enjoys all the variety of climates which the Earth affords.It is wafh'd by the two great Oceans ; to the Eaftward it has the Atlantic, which dévides it from Europe and Africa; to the Weft the Pacific, or great South .Sea, by which it is feparated from Afia : by ^hefe feas it may, and does carry a direct commerce with the other three parts of the World.This great Continent is divided into two parts, one on the North, the other on the South; which are joined by the Kingdom of Mexico, forming a fort of Ifth-mus 1500 mi|es long, and in one pari, at Darien, fo extremely n arrow, as to m ike the communication between the two Oceans by no means difficult, being only 60 miles.In the great Gulph which is formed betwean the lfthmus and the northern and fouthern grand Divifions of this Continent, lie an infinite multitude of Ifiands, many of them large, moft of them fertile, and denominated, the Weft-Indies, in contradiction to the Countries and Ifiands of Afia, beyond the Cape of Good Hope, which are call'd, the Eatt-Indies. ( *7° ) UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT-BRITAIN AND IRELAND.This kingdom formerly England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland is fituated between 49° 50\u2019and 50° 25' of North latitude, and between 70 40' Weft, and 1® 50' of Eaft longitude and contains about 15,000,000 inhabitants, according to the laft Cenfus, The United Kingdom is a limited monarchy, and hereditary to both fexes.The King muft be of the Proteftant religion, as eftabliftied.The King pofelles the executive power of government, and, with the Parliament, (hares in the legiflative.Parliament is com-pof.d of the three eftates, the Sovereign, the Houfeof Peers and the Houfe of Commons.The climate is mild, the foil for the moft part naturally good, yielding every ufeful production, wine, oil and (ilk excepted.The genius and induftry of the people, in the arts of agriculture and gardening, in the mode of feeding cattle, breeding horfes and (heep, have placed this beyond every other European country in this point.\u2014The woollen manufactures of England, and the produce of their mines, &c.are inex-hauftible fources of riches.The perfevering induftry and great mechanical ingenuity of it9 inhabitants, have given Great-Britain decidedly the firft place in Europe as a commercial and manufacturing country.The advantage of her infular lituation, many excellent harbours, and vaft extent of fea line, have highly contributed to her fu .periority ; but her prodigious improvements in every manufacture and mechanical art, joined to her wife laws for the protection of trade, and the high rcfpeCt in which her mercantile character is held, have advanced her yet more.Next to manufactures, me filheries are of the greateft importance.The total of tbr commerce, import and export, employs above two millions ef tons of (hipping; and the balance in favour of Great-Britain is above three millions on the average, ( 171 ) LIST OF HIS MAJJJSTY\u2019« MINISTERS.1816.CABINET MINISTERS.Lord Harrowby, Lord President of the Council\u2014Lord Eldon, Lord High Chancellor\u2014Lord Westmoreland, Lord Pricy Seal\u2014Lord Clancarty, President qf the Hoard of Trade\u2014Lord Liverpool, First Lord of the Treasury (Prime Minister).\u2014Right Hon.N.Van-«ittart, Chancellor and Under- Treasurer of the Exchequer.\u2014Right Hon.Charles Bathurst, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.\u2014Right Hon.Wm.Wellesley Pole, Master of the Mint\u2014Lord Vis.Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty.\u2014Lord Mulgrave, Master General of the Ordnance.\u2014Lord Sidniouth, Secretary of State for the Home Department.\u2014Lord Castlereagh, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.\u2014 Lord Bathurst, Secretary of State for the Department of War and Colonies.\u2014Rt.Hon.Geo.Canning, President of the Hoard of Control for the affairs in India.NOT OF THE CABINET.Right Hon.George Rose, Treasurer of the Navy\u2014 Lord Palmerston, Secretary at War \u2014Right Hon.C.Long, Hon.J.F.Robinson, Joint Paymasters General of the forces.\u2014Earl of Chichester, Earl of Clancarty, Joint Post Masters-General.\u2014Right Hon.C.Arbuth-not, S.R.Lushington, Esq.Secretaries of the Treasury \u2014Sir Wm.Grant, Master of the 11*dis.Sir Wm.Garrow, Attorney General.Sir S.Shepherd, Solicitor General.PERSONS OF THE MINISTRY OF IRELAND.Lord Whitworth, Lord Lieutenant.Lord Manners, Lord High Chancellor.Right Hon.Robert Peele, Chief Secretary\u2014Right IIou.W.Fitzgerald, Chany oellor d M.iry\tFeb.13, 1689\t>3\t0\t2i Union of the Two Kin\t\tthorns.\t\t Anne\tMach 8, 1702\t12\t4\t2 3 George I\tJ*ug.I, 1714\t1 2\t10\t10 (icorge 1 i\tJune 1 r, 1727\t34\t1\t14 Ce \u2019rge 111\tOfl.25, 1763\twhom Oca prem\t\t K 3 ( «74 ) The Royal Family of Great-Britain.King George III.born Queen Charlotte born George, Prince of Wale», born Duke of Yojlk, Bp.of Ofaaburgh, b.Duke of Carence, born Duchefs of Wirtemberg, born Duke of Kent, born Princess Augusta Sophia, born - Princess Elizabeth, born Duke of Cumberland, born Duke of Sussex, born Duke of Cambridge, born - Princess Mary, born Princess Sophia, born 4\tJur>e 173* 19 May 1744 12 Aug.1762 16 Aug.1763 21\tAug.1765 29 Sept.1766 2\tNov.1767 8 Nov.1768 22\tMay, 1770 5\tJune >77* *7 J™- *773 24\tFeb.1774 25\tApril 1776 3\tNoï> *777 Niece 6?Nephew, children of the late D% of Cloucefer, Sophia Matilda, born May 29, 1773.Wm.Frederick, D.of Gloucester, b.jan 15, 1776.SOVEREIGNS OE EUROPE.Austria.\u2014Francis II.born February 1768, Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Elector of Bohemia, and Arch Cup Bearer of the Holy Roman Empire; married, 1790, Maria Theresa, danghter of the King of the two Sicilies, by whom he has four sons and four daughters ; and married again in v 1808.Holland.\u2014Prince William Frederick VI.of Orange Nassau, Sovereign Prince, born 24th August, 1772, (son of William V.who was dispossessed of his kingdom by the French in Jan.1795, and fled for refuge to England:) reinstated in the sovereignty of the United Provinces by proclamation, at Amsterdam, Nov.15, 1813\u2014Married to Frederica Louisa, sister to the King of Prussia, in October, 1791.Has issue, 1.William Frederick George, ( \u201875 ) born Dec.1792.\t2.William Frederick Charles born Feb.1797.3.Wilhelmina Frederica Paulina, born March 1800.Frederica Louisa, sister to the Sovereign Prince, born November, 1770, widow of the Hereditary Prince of Brunswick Wolfembuttle.Sophia Wilhelmina, mother of the Sovereign Prince, and widow of Prince William V.late Stadtholder.France.\u2014Louis XVIII.King of France and Navarre, born Nov.17, 1755 ; married Josephine Louisa, of Savoy, 17*71, who died in 1810.Charles Philip de France, Monsieur (CôijnÇ D\u2019Artois, brother to the King) born Oct.6, 1757 ; married 1773, to Maria Theresa, of Savoie, who died in June, 1805.Has issue, 1.Louis Antoine, Due d\u2019Angouleme, born Aug.6, 1775 ; married in 1809, Maria Theresa Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVL who was born in 1776.2 Charles Ferdinand, Due de Berri, born January, 1778.\u2014Louis Philip, Due d\u2019Orléans, born 1773 ; married 1809, Maria Amelia, daughter of the King of the Two Sicilies.Has issue, 1.Ferdinand Philip Louis, Duc de Chartres, born at Palermo, Sept.1810.2.Maria Louisa Charlotte Isabella, born at Palermo, April, 1812.3.Maria Christiana Carolina, born at Palermo, April, 1813.Louis Maria Adelaide de Bourbon, Duchess Dowager D\u2019Orleans, born March, 1752.Mother of the Duc D\u2019Orléans, and of Louis Adelaide, Mademoiselle D\u2019Orléans, born August, 1777.Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, born Aug.1736, married Charlotte Eliza de Rohan ; and afterwards married Princess Dowager de Monaco.\u2014 Has issue, 1.Louis Henry Joseph, Duc de Bourbon, boin April, 1756, married 1770, to Louisa Maria Theresa, D'Orléans, Duchess of Bourbon ; born in 1750.2.Louisa Adelaide, born Oct.1757. ( >76 ) Sicily*\u2014 Ferdinand IV.King of the Two Sicilies ; born Jan.12, 1751 ascended the throne October 5» 1759, on his Father\u2019s becoming King of Spain.Rome.\u2014Pius VII.Bernadi Chiaramonte, born at Cesenna in Romagna, Aug.14, 1742} Cardinal in April, 1785 ; elected Pope at Venice, March 14, J800 ; crowned 21st of the same month.Portugal.\u2014Maria Francisca Elizabeth, bom Dec.17, 1734 ; Queen, Feb.1777, widow May, 26, 1786, of Don Pedro, her uncle, John Maria Joseph Louis Prince Regent, born May, 1767 ; married Jan.9, 1794 } Charlotte Joaquina of Spain, born April, 24, 1770; has issue, born in the Brazils.Spain.\u2014Ferdinand VII.married a daughter of the King of Naples, who is dead.Russia.\u2014Alexander I.Paulowitz, born Dec.1777 ; Emperor of all Russias, March 24,\t1801 ; married Oct.9, 1795, Louisa Augustus Elizabeth Alexiewna, of Baden, born January 24, 1779.Prussia.\u2014Frederick William III, born Aug.3,1778 ; King of Prussia, Nov.6, 1797 ; married Dec.25, 1793, Louisa Augustus Wihclmina Amelia of Mecklenburg Strelitz, born March 10, 1775 ; has isSue.Denmark,___-Frederick VI.born January 28, 1768 ; King of Denmark, March 13, 1808; married July 31,1790, Maria Sophia Ftedirica, of Hesse Cassel, born Oct.25, 1767 ; has issue, one daughter Caroline.Sweden.\u2014Charles, formerly Duke of Sudermania, born October 7, 1748 ; married July 7, 1 774, to Hed-vidge Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of Holstein Oldenburg ; assumed the Crown of Sweden on the abdication of his Nephew Gustavus, who now takes the title of Count Gottorp.Crown Prince, the Prince of Ponte Corvo (Gen.Bern.idotte,) by birth a Frenchman, a military man, who held the rank of General and Commander in Chief of the Army of the North under tha late Emperor Napoleon. ( «77 ) Switzerland.-\u2014 Louis d\u2019Affry, Landamman of Switzerland.Hanover.\u2014Elector, His Britannic Majesty.Governor and Commander in Chief, His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, Field Marshal.Turkey.\u2014Mahmud II.born July 20th, 1785 ; pro-proclaimed Emperor, Aug.10, 1808.Wirtemberg.\u2014Frederick, born November 6, 1754; King of Wirtemberg, in 1806 ; Sovereign and reigning Duke of Suabia and Teck ; married, first, Augusta Frederica Caroline Louisa of Brunswick Wol-fenbuttle, who died Sept.27, 1788 ; second, Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Princess Royal of England.Baden.\u2014Charles Frederick, born Nov.22, 1728 ; Grand Duke of Baden, Duke of Zcebringen ; married first Jan.22, 1751 ; Charlotte Louisa, of Herse Darmstadt, who died April 8, 1783; second, Nov.24, 1787 ; Louisa Coroline, Countess of Hoelingen born May 26, 1768. (\ti?8 ) A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF CANADA.Written in i8r I.HE name of Canada was originally applied, by Europeans, to the land on the louth-weftern fhores of the Gulph of St.Lawrence, and on both iidcs of that River, from its mouth tofome diftance above Quebec.The River St, Lawrence, itfeIf, was ealle d la Grande Riviere du Canada.The name was afterwards extended to all the countries which were explored by adventurers fiom the lcttlcmer.ts along the River.Thewholeof the French polTelîions in North America were, latterly, comprehended under the name of New France.Canada, as it is geneially underftood at the pre-fent day, is bounded to th; eaft by \u2018he Gulph of St.Lawrence and the couotiy on the Labrador Coalt annexed in 1809 to the government of Newfoundland ; to the north, by the territory of the Hudfon's Bay Company ; to the weft, by undefined boundaries, but winch may be fuppoled to extend, by virtue of occupation by the Fur Traders, and the discoveries of M'Kenzie, to the Pacific Ocean ; to the fouth, it is bounded by unexplored countries &i the United States of America, to wit : the north-weft territory, the Michigan territory, the States of Ohio, Pennfylvania, New-York, Vermont, New-Hampfhire, the Diftridt of Maine, and by the Britifh Province of N\u2019e w-ttrur fwick .The divifion line on the fouth, from the Grand Portage on Lake Superior, runs through the Great Lakes and down the St.Lawrence to latitude 45, and thence along that line to Connedlicut River, from thence it follows the highlands which teparate the waters tunning into the Saint Lawrence and the Atlantic, till it reach due north of the st Croix River, the boundary between the United States 6c New-Brunfwick.The whole of this extent of country, as far as it wa3 then explored, was, from 1774 to 1791, under ( \u201879 ) the Government of the Province of Quebec In 1791 it was divided into Upper and Lower-Canada, by a boundary commencing at Pointe au Bodet, on Lake saint Francis, about 55 miles above Montreal and running northerly to the Ottawa River, and up that River to its fource in Lake Tomiscaming, and thence due north to the Hudfon's nay boundary.Lower-Canada lies between tlie4Sih and coth degrees of north latitude, and the 6ad and Had degrees of weft longitude, from Greenwich.The eaftern half of the eountry is mountainous, and generally unculti-vable.On the fouth fliore of the faint Lawrence, the moun'ams do not recede confiderably from the River til! within about 6o mi'es bebw Quebec; they then run in a fouth-wefterly and fouthem diredtion till they reach Lake Champlain ; on the weftern fide of this lake, they ealend north-welterly, in the diredtion of the great rapid, of the St.Lawrence.On the north fhoie they can hardly be faid to leave the river till they reach Qiiebec, from which they eitend in a weftern & fouth-ern uredtion, till they again appear in fight of the mountains on the fouth fliore, towards the above ra pids.Th- country lying within thefe mountains com-prifing an eaten; of about iwo hundred miles from eaft t ' wc.\u2018'» an\u201c lSo ftonl north to fouth, at the broadelt part, is level, with the exceptions of the isolated moun.amsof Montreil, Brlteil and Charrbly.Nearly the middle of tins trad! of country, flows the St.1 aw rence, varying from a mile to upwards of twenty miles in breadth, navigable fur veffesol goo tons 6oo miles !h°/otnC fej> lr,d r,,\u201clvinS ™ the north the waters of the Qt awa, I Achigan, the St.Maurice, the Batifcan the lamte Anne, and the\tCatticr.and on thé thetK\u2019i>îihf .Chtm«>\u2019 83 ) of bifcuit.Animal food has generally been furniihed in abundance in L.Canada.The proof of this is, that the price has been much lower here than in any other part of North America.But, for four or rive years back, the demand for lumber from Canada, the consequent high price of labour, the increafe of confumers, and the ifâgnation of the American trade, has effe&ed a great rife in the price of this article, as well as of vegetable food, and enabled foreigners to enter into competition with the inhabitants of Canada, even in their own markets* The value of the exportation» from the St.Lawrence in 1810, has been ellimated by mercantile men, at 1,200,000 pounds fterling, including dilburfements of fhips employed in the trade, the number of which was 661, men 6578, tonnage 143893, and alfo the value of 5896 tons of new fliips built in the Province.A conriderable proportion of the produce of the United States, and all the Furs obtained in the Indian Countries, are included in the general a-mount.The price of labour, in the towns, for four years part, may be eftimated at 4(four-rifths of a dollar) per day, throughout the year ; one half of which fum has been paid for board and lodging.Bread ha« been at about 2^d.per lb.and beef 3d.Canada was Discovered in the year 1535, by Jacques Cartier, a native of St.Malo, in France.He had explored the Gulph of St.Lawrence the preceding year, and carried off from Gafpé (Gachepé) two of the natives of the country round Quebec.The next year they ferved him as interpreters.On the 8th Septem-ber, 1535, he arrived in his boats at Quebec, in fearch of a place to lay up his velTels for the winter, and he fixed upon the River St.Charles.On the 14th, his velfels, the Grande Hermine, of 120 tons, the Petite Hermine, of 60, and the Eme/illon, of 40 tons, arrived from the lower end of the Ifland of Orleans, where he bad left them.On the 16th he laid up the two largeft ( '«4 ) to winter, and OB the 19th proceeded in ihe Emerillon towards Montreal ; but left her at the upper end of Lake St.Peter, and arrived at Hocbtiaga, the name of the Indian town then at Montreal, on the id October.On Tuefiay the 5th he lefr it, and arrived on Monday the 1 ith at the Harbour of St.Croix, the naime he had given to the mouth of the River St.Charles, in honour of the Saint whofe anniverfary is celebrated on the day his vefl'els firtf arrived there.On the 15th Nov.his (hips were fr ten in, and the whole river, foon after, was frozen over to above Montreal.Aboutthezld Feb.1536, it was jgain navigable for canoes.On the 15th April his vefl'els were difengaged from the ice.On the 3d May, he feized on the two natives whom he had tik-n with him the former year, and alfo the Chref of the Indian Village at Quebec, which was then called StadacorJ3 and on the 6th May he tailed for France, leaving one of hts vefl'els dif.nantled in the Little River, tor want of hands, twenty-five of them having periflt-ed during the winter, by an unknown malady.He failed from Cape Raze, in Newfoundland, on the 19th June, and on the 16th July he arrived at St.Malo.All the foregoing dates, it fhould be obferved, are Old Stile, and require ten days to be added to each, to cor-refpond with the fame dates at prefent.In 1540 a Governor (Roberval) was appointed for Canada, and fettlers fent out.Cartier was mode Captain-General a.td Pilot of the vellcls employed on the occalion ; but Roberval fized upon Care Breton for a fettlement\u2014 There Cartier remained feventeen months, and then returned to France with a ruined fortune, and died foon afterwards.In 15**, his nephews, Delalaunaye Chaton, and Jacques Noel, obtained an ezelufive privilege to trade to Canida for 12 years, as an indemnification for the lofles their uncle had luftained j but this privilege was revoked fuur m nths after it was granted.In 1598 a Sieut de la Roche, Marquis de Cottenme-at, obrained a cnmmillion to conquer and fettle the coun- (\t'«S ) try : he landed fixty firttlers at the 1 He aux Sables, and loon got back to France, where he was thrown into prison at a private luit.At the end of five years, twelve o| them, all that furvived, were taken off the ifland.In 1603, Pierre Dugua, Sieur De Mtnt?, obtained, for hirolelf and allouâtes, an exclufive privilege to trade from Cape R-zé to lat.40.He made 2 fet lement at Port Royal, (Annapolis) in the Bay of Fundy j but in 1607 his privilrg was revoked, .nd his feeders returned to F< ance.Dr Monts, however, obtained a con-tinuatic .of his privilege for annihe.year, on condition fo fettling up the Samr Lawrence : and on the 3d July, i6c8 Samuel de Champlain, a Gcograpbe du Roiy and commiilioned by De Monts, foundeo Quebec.Champlain's frttlement f »on after obtained powerful protectors in the French Court, and he was continued at the head of it till hisorath in 1635- The country,however, continued under the government of exclufive companies till 1663, when it leli under the Royal Gove nmenr.In 1667 free trade was allowed,excepting in the expoi-tation of Beaver Sk ns From thefe periods the colony began to profper.In 1679 the population was 8500 fouls } but it foon afterwards came to the biink of deftrudtion : Chamolain had early engaged in war.in lavor of the St.Lawrence Indians, a^ainft thole inhabiting the countries to the fouth-wei*, with whom the former had been at war even before Cartier\u2019s arri-val in 153$.His objedt was to ingratiate himltlf with the Indian1, and obtain a knowledge < f the county.After th«\" Dutch and EngMh had fettled at New-York and in New England, the fouth weftern Indians, or Iroquois, got arms from them, and loon proved an overmatch for the French and their allie' ; many of the latter they almoft totally extirpared.In 1689 they exterminated nearly all the inhabitants on the Ifiand of Montreal.Througho.it the country, the French were only faved by their fortifications.The irruptioat 1-3 ( \u201886 ) of the Iroquois often extended even below Quebec.\u2014 Succours, however, arrived from France; the Jefuits, who had been introduced into the country as early as 1615, availed themfelves of every interval of hoftili-ties, to (Lengthen the influence of France with the friendly Indians, and bring over, or neutralii-, the hoftile.In 1714» the population of Canada did not much exceed 20,000 fouls.The Colony had, however, then become, and long continued, a terrible fcourge to the Englilh feulements.In 1629 it was in the possession of the Englilh, but uas reftored by treaty, in lflj2, neither pa-tv then felting any value on it.In 1690 a formidable Engl fh expedition made an attempt upon Quebec, but it failed, after landing the troops at the Canardierc, near the city.Another was fruftiated by Ihipwreck, at the Seven lflands, near th- mouth of the River, 10 17H.Nova Scut,a was, however, wreft-ed from the French, and cede! by the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713.All the wars in Europe, between England and France, were carried on with great rancour in the Colonies.The war of 1756, had its origin in difputes about the limiis of Canada.The French, by their connexions with the Indian-, had overrun, at an early period, the whole of the country lying between the Allegany Mountains, the Great Lakes and the Missisippi.They claimed the whole by right of dilcovery, and ces-cion by the Indians ; thus confining the Englilh Colonies t-' a ftrip of land on the SeaCoaft.Fhe animosities had come to foch a head, that hoftilities were commenced, in thefe part-, about a year before war was declared in Europe.The efforts of Great Britain and her Colonies, in this war, were proportionate to the dingers with wfiich the latter were threatened.The outfit was unfavourable.An Englifti army pen/ned with B.addock, in 1756- Another was defeated at Ticonderoga, (Carillon \\ in 1758.The Britilh Navy, however, acquired an acfcendancy, and a groat Statesman took thq helm of affairs in England.A com- ( '87 ) bined attack from the Sea, by Lake Champlain, and from Lake Ontario, was planned for 1759, which was ultimately crowned wiih fucceft* The giory of the achievement was acquired by Gen.Wolfe, who commanded the expedition from the fea, \\V hen all feemed to be loft, by one of thufe apparently hazardous attempts, through which men of fupprior mind, alone, can dilcern fuccefs, he brought the principal French army in the country to a battle on the Plains of Abram* There he died like a true foidier j anj his victory decided the fate of Canada.No event ever excited greater joy in England, than the vi&ory of Quebec, and the final reduction of Canada.The former was, indeed, an event glorious to the national character ; but the latter was foon followed by greater evils than thofe it had removed.The war of 1756, had been undertaken for the benefit of the Colonies.It was thought 1h.1t they ought to contribute to alleviate the burthens which it occafioned.Aa attempt to this ef-fed, was followed by a general refiftance on the part of the Colonifts, to which they were, nodoubi, encouraged by the profpeft of being no longer in want of her aftiftancc.About the clofe of the Summer of 1775, they invaded Canada by Lakr Champlain, 8c from the lources of the Kennebec River Before thofe employed on the alter expedition, could reach Quebec, through the extenfive torefts winch then leparated New-Eugland and Canada, thofe from Lake Champlain had nearly fucceeded in capturing Chambjy, St.John and Montreal.The few regular troops in the Province were loft in thofe places, and on board the river craft which lurrendered between Sorel and Montreal.On the 3d Nov.after being 32 days in the woods, Arnold\u2019s party came out at the feulements on the Chaudière River, without artillery, half naked, half armed, penfhing with hunger, aq«l more like beggars than invaders. ( 188 ) On the 9th he reached Point Levi.On the I2th Col.M\u2019Lean, who had retired from Sorel on hearing of Arnold\u2019s approach, reached Quebec with about ISO recruits.On the I4th, Arnold, who had made fhift to pafs the River in the night, appeared on the plains, wheri he paraded for a few days, in the hope that his friends in the town might procure the furrenderof the City ; but M\u2019Lean threatening to come out, he thought it advileablc to retire to L ointe aux Trembles, and wait for Montgomery, the commander in chief, who was to come trom Montreal.On the I9th, General Carleton, who had elcaped from onboard tlic craft below Montreal, before their furrender, arrived.On the 5th Dec Montgomery and Arnold made their appearance at Sainte Foy.Cen.Carleton had let every body leave the town that choofed to go out.He, nor thole that remain» cd, would held no communication with rebels.\u2014 Montgomery was theretore reduced to open his fix gun battery on the town ; but the weather loon forced him to de ft ft.On the 31ft Dec.before day light in the morning, he attempted an aflault, by Près de Ville and the Sault au Matelot, the northern and fouthern extremities of the Lower-Town He and two of his officers were killed by the ftrft cannon difeharged at the former place ; the reft retired.At the Sault au Matelot, Arnold forced one barrier, at which he was wounded, and afterwards retired to the General Holpital.All attempts to force the fécond, were fruitleis ; the Americans retired into the houles, and tired trom the windows.A fall y trom Palace Gate, attacked them in the rear, and at about 10 o\u2019clock in the forenoon, all that remained ol thole who had penetrated beyond the ftrft barrier, furrendered, in number about 350.About 60 had been killed during the conteft.lhc garrtfon had 5 killed, and la wounded.Alter this aflault, which Montgomery was partly induced to make, by the approaching expiration of the term of (\t189 ) enliftmentof a number of his men, and which he gained the men over to attempt, by the hope of plunder,* the enemy confined himlelt to firing a few (hots, in the fpring, at the town, from Pointe Levi, and an attempt to burn the (hipping in the Cul de-Sac.On the 61h May, three Ihips of war arrived, wiih two companies ol the 29th regiment, which, with fome marines, about 200 in all, were immediately landed, and marched out with the gar-rifon.The enemy was found to be on the retreat, having left every thing which could not be carried off on men's (boulders.He made no halt till he reached Soiel, where he received reinforcements, & detached 2000 men, with an intention of furpriliug the part of the Butiih forces which had reached Three -Rivers.This detachment was deleated with great iofs ; their commander, and about 200 men, remained prifoners.On the 27th May, 474 of the enemy had iurrendered at the Cedars.On the 16th June, Montreal was evacuated j and at the end ot the month, the whole Province.At the time ot the invafion, there were not more than eight or nine hundred regular troops in the Province.Almoft the whole of thefc Iurrendered in Fort Chambly and Saint John, and in the Craft retiring from Montreal.There was no militia in exigence.It was only on the 10th Sept, that the Canadian mill tia officers of Quebec received commilfions.The Americans, including Arnold\u2019s force, did not exceed 4000 men.They had calculated on active a Hi ft a nee from the people of the Province, amongft whom their partilans and em'idanes had long been circulating falfehoods intended to operate on their prejudices, and lying circulars from the Congrels.\u2014 About 300 men were, indeed, raifed on the River Chambly, by a Mr.Livingston, who had refided for * Marshall's Life of Washington.5 ( 19° ) a confidcrable time in that quarter.Beyond thaj, they had no luccefs ; and it is to this mifcalculation, that they owed their failure.The garrilon of Quebec, during the liege, coniifted of about 300 recruits and marines, 400 lea men, and 800 militiamen, in all, 1500.The befiegers, to the 31ft Dec.contilted of about the fame number.From that time, to the Ift of March, they did not exceed 700 etfeaive men.In March they had about 1800, in April 2000.At the time of the evacuation of the Province, they had about 8000 men ; but the Br.tiih army then amounted to 13,000.Since that time, to the pre-fent, Canada has not witnctVed the prclcncc ot an enemy.The Population of Canada, at the time of the con-queil, was about 60,000 fouls, including the whole of the feulements to Detroit.At prefent, the population rf Lower-Canada is eftimated at 400,000, about feven-eighths of which are of French delcent, and profefs the Roman Catholic Religion; the other eighth is compoled of Englifh, lrilh, Scotch Germans, Americans, and their defendants.\tthele, the Americans arc now the mod numerous ; the next the Scotch.Till recently, the latter have carried on nearly all thp exrerior trade or Canada.1 hey.now divide it with the Englifil, lrilh ic Americans.There is hardly ?n induce of the French defendants, who are, almoft exclufively, called Canadians in the country, being engaged in the external trade ; they, however, (hare largely in the retail and internal trade.There are, as yet, no manufadlones of note in Canada ; thole of leather, hats and paper, are, however, introduced, and the cloathing ol 1 ic farmers is generally made in their families.There are two 1 ron Works in the vicinity of 1 hree Rive rs.The landholders are moftly Canadians, or of Canadian connexions.The lands granted by the Crown ftuce 1796, are chi-fly held by Britilh and Amen- (\t»9' ) cans, and fettled by the Utter,* Though thefe lands are very extenfive, they are not, as yet, of great value.Almolt the whole of the farmers are Canadians.Very few of them hold upon kafe.They are the owners of the foil ; Jubjedonly to a very incon-fiderable annual rent to the Seigneurf or perfon holding immediately from the Crown, and a fine of a twelfth upon a change of proprietor by lale, or act cquiva ent to a lale ; one-fourth of which twelfth is ulually deducted uppn fpeedy payment.'I he other conditions attached to the tenure, are in no wile burlhenfome, according to the exifting practice.They chiefly Wines.\tpr.Tun Terieriffe j From Great t Portugal Spa- ) w;nM> do.Britain.( nilh and other y 6 Geo.III.chip.yid.On Britifh plantation Coliec,\tpr.cwt.Mobiles -\t\u2022\t- pr.Gal.Br.tilîi Pimento\tpr.lb.Sterling.050 o 22 o o o à o 59 9 70® c 10 ^ 070 001 000^ 14 Geo.III.chap.S3.For every gallon ot Brandy or other Spirits ot the manuta£lure ot Gr* at Britain -\t003 For every gallon of Rum or other Spirits which fhali be imported or brought from any of his Majcfty\u2019s Sugar Colonies in the We:t Indies\t\u2014\t¦\u2014\t,\t0 0 For every gallon of Rum or other Spirit winch ^ fhali be imported or brouchtfrom any other of his Majtfty\u2019s Colonics or dominions in America\t\u2014\tO O) ( *02 ) Fo\u2018every gallon of foieign Brandy» or other Spirits of foreign manufacture imported or brought from Great Britain\t\u2014\tO J o For every gallon of Rum or Spirits of the produce or manufadt ure of any of the Colonies or Plantations in America, not in the pof-fcilion or under the dominion ot his Majef-ty, imported from any other place except Grejt Britain\t\u2014\t\u2014\tO I O For every gallon of MolalTes and Syrups which /hall be imported or brought into the Province in Ih-ps ur vclTels belonging to his Ai a j e fl y \u2019 s fuhjcdts in Great Eritain or Ireland, rr to h;s Majelty\u2019s fubjedts in this Province\t\u2014*\t\u2014\to o j For every gallon of MolalTes and Syrups which /hall be imported or brought into the Province, in any other /hips or v^flels, in which the fame may be legally imported -\t006 ADDITIONAL DUTIES laid on by the Provincial Parliament ; Adis 33d Geo.III.Cap.8, 35th.Geo.III.Cap.9.and 41ft.Geo.III.Cap.14.For every gallon foreign Brandy or other Spirits of foreign manufacture -\t-\t003 For every gallon Rum or other Spiritsexcept Rritilh manufactured Spirits, imported from Great Britain or Ireland\t-\t003 For every gallon of MolalTes and Syrups 003 For every gallon Madeira Wine, by one Adt 4d, by another 2d\t\u2014\t006 For every gallon other Wine, by one Adi 2d by another iJ\t-\t-\t003 For every pound Losf or Lump Sugar -\t001 (\t203\t) Fdr every pound Mufcovado or Clayed Su.ar o o $ For every pound Coffee\t-\t002 For every pound Leaf Tobacco\t.\t002 For every pack of Playing Cards -\t002 For every miftot of Salt\t-\t004 On Snuff or flour of Tobacco p.lb.\t004 On Tobacco manufactured in any other 1 way than into Snuff' or flower or > o O 3 powder, -\t-\t3 DEDUCTION of WEIGHT.On Coffee Bags or Bales, 3 pounds for every icolb.Jn Calks 12 ditto.for every ioolb.Mufcovado and ?in Calks or Boxes, 12 pounds for Clayed Sugar { every ioolb.Loaf and Lump Sugar in Calks or Boxes, 15 pounds for every ioolb.Leaf Tobacco in Calks \u2014 \u2014¦¦\t12 pounds for every ioolb.Leakage on Wines, Spiritous Liquors and Mo.laps, Three Gallons on every Hundred Gallons.Wajh of Articles fubjcEt to Duties by Weight.An allowance of three pounds on every hundred pounds On Salt\u2014an allowance of walte of three Minots on every 100 Minots.Salt landed below the call Bank of the River Saguc.nai, on the north fide of the St.Lawrence and below the eaft Bank of the River of the Grand Mitis on the fouth fide is not fubjcCt to duty.DRAWBACK.There jhall he allowed by the Collehlor, four pence on every Bulhel of Salt exported from th/* Port of Quebec to any place beyond the abosc Limits ( 204 ) Seven pence on every Tierce of Salmon, and four pence on every Barrel of falted Beef or Pork, cr falted rifhof any fort exported from this Province.New and Additional Duties, New and additional Duties impofed by the Provincial Aft 4$th Geo.3d, cap.13, intituled, \u201c An Ad to it provide for the erecting of a Common Gaol in each «« of theDiftrifts of Quebec and Mont rai refpeftivc-«< ly, and the means for defraying the Eipeuce» thcre-«« of.\u201d *\tOn BoheaTea, per lb.\t- id.\u2022\tSouchong or other Black\tTea»,\t4^- *\tHyfon Tea,\t- \u2022\tAll other Green Teas,\t-\t4^- Spirits, or other ftrong liquors per Englift* gallon,\t-\t-\t\u201c\tldj Wines,\t-\t- do-\t7\tO\t3\t\u20224\t6\t89\t8 A Doubloon\t\t\t\t\t\t\t A Half do.\t8\t12\t1\t»7\t3\t44\t14 A Louis D\u2019or, CO- ) ined before 1793.>\t5\t4\tI\t2\t8\t*7\t4 A Piftole, do.do.\t4\t4\t0\tiS\t3\t21\tl8 SILVER Coins.A Crown\t\t\t0\ts\t6\t6\t12 An Engiilh Shilling\t\t\t0\tI\tO\tI\te A Dollar\t\t\t0\ts\t0\t6\tO A Pillareen\t\t\t0\tI\t0\tX\t4 A Fr.Crown coin- ) ed before 1793.>\t\t\t0\ts\t6\t6\t12 AFr.piece of 4I1V £\t\t\t0\t4\t2\t5\tO 10 sols Tournois, 3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t The American Dollar\t\t\tlo\tS\tO\t6\t0 All the different denominations of the above Coma pafs current.Two pence farthing is allowed for every grain under or over weight, on Englifh, Portuguefe and American Gold j 3nd Two pence and one fifth on Spa» nifh and French.\u2014Payments in Gold above £20, may be made in bulk, ÿ Englijb, Portuguefe and American at 891.per ox, ; French and Spanijh at 87/8^» dedu&itg half a grain for each piece. ( 208 ) 7 o turn any given Currency into any Currency required» Rule i.Let the value of the Spanifh Dollar be ex-prelTed in Shillings, or Pence, in each of the Cur* rendes, writing them in form of a Fradlion, and making the ^ ^ver^ ( Currency the Numerator )\t- , _ V of the Fraction.Denominator ^ Reduce this Fraction toits leajl terms, and it wil> ferve as a confiant Multiplier, by which any fum of the given Currency being Multiplied, it will be converted into the Currency required.N.B.When the Fraction is not an improper one the Multiplier will become a Divifor.Examp.To form a rule for changing Sterling at 4/6.pr.Dollar into New-York at 8f.pr.Dollar.Here Sterling is g'rueny and York required: The Dollar J York is 8/.or 96 Pence Numerator, } Sterling 4/6.or 54 Pence Denominator.Therefore is the Multiplier fought, which reduced to its lead terms becomes ^ or i£,therefore if Sterling be multiplied by 16 and divided by 9 the refult will be York, thus.is the fame as 2 into but £ is the feme as 1 lei's -J-, therefore 2 into£ is equal to 2 into 1 lefs 5-, which is that Rule, expref-fed fhorterthus, *^=2xj-=2xi^.Currency into j Arm^ply, Army pay into j ^ncy, A Half Joe is£i 16 o fieri.2 o ocur A Guinea is 1 1 o\t1 3 4 A Dollar is o 4 6\t050 deduô dcduél dedud add I 17 4 1 1 9 048 ,-9 1-27 1-10 *-»5 1.28 1-14 army Tens of Pounds ( *°9 ) TABLE of Interest at 6 per Cent.TABLE dTnterets à 6 par Cent.6 Mon.s.d, q.9,° io o 0 12 0 2 3 7 0 060O 0 7 2 0 297O 2 0 IO 2 IO 9 O /.S\u2022 d, /.J.d.o 60 I 40 o 0.6® ( 2«° ) Roads and Dijlances From Quebec to Halifax.From Point Levi to the Portage, - - - -Acroi'i the Portage to Lake Tin scouata, -\t- From thence to the Forks of Madawaska, -\t- From thence to the Great Falls, -\t-\t-\t- Fr »m thence to Frederickton, From thence to St.J ohn\u2019s, - Thence to Halifax, - - - - - - - - From Quebec to Micb'tlimackinacb.To Montreal To Coteau du Lac To Cornwall To Matilda To Augufta To Kingfton To Niagara (or to York.) To Fort Erie To Detroit To Michilimackinack - Miles no 36 40 40 124 618£ 180 225 266 301 33S 385 59 Haverhill,\t-\t\t\t35 Dartmouth College,\t\t\t\t30\ta Ballon.\t-\t\t\tIII 11» 364 ( 2» ) From Quebec to Albany, F rom Quebec to Montreal\t\ti8«\t To Laprairie\t\t9\t St.John\u2019s\t-\t\t14\t I(le aux Noix\t\t14\t Windmill Point\t\t12\t Savages Point\t\t6\t john Martin\u2019s\t\t6\t \u2022San.bar\t\t>4\t Burlington\t\t*4\tS, Dr.Smith\u2019s\t\t70\t Skeen Iborough\t\t8\t Fort Ann\t\t12\t \u2022Sandy Hill\t-\t\t19\t Fort-Edward\tm\t2\t Dumont\u2019s ferry\t\t12\t EnOgn\u2019s\t9\t\t8\t \u2022Stillwater\tW\t6\t Waterford\t\u2022\t\t10\t Flatts\t\t7\t Albany\t-\t-\t5\t¦5° From Albany to Savannah, (Georgia»)\t\t\t419 To New-York,\t-\t16.5\t Philadelphia,\t-\t95\t269 Annapolis (Maryland)\t.\t140\t400 Williamfburg, (Virginia)\t-\t161\t561 Cape-Fear River, (N.C.)\t.\t185\t746 Charlefton, (S.C.)\t-\t150\t896 Savannah, (Georgia)\t-\t293\t1186 From Albany To Pittsfield,\tto Bojion\u2022\t37\t Northampton,\t-\t40\t77 Worcefier,\t-\t56\t\u201833 Bofton,\t\u2022\t-\t44\t\u201877 "]